Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Third Edition Mehdi Khosrow-Pour Information Resources Management Association, USA A volume in the Managing Director: Production Editor: Development Editor: Acquisitions Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Lindsay Johnston Jennifer Yoder & Christina Henning Austin DeMarco & Jan Travers Kayla Wolfe Mike Brehm, John Crodian, Lisandro Gonzalez, Deanna Zombro Jason Mull Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2015 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of information science and technology / Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, editor. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4666-5888-2 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-5889-9 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-5891-2 (print & perpetual access) 1. Information science--Encyclopedias. 2. Information technology--Encyclopedias. I. Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi, 1951Z1006.E566 2015 020.3--dc23 2014017131 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. For electronic access to this publication, please contact: eresources@igi-global.com. Category: IT Research and Theory 4195 The Representation of Architectural Heritage in the Digital Age Stefano Brusaporci L’Aquila University, Italy INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Computer and digital technologies, associated with a higher diffusion and development of Information and Communication Technologies, have led to profound changes in the field of architectural survey and representation. In particular the use of representative digital 3D models has acquired an inescapable role. An architectural digital representation conceptually cannot be limited to its surfaces – as far as conducted at the highest level of photorealism – or to the problem of measurement’s metric accuracy – as far as necessary –, but inevitably it must also include the issue of understanding, representation and communication of historical and aesthetic characteristics, interpreted in the broadest sense of the terms. Consequently the contents are influenced by: building characteristics (for example a ruin of classical age, a medieval castle, a renaissance palace, a baroque church); specific representation aims (such as geometrical-dimensional surveying, degradation analysis, communication addressed to non-expert users, etc.); last but not least, level of definition (scale or, for a 3D model, the Levels of Details). Digital technologies favor the representation of architecture by the definition of virtual 3D complex models (Figure 1). In particular these models have to contain not only dimensional and geometrical building’s aspects, but they also have to represents architectural and constructive ones, describe transformations, be a core for the aggregation, organization, analysis, and management of the vast and heterogeneous number of information associated to an architectural heritage – such as surveying and design drawings, historical documents, scientific data (Centofanti & Brusaporci, 2012). An Architecture is a complex organism, synthesis of spaces, surfaces, volumes, materials, made with specific constructive systems, result of processes of transformation and modification over time, expression of interventions and of architectural cultures that have occurred since its construction to the present day. Each building has its own quality of “individual,” for this reason it is often used the term “handmade” (or “artifact”), to highlight how a historic building can be seen as a product of human activity. Digital technologies have fundamentally altered techniques and tools of surveying and drawing, basing the representation on the three-dimensional model. The debate is concentrated on issues related to the problems of modeling and rendering, necessarily involving disciplinary fields such as computer graphics and topography. A broadly interdisciplinary approach is necessary (for example Cigola, 2012), however, remaining the same problems and objectives set by the critical historical study of architecture, and in particular the need of the use of architectural surveying for the analysis, acknowledgment and communication of historical and aesthetic values (Docci & Maestri, 2009). In recent years many researchers have been interested in cultural heritage digital representation, in particular focusing on computing issues, often without distinguishing between cultural and architectural heritage. The themes of cultural heritage survey and 3D modeling have found a place in many international conferences, and are the subject of several associations (http://cipa.icomos.org/; “IEEEXPLORE”; Digital Agenda for Europe of European Commission; Remondino & El-Hakim, 2011; Boehm, Remondino & Kersten, 2013). However, in such cases, specific building heritage’s representation problems are not studied autonomously, but they are analyzed accord- DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-5888-2.ch412 Copyright © 2015, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. I Category: The Representation IT Research of Architectural and Theory Heritage in the Digital Age constitutes a change for representation and, more generally, suggests new epistemological approaches to the disciplines of architecture. The model, as critical product of a creative / interpretative act, it’s a contribution to building knowledge and therefore constitutes itself as a new document: In this sense it is a new documental text, with its own historical-critical value (Centofanti, 2012). In this way, the model constitutes a new objectivity – although of other nature – that accompanies the architectural reality, as new cultural product, i.e. an e-architectural heritage (Figure 6). REFERENCES Andrews, D. (Ed.). (2009). Metric Survey Specification for Cultural Heritage. Swindow: English Heritage. Bentkowska-Kafel, A., Denard, H., & Baker, D. (Eds.). (2012). Paradata and Transparency in Virtual Heritage. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. Boehm, J., Remondino, F., Verste, T., Fuse, T., & Gonzalez-Aguilera, D. (Eds.). (2013). 3D-ARCH 2013 – 3D Virtual reconstruction and visualization of complex architectures. International Society for photogrammetry and remote sensing, XL (5/W1). Brusaporci, S. (2010). (Ed.). Sistemi informativi integrati per la tutela la conservazione e la valorizzazione del patrimonio architettonico e urbano. Rome: Gangemi. Brusaporci, S. (2012). Architetture per il sociale negli anni trenta e Quaranta del Novecento. Rome: Gangemi. Brusaporci, S. (2013). Modelli complessi per il patrimonio architettonico-urbano. In S. Brusaporci (Ed.), Modellazione e rappresentazione digitale per i beni architettonici (pp. 18–24). Roma: Gangemi Editore. Centofanti, M. (2012). Prolegomena on the model in architectural survey. Rome: Gangemi. Centofanti, M., & Brusaporci, S. (2012). Interpretative 3D digital models in architectural surveying of historical buildings. In P. Di Giamberardino, D. Iacoviello, A. M. Natal Jorge, & J. M. Tavares (Eds.), Computational Modelling of Objects Represented in Images (pp. 433–438). London: CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b12753-80 4202 Centofanti, M., Brusaporci, S., Continenza, R., & Trizio, I. (2012). Sistemi Informativi Architettonici per la gestione, tutela e fruizione dell’edilizia storica. In Atti della 16ª Conferenza Nazionale ASITA (pp. 315–322). Vicenza: ASITA Society. Centofanti, M., Brusaporci, S., & Lucchese, V. (2012). Architectural heritage and 3D models. In P. Di Giamberardino, D. Iacoviello, R. Natal Jorge & J. M. R. S. Tavares, Computational Modeling of Objects Presented in Images (pp. 31–49). Geneva: Springer. Cigola, M. (2012). Technologies applied to cultural heritage. A robot application in architectural survey. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 6(9), 1109–1116. De Luca, L., Bussayarat, C., Stefani, C., Véron, P., & Florenzano, M. (2011). A semantic-based platform for the digital analysis of architectural heritage. Computers & Graphics, 2(35), 227–241. doi:10.1016/j. cag.2010.11.009 De Luca, L., Véron, P., & Florenzano, M. (2007). A generic formalism for the semantic modeling and representation of architectural elements. The Visual Computer, 23, 181–205. doi:10.1007/s00371-006-0092-5 Docci, M., & Maestri, D. (2009). Manuale di rilevamento architettonico e urbano. Rome: Laterza. Galli, M., & Mühlhoff, C. (2000). Virtual Terragni: Caad in Historical and Critical Research. Turin: Testo & Immagine. Maldonado, T. (1992). Reale e virtuale. Milan: Feltrinelli. Mingucci, R., Garagnani, S., & Cinti Luciani, S. (2012). CAD versus BIM: the evolution of acronyms or a devolution in the world of design? Disegnare Idee Immagini, 44, 68–79. Murphy, M., McGovern, E., & Pavia, S. (2011). Historic building information modelling - adding intelligence to laser and image based surveys. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXXVIII-5/W16. Remondino, F., & El-Hakim, S. (Eds.). (2011). 3D virtual reconstruction and visualization of complex architectures. International Society for photogrammetry and remote sensing, XXXVIII (5/W16). I The Representation of Architectural Category: Heritage IT Research in theand Digital Theory Age ADDITIONAL READING Aalberg, T., Papatheodorou, C., Dobreva, M., Tsakonas, G., & Farrugia, C. J. (Eds.). (2013). Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40501-3 Albisinni, P., & De Carlo, L. (2001). Architettura Disegno Modello. Rome: Gangemi. Apollonio F.I., Beltramini, G., Fabbri, G., & Gaiani, M., (2011). The use of 3D models to discover whether Palladio’s drawing RIBA XVII/15r is Villa Contarini in Piazzola sul Brenta. Disegnare idee immagini 42, 42-55. Bianchini, C. (2007). From reality to virtualità (and back): the wooden model by Antonio da Sangallo for the new St. Peter’s in the Vatican. Disegnare idee immagini, 34, 36-49. Borko, F. (Ed.). (2008). Encyclopedia of Multimedia. New York: Springer. Brusaporci, S. (2011). Modelli digitali per la rappresentazione dell’architettura. DisegnareCon, 8, 107–115. Brusaporci, S. (Ed.). (2013). Complex models for architectural heritage. Rome: Gangemi. Cameron, F., & Kenderdine, S. (Eds.). (2007). Theorizing digital cultural heritage: a critical discourse. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. doi:10.7551/ mitpress/9780262033534.001.0001 Candy, L., & Ferguson, S. (Eds.). (2014). Interactive Experience in the Digital Age. New York: SpringerVerlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04510-8 Centofanti, M. (2010). Della natura del modello architettonico. In S. Brusaporci (Ed.), Sistemi informativi integrati per la tutela, la conservazione e la valorizzazione del patrimonio architettonico e urbano (pp. 43–54). Rome: Gangemi. Centofanti, M., & Brusaporci, S. (2012). Architectural 3D modeling in historical buildings knowledge and restoration processes. In C. Gambardella (Ed.), Less More architecture design landscape. Naples: La Scuola di Pitagora. Centofanti, M., Continenza, R., Brusaporci, S., & Trizio I. (2011). The Architectural Information System SIArch3D-Univaq for analysis and preservation of architectural heritage. The international archives of the photogrammetry remote sensing and spatial information sciences, XXXVIII-5/W16. Ch’ng, E., Gaffney, V., & Chapman, H. (Eds.). (2013). Visual Heritage in the Digital Age. New York: SpringerVerlag. Deutsch, R. (2011). BIM and Integrated Design: Strategies for Architectural Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Docci, M. (2007). The unbuilt Vatican Basilica. The project by Antonio da Sangallo. Disegnare idee immagini, 34, 24-35. Fatta, F., Tosto, D., & Manti, A. (2012). A net of small museum for policies of planning, safeguard and government of mediterranean archeological landscape. In C. Gambardella (Ed.), Less More Architecture Design Landscape (pp. 1261-1268). Neaples: La Scuola di Pitagora. Feenberg, A. (Ed.). (1995). Technology and the politics of knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Filippa, M., Docci, M., & Chiavoni, E. (Eds.). (2011). Metodologie integrate per il rilievo, il disegno, la modellazione dell’architettura e della città. Rome: Gangemi. Ioannides, M., Fritsch, D., Davies, R., Leissner, J., Caffo, R., & Remondino, F. (Eds.). (2012). Progress in Cultural Heritage Preservation. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34234-9 Ronchi, A. M. (2009). eCulture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Sugimoto, S., Hunter, J., Rauber, A., & Morishima, A. (Eds.). (2006). Digital Libraries: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities: 9th International Conference on Asian Digial Libraries. Springer- Verlag: Berlin. Trizio, I. (2007). GIS-technologies and Cultural Heritage: stocktaking, documentation and managment. In Rethinking Cultural Heritage. In Experiences from Europe and Asia (pp. 75–91). Dresden: TechnischeUniversität Dresden. Unali, M. (2009). What sort of representation model is used by the IT revolution?. Disegnare idee immagini, 38, 30-39. Wang, X., & Tsai, J. (2011). Collaborative Design in Virtual Environments. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0605-7 Witten, I., Akscyn, R., & Shipman, R. F., III, (Eds.). (1998). Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Digital libraries. New York: ACM. 4203 I
© Copyright 2024 Paperzz