ハ]Zヒ Y

!6%708 4#512)3 .')$/0 ()*+,- !"#$%&'
!<=2()>? 2 !<=2( 4#51#9:;'( %' 4(&70
2
,'(-./( *+& )1%&'(' !"#$
,!012
>!+$0?@A"B <+=;6" ( 2&+:; #9 6"7)#8" -45" 2&"03 /" -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%&
NOA -./0&1 '(#) 6B +MA1 B#K4L3 J0IA ( %A0.-& G0HI& +,'+F@A"B E$#$%& ( !"B+CD"
-$+D+S. !+K&" !+A1 B#K4L3 #LCH& -9+$/6" +9 .B6"B +,'+F@A"B EPQPR ( *6('#M9 6B "6 -D+D"
+MA1 T]K@& ( 2_+H& 2^ *"#9 \]; ( B0.-& X,"#Y ZSP&/ [$" 6B V:W ( T0U <+OA
-9+$/6" 60dS&Z9 N,(bc [$" .%.+9 #8a& -`+3 \/0&1 EPQPR #LCH& B0=M9 6B %A"0;-&
+9 !"#$" -C`(B#Pf ( -C`(B *+,'+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& /" -e#9 B#K4L3 *"ZH$+O&
( *B#96+R j0A /" i%, #dA /" hPOI; [$" .ED" '%. g+?A" +K$#&1 60@R *+,'+F@A"B -e#9
*+,'(#) !"#$%& Z9 <09#& T+3]k" .ED" -@$+LPc --QP50; +,'B"B *6(1B#) #dA /"
ZA+P`+D 6+&1 \6"m) ( +,'+F@A"B B+SD" -D6#9 h$#k /" !"#$" /" l6+e *+,'+F@A"B -./0&1
*+,'+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& Z9 <09#& *+,'B"B ( %. 2P4I; ( *6(1nLo +MA1
*+,ZQ`a& ( q0rD .ED" '%. *6(1B#) -@D#c 48 ZCe+DhOI& Z&+S@D#c p+D"#9 -4e"B
>'(#)/" !(#P9 *+,EP`+:Y >#9!+&/ V$+u( >p+PO& tSc +9 -4s. E$+W6 !"mP& 2&+. B#K4L3
[P^ '%SSRE^"6+A T]K@& ( T]x:& ( -vvw; V$+u( >'(#)#$%& -&0L3 *+,EP`+:Y
Z$m?; ( *6(1nLo /" yc .B09 !+.B0e '+)%$B p+D"#9 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& *"#9 6+R
-,+F@A"B Z:&+o 6B +,60@R T(+Q; B0o( +9 ZR ED" !1 #FA+P9 t$+CA >+,'B"B 2P4I; (
_____________________________________________________________
Email: dadras@ut.ac.ir !"#M; '+F@A"B EPQPR -9+$/6" mR#& 6+$B+CD" -1
Email:asarzadehr@ut.ac.ir !"#M; '+F@A"B -./0&1 E$#$%& %.6"-D+S.6+R *0?@A"B -2
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
150
6B ( 'B09 -W"6 B0e 2s. /" +MA1 #C@P9 ZR *60k Z9 ED" #F$%K$ Z9+@& #dA B60& *+,ZQ`0&
/" "6 y$6%; Z9 2$+L; ( %A"ZC."B ZHP_6 T{P, +9 "6 T+k+=;6" [$#C@P9 B0e *6+R z9"(6
"6 B0e -vvw; ZQPu( [$#CLM& ( -4PvI; g#; |$ 6B B0e -&0L3 V$+u( [$#CLM&
B#K4L3 *+O;6" *"#9 -$+,B+MS@Pc Z`+O& !+$+c 6B .%A"ZCHA"B -./0&1 ( -D6B *m$6Z&+A#9
.ED" '%. Z_"6" !"#$" *+,'+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%&
E$#$%& >-`+3 \/0&1 >-4s. E$+W6 >B#K4L3 -9+$/6" >'(#)#$%& :5!078 5*6,3(4
'+F@A"B EPQPR >-./0&1
:$!9$
Z4Lo /" +,'+F@A"B ( -`+3 \/0&1 mR"#& 'b$(Z9 >-./0&1 *+,B+MA /(#&" !+Mo 6B
[P&{; ( EP9#; 6"B'%M3 ZR+o !1 /" ( %A"<+=;6" 6B -A+HA" *(#PA +9 ZR %SCH, -$+,!+&/+D
(6 [$" /" .%A6"B60e#9 *"'b$( EPD+H^ /" %SCH, Z:&+o %&16+R ( }vwC& -A+HA" *(#PA
6B "6 +MA1 ( %A#P)-& E&%e Z9 \/0&1 ( N,(bc #&" 6B "6 B"#Y" [$#;ZCH$+. ( [$#;%:CH&
T605 Z9 "6 +x3" [$" /" -K$ y~D ( %S,B-& !+&/+D -L43 T{P, *+x3" g+A Z9 -$+,'(#)
Z9 T605 (B #, +$ ( -9+vCA" >-9+wCA" T605 Z9 +x3" XPOCH& *"6 !B"B +9 +$ ( -;60@&
6+Ce+D 6B "6 -./0&1 '(#) #$%& '+F$+o .%SSR-& G+wCA" B0e -./0&1 '(#) #$%& !"0S3
>'(#) Z4Lo /" |PKQ; 29+U ZO=k tSc 6B *%S9ZO=k +9 !"0;-& !"#$" -`+3 \/0&1 g+dA -4:Y
-./0&1 *+,'(#) >!+P& [$" 6B .EY+$/+9 -`+3 \/0&1 g+dA ( '+F@A"B >y$B#c >'%K@A"B
6B #C@P9 +,%^"( #$+D ( %A/"B#c-& EP`+:Y g+?A" Z9 g%O& ze 6B ZR %SCH, -45" !]&+3
.(1389>-M4`"%=3( *6B+A) %SSR-& -S$#Y1NOA>*6"7)ED+PD `+U
/" !"0;-& "6 EPQPR [PLx; ( g("%& B0=M9 *"#9 €#I; ( -$+$0c >E9+U6 ZA0)#,
!+)6/+9 ( '"0wCD"#Y) B#R/+f1 %SCH, -,+F@A"B *+,%^"( [$#;-45" ZR -./0&1 *+,'(#)
*"6"B ( 2OCH& -,+F@A"B %^"( [$#CK0R !"0S3Z9 -./0&1 *+,'(#)/" |$#, "#$/ .(1389
60x^ >Z9+@& -4PvI; *+,ZC.6 B0o( 2P`B Z9 '(#) !(6B 6B €#C@& -vvw; *+,'/0^
>"m?& -$0?@A"B *+,'(#) ( #F$%K$ Z9 |$BmA ( !+HL, *+,}vw; +9 -L43 T+P, *+x3"
151 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
B/+D-& X,"#Y -,+F@A"B EPQPR '6+96B hY"0; ( -D6#9 >‚I9 *"#9 "6 -=D+S& G06+
.(1389 >p6B"B)
y$6%; ƒ9#?; #PH& /" 4f" B"#Y" !0SR+; ZC.7) /" !"#$" 60@R -`+3 -./0&1 g+dA 6B
!"#$%& /" -e#9 ED" [KL& (6 [$" /" >%A0.-& G0vS& -./0&1 '(#) E$#$%& E„L…D Z9
2P`B [PL,Z9 †%S.+9 ZC."%A -./0&1 *#=,6 ( E$#$%& i"%," /" -CD6B ( [.(6 €6B
+9 V:W <+OA q]5" ( T0U <+OA Pf#; ( +MA1 B#K4L3 /" -9+$/6" [LW +; ED" *6(#W
>E$"%, ( *#=,6 >\mPFA" B+?$" ><+=;6" *6"#U#9 ( -,%A+&/+D >*#P)XPLv; *+,\(6
0IA Z9 B0e *6+R zPI& 6B "6 +MA1 ( %A0. +S.1 -9+$/6" ( NS$m) >-FS,+L, >‡#CSR ( T6+dA
*B#96+R ‚^+=& /" -K$ !"0S3Z9 -A+HA" *(#PA B#K4L3 -9+$/6" .%A#P)6+RZ9 -L43 ( [H^"
-9+$/6" .ED" +,*#P)XPLv; /" *6+PH9 6B *%SL./6" '+F$+o *"6"B >-,+F@A"B -A+HA" n9+S&
( -^]5" *#&" ( '%. "#o" *+,Z&+A#9 \/6" ( '%$+Y !B#R }w@& *"#9 D+S& -.(6
#9 '(]3 >%@w9-& B0=M9 "6 !1 ( 'B#R ˆQ^ "6 !+SR6+R -$16+R ( -@w9#8" ( ED" -4&+K;
>%A"'B#R !+P9 !"#dA^+5 ZKA+S .%.+9 ZC."B mPA '6(+@& ( -$+LS,"6 Z=So %A"0;-& ZKS$"
-A+HA" n9+S& E$#$%& g+dA /" -@w9 !"0;-& "6 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& -9+$/6" %S$"#Y
|LR -./0&1 '(#) #$%& *+,EP49+U ( +,EP^]5 B0=M9 Z9 ZR *60kZ9 >B#R -O4; -,+F@A"B
.1(1996 >!"6+KL, ( V`() %SR-&
6B 'b$(Z9 ( %SCH, -A+HA" <+=;6" ( 2&+:; *mR#& ZCH, -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%&
%A"0;-& +MA1 *+,-FCH$+. Z:D0; ( †%A0.-& G0HI& '+F@A"B €#I& 60;0& >-9+$/6" ƒ`0O&
g+dA#$/ !"0S3Z9 -./0&1 '(#) "#$/ .%.+9 ZC."B -D+D" -@OA '+F@A"B i"%," EY#@Pc 6B
-./0&1 g+dA *+,EHK. ( +,EPOY0& ( 2_+H& Z9 |$BmA ( B#e ‰rD ( '+F@A"B -45"
'(#)#$%& ( ED" -./0&1 *+,'(#) EPQPR -`+:; Z9 ZCH9"( '+F@A"B EPQPR B0=M9 ( ED"
.B6"B 6"#U g+dA [$" 60I& 6B -./0&1
i"%," /" -K$ >ED" '%. #RŠ 1404hY" 6B !"#M; '+F@A"B /"%A"X@ %SD 6B ZKA+S
*+,}e+. *+S=& #9 T6+dA Z:D0; ( '+F@A"B *+,E$#$%& T"6+PCe" \#CH) !1 -QPR
B#K4L3 ZA‹+D -9+$/6" !(%& g+dA B+?$" >i"%," [$" Z9 -9+PCDB T+&"m`" /" †ED" *B#K4L3
_____________________________________________________________
1- Wolf , Lichtenstein , Bart , Hartman
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
152
'/0^ [$" 6B B#K4L3 -9+$/6" %S$"#Y g+?A" ( ED" -LR i"%," ( +,}e+. *+S=&#9 >+,EP`+:Y
.(1390>!"#M; '+F@A"B /"%A" X@ %SD) .%D6-& #dA Z9 *6(#W
:=*>$ ;*0<
#F$B 2HA *"#9 2HA |$ *6"7)Z$+&#D !"0;-& "6 60@R #, -./0&1 *+,EP`+:Y
*+,EP`+:Y i%, >#F$B T6+=3 Z9 ( -A+HA" Z:D0; *6"7)Z$+&#D [$" -45" i%, >EHA"B
*(#PA /" 60@R #, -./0&1 g+dA >#F$B i#k /" .ED" !+HA" '0O`+9 *+,-,+)1 %.6 -./0&1
*+,g+dA #$/ [$#;'%PŒPc /" -K$ !"0;-& "6 E=HA [$#;‹+9 >!1 6B '%. B+?$" 2f+@& ( -A+HA"
g+dA *+,EP`+:Y nPD( N.0c ( -)B#CH) Z9 Zo0; +$ .EHA"B -FS,#Y ( *B+vCU" >-3+LCo"
T+&%e -9+$/6" ( !+SR6+R -9+$/6" >+,Z&+A#9 -9+$/6" >-./0&1 *+,!+&/+D -9+$/6" >-./0&1
-U+ID" ( !+)6/+9) %.+9 ZC."B -./0&1 EPQPR !B6(1 X,"#Y 6B *#8a& NOA %A"0;-& +MA1
.(1385
-A(6B -9+$/6" q#k 6B 1383 – 1384 ‡+D 6B !"6+KL, ( !+)6/+9 hPOI; Z9 Zo0;+9
>!"#M; '+F@A"B -CP9#; g043 ( -D+S.!"(6 '%K@A"B -./0&1 *m$6Z&+A#9 ( E$#$%& '(#)
*+,€]& %56B 2M /" NP9 >'(#) !1 -A(6B -9+$/6" *+,#FA+@A ( +,€]& >2&"03 PR#;
!1 /" yc .ED" 'B09 6"0CD" T]PK@; ( -,%A+&/+D >'(#) E$#$%& 2&+3 Z9 EPQPR N?SD
j0L?& 6B *#P)B+$ –y$6%; %S$"#Y mPA ( -./0&1 *+,Z&+A#9 ( +,'6(B >-L43 T{P, 2&"03
( !+)6/+9) %A"'B"B +vCe" B0e Z9 "6 '(#) EPQPR ( N?SD *+,€]& %56B -D /" NP9
.(1385 >-U+ID"
*+,ZCY+$ J%A#P)#9 6B ZR -`+3 \/0&1 E$#$%& 6B *6(10A G+CR 6B (1379) ‡+PA+D
T]K@& /(#9 ZR %SR-& '6+." >ED" -`+3 \/0&1 E$#$%& ZSP&/ 6B -44L`"[P9 *+,N,(bc
i+r:A" ( ZCY+$ mR#L; *m$6Z&+A#9 !"%OY #PdA -4_+H& Z30L?& Z9 +,'+F@A"B E$#$%& 6B
zD0C& – B0e) no#& ZD /" -K$ !"0;-& \/0&1 g+dA #, -9+$/6" 6B .BB#)-& #9 !1 VP:W
6B (1386) !"6+KL, ( 'B"/%LI& ZKA+S .B#9 6+R Z9 T(+xU *"#9 "6 (+,B6"%A+CD" ( !"#F$B
*+x3" '+)%$B ”!"#$" -`+3 \/0&1 g+dA 6B EPQPR [PLx; *"#9 -$0F`" !"0S3 +9 -OPOI;
!+)%S,BŽD+c *+,'+)%$B p+D"#9 ( %AB#R -D6#9 "6 -:P=k n9+S& ( */6(+@R -L43 T{P,
153 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
%$+9 *B+MA +I` Z9 "6 -9+$/6" ‡(" E$0`(" >EPQPR [PLx; 6B %PR{;B60& *B+MA q0rD J6+96B
EPQPR ‚I9 6B -./0&1 '(#) EPL," '%S,B!+@A #&" [$" ZR B"B +vCe" -./0&1 '(#) Z9
!"#$" 60@R -`+3 \/0&1 g+dA -9+$/6" Z9 '+F@A"B ( '%K@A"B /" %:9 X, Z=;6 [$#e1 ( ED"
.ED" ZCY#) h4:;
!"#$%& ZR ED" '%. '6+." +,'(#) !"#$%& V$+u( '6+96B '%. g+?A" *+,N,(bc 6B
B#K4L3 B0=M9 +9 Zr9"6 6B B0e G0v& V$+u( %56B 64 zD0C& 60k Z9 %A%OC:& +,'(#)
g+?A" '(#) *+x3" *"ZY#^ %.6 !+K&" ( h$0@; 60dS& Z9 "6 B0e '(#) -@,(bc ( -./0&1
.(1373 >[PLA -9"#I&) %S,B-&
E43 ( 'mPFA" >ZCY#) g+?A" 1(2000)!"6+KL, ( *60& zD0; ZR *#F$B hPOI; 6B
%56B73 ZK$60k Z9 %SC."B !+P9 #;‹+9 *+,EHc Z9 -9+PCDB '+F@A"B 6B "6 2s. [$" G+wCA"
G+wCA" '+F@A"B ED+$6 >B0e -4s. #PH& EY#@Pc *"#9 "6 i%, [$#CLM& +,'%S,B ŽD+c/"
-L43 T+P, *+x3" 6B E$0x3 Z9 E=HA "6 2s. [$" 6B *6+)%A+& Z9 2P& [PSŒL, .%A"'B#R
!+P9 ‡+D EQ, "6 '(#) #$%& EHc *%v; [PFA+P& ZR *"ZA0) Z9 ZCHA"B #;[P$+c >'+F@A"B
>!"6+KL, ( EPLD") %SSR-& €#; "6B0e EHc Z`+D#, +,'(#) !"#$%& /" %56B19 .%A"ZC."B
.2(2007 !+,(( >[LH$( /" 2OA Z9 2012
/" 'B+QCD" ZSP&/ 6B B0o0& t$+CA p+D"#9 -,+F@A"B B#K4L3 -9+$/6" 60dS&Z9
-Y+R J/"%A"Z9 60dS& [$" *"#9 -A(6B -9+$/6" ZR ED" '%. }w@& -9+P./6" *+,EY+P,6
>-./0&1 *+,EP`+:Y EPQPR |$BmA 6+PH9 <+=;6" Z9 Zo0; +9 ‡%& [$" 6B .ED" G04r&
ED" -./0&1 *+,'(#) ‰rD 6B -9+$/6" >-,+F@A"B EPQPR -9+$/6" *"#9 E`+^ [$#;D+S&
[$" /" †(1386 >-:PQ. ( '+)6+o" ( -ICY ( 1384 *%LI& ( 1376 !+)6/+9 ( 1375 !+)6/+9)
.B#R %PR+; mPA EMo [$" /" "6 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& B#K4L3 -9+$/6" T6(#W !"0;-& (6
:ED" 'B#CH) *+,Z30L?& #$/ *"6"B ( !0)+A0) 6+PH9 -./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& V$+u(
Z4Lo /" -9+P./6" ( -FS,+L, >*#=,6 >-;6+dA >*m$6Z&+A#9 >-@,(bc >-./0&1 V$+u(
_____________________________________________________________
1- Murry,Murry, Summer
2- Weisman,Vaughan
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
154
>[PLA -9"#I&) ED" -L43 T{P, *+x3" #dA /" -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& V$+u( *+,ZQ`a&
.(1373
!"#$%& *+,T6+M& /" -e#9 ZR B6"B '6+." B0e *#CRB Z`+D6 6B 1(2006) 2$6"B
Z9#?; [C."B >+,T6+M& j0A [$" [C."B Z&/‹ ( %$1-LA EDBZ9 '+F@A"B 6B -`+3 \/0&1
( XPR .ED" -C:S5 ( *6+?; *+,!+&/+D Z4Lo /" +,!+&/+D #F$B 6B E$#$%& ( *#=,6
€6"%& >hPOI; B60& *+,'(#) #$%& /" %56B 71 /" NP9 ZR %A"ZC."B !+P9 2(2008) *60&
Z9 <09#& -30A Z9 +MA1 *#CRB Z`+D6 ( %A"'B#R 7e" EP9#; ( XP4:; '/0^ 6B "6B0e -,+F@A"B
.ED" -9+$/6" ( -L43 T{P, EY#@Pc ( Z:D0; >-D6B *m$6Z&+A#9 >y$6%; >E$#$%& >0?@A"B
>}Pw@; 2&+. "6 *#=,6 *6+CY6 *+,-FCH$+. 3(2001) !"6+KL, ( -D#, -Y#k /"
( %A6"B *%S$"#Y ( *6+CY6 >-Ce+S. -CP,+& P;#; Z9 ZD [$" .%A"ZCHA"B <+=;6" ( *6+)/+D
Z9 T6%A Z9 -./0&1 !"#$%& Z #)" .%S,B-& 2PK@; "6 *#=,6 B#K4L3 ( 6+CY6 -D+D" -A+=&
Z9 y$6%; -9+$/6" *"#9 -LM& n=S& +&" >%SA/-& #D -L43 T{P, *+x3" p6B *+,p]R
Nw9#8" y$6%; '6+96B T(+xU *"#9 !+.B0e -;+3]k" n9+S& Z9 +MA1 Z?PCA 6B .%S$1-& 6+L.
!+)%SSREY+$6B [P`(" -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& nU"( 6B .4(2007!0D#FP,) %SCH, -KC&
!+)%S,BB60e/+9 /" -K$ ( %SCH, +,'%K@A"B 6B -L43 T{P, *+x3" T+3]k" g+L;
2^ ( >XM& *+,XPLv; Š+w;" 6B +,B60e/+9 [$" ( %SCH, -@,(bc( -./0&1 *+,EP`+:Y
.5(2009 !"6+KL, ( >2K$") .ED" +@)'"6 T]K@&
6B "6 -./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& NOA ( EPL," !"mP& >(1390) !"6+KL, ( -U+ID"
!+P9 ZA0)[$" >ZCY#) T605 !"#$" 60@R 6B -A(6B -9+$/6" ‡+D 'B /" ZR -@,(bc \6"m)
‰rD 6B -9+$/6" %S$"#Y g+?A" ‰rD [$#;%&16+R ( [$#CM9 -./0&1 *+,'(#) ZR %A"ZC."B
ZR E."B !+3Š" !"0;-& -A(6B *+,-9+$/6" [P@Pc *+,\6"m) -D6#9 +9 >%SCH, '+F@A"B
( ED" 'B09 %56B 57 /" NP9 -9+$/6" *+,ZCPLR T+H4o 6B +,'(#) !"#$%& ER6+@& !"mP&
T"B+MS@Pc Z_"6" mPA ( '(#) V:W ( T0U <+OA -$+D+S. ( T(+xU EP:&+o #9 %SA"0;-& +MA1
_____________________________________________________________
1- Daryl
2- Keim,Muray
3- Hersey,et al
4- Higgerson,
5- Eckel,Cook,King.
155 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
"6 '(#) *+x3" %M:; N$"mY" ZSP&/ [PSŒL, ( %S.+9 #80& -9+$/6" EPQPR B0=M9 *"#9 '%A/+D
.%SSR X,"#Y
( !(%& *+,i%, 60@R *+,'+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#)#$%& 4f" *"#9 +&"
Z9 %.+9 p#CDB 6B ( B0o0& !(%& *+,i%, X, #)" +$ EHPA p#CDB 6B *#$7c'/"%A"
-9+$/6" 6B #$7c'/"%A" *+,i%, !"0S3 Z9 "6 +MA1 !"0;-LA ( ED" '%. !+P9 -4R T605
*+,ZHDa& /" -LR 6+PH9 B"%:; >B0o0& T+OPOI; p+D"#9 '(]3Z9 .B#9 6+R Z9 !"#$%& B#K4L3
!+@$+,NOA +9 +MA1 -$+S.1 60dS& Z9 -,(#) #$%& ELD Z9 B"#Y" G+vCA" /" NPc -`+3 \/0&1
g+FS, 6B +MA1 *B#Y G6+?; p+D" #9 +,\/0&1 +,EU( #C@P9 6B ( %SSR-& 'B+QCD" \/0&1 /"
.%$1-& EDB Z9 6+R
( -C`(B *+,'+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& B#K4L3 -9+$/6" N,(bc [$" /" i%,
+9 !B#R6+R [P^6B +MA1 T]d:& >EU( !%A"67) -FA0F >V$+u( ‚P^ /" B"/1 '+F@A"B
[.(6 +; '%K@A"B /" !(#P9 2&"03 ( !+$0?@A"B >-`+3 q0rD !"#$%& >-L43 T{P, *+x3"
ED" ZA0F +MA1 -4s. E$+W6 ZR B0.
6B -;+&"%U" Z !"#$%& /" '(#) (B [$" -k+=;6" ( -vvw; >-&0L3 V$+u( '/0^ 6B
 %SCH, EPL," [$#C@P9 ( [$#CLR *"6"B B6"0& /" |P&"%R ( B6"B 6"#U E$0`("
@64CB 5*6@A.B4 ?!6
*+,+F@A"B /" -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& B#K4L3 -9+$/6" -4R i%, +9 N,(bc [$"
:ED" #$/ *+,ND#c '%A#P)#9 6B ( '%. g+?A" (B"/1 '+F@A"B) -C`(B#Pf ( -C`(B
ED" -IrD Z 6B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& -4s. E$+W6 .1
B6"B 6"#U E$0`(" 6B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& *"#9 +,EP`0‘H& ( V$+u( g"%R .2
Z +9 '(#) /" l6+e *+,EP`+:Y 6B "6 B0e EU( #C@P9 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& .3
%SSR-& *#~D '(#) *+,6+R g"%R g+?A" 60dS&Z9 ( -A+HR
*#C@P9 EU( B0e -&0L3 V$+u( /" |$ g"%R *"#9 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& .4
%SSR-& i#5
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
156
#;EPL," +9 "6 B0e -vvw; V$+u( /" |$ g"%R -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& .5
%SA"B-&
"6 B0e V$+u( T]K@& ( T]x:& /" |$ g"%R -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& .6
 %SA"B-& B0e 6+R ELHU [$#;'%SSRE^"6+A
F09#G :D0E0B
*"Z’d^]& 2’9+U 60’k Z’9 ZC.7) Z,B %S 6B -L43 T{P, *+x3" ( '(#)#$%& NOA
'%K@’A"B ( !+$0?@A"B *6+o 60&" ( 2_+H& #9 XPOCH& 60k Z9 +MA1 ZC.7) 6B .ED" 'B#R #PPs;
N$"m’Y" >*“0’`0SK; 6B +’; %’A60=?& *#PFL@’ 60k Z9 !"#$%& [$" !0SR" +&" %SC."B mR#L;
+’9 ( %’S9+$ #’I=; '%K@’A"B ( B0’e *+’,'(#) B"B !(#9 *+,-9+$/6" ( -&0L3 z9"(6 >Z$+&#D
"6 !+@4s. B#K4L3 ZR %A"'%PD6 6(+9 [$" Z9 >B+$/ T"#PPs; ( +,/+PA >2_+H& [$" +9 !%. (6Z9(6
[&0’PA >#’4P&) %’S,B g+’?A" ZC’.7) +’9 T(+’QC& "6 B0’e V$+u( ( %S,B N$"mY" '%K@A"B 6B
/" ( %A0.-& G0vS& B0e *+,E„L…D Z9 E$#$%& ( *#=,6 \/0&1 !(%9 +MA1 Z#)" †1(2011
†2(1999 >X`0,%’SP` 2004 >!0’C`09 >”4& -o) %A6"%A -Y+R -,+)1 B0e ZQPu( *6"0.B ( g+M9"
>2005 >!(%’P9+)) B6"B -,+F@’A"B ( *6"B" >*#’=,6 *+’,T6+’M& Z’9 /+PA '(#) E$#$%& #)"
*6"B" N’w9 ( -’L43 T+’P, *+x’3" [P9 -r9"6 !"0S3 Z9 '(#) #$%& |$ 3.(2000 p+R0`
‰r’D 6B -,+F@’A"B T]Pv’I; 6B *6"B" T+LPLv’; %56B B+C@, Z9 |$BmA ( %SR-& 2L3
.4(2002>*(+.0& >!("#9) B0.-& Š+w;" +,'(#) E$#$%&
#$%& -45" NOA 6+M '%. g+?A" 5(2004) E$0S9 ( g+,"#) zD0; ZR -OPOI; 6B
*6"B" NOA .n9+S& Z:D0; ( *B#Y [P9 <+=;6" >*#=,6 >*6"B" :%A"'%. -Y#:& ZA0)[$" +,'(#)
*+,NOA .ED" -,B\6"m) ( '%SSR•S,+L, NOA >-`+& E$#$%& %SA+& -$+,NOA 2&+.
( -./0&1 ƒ&+A#9 ƒ:D0; >*"ZrD"( NOA >/"%A"X@ [PP:; %SA+& -$+,NOA Z9 mPA *#=,6
NOA ZCDB 6+M 6B "6 *B#Y [P9 *+,NOA [PSŒL, +MA1 .B0.-& –]k" 2P=U [$" /" -$+,NOA
_____________________________________________________________
1- Miller , Newman
2- Bolton,Gmelch! Lindholm
3- Gabbidon,Lucas
4- Brown ,Moshavi
5- Graham,Benoit
157 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
T6+=3 n9+S& Z:D0; *+,NOA .%A"'B#R !+P9 6+9 #c ( %`0& zPI& B+?$" ( -?A+P& >-9#& >6(+@&
N$"mY" .ED" +MA1 *"#9 g/‹ n9+S& ZPM; ( -L43 T+P, *+x3" -9+$/6" ( E$"%, >G7o /"
1
(1985) T6"0D" .B0. -./0&1 g+dA EPQPR Z9 #?S& %A"0;-& -./0&1 !"#$%& B#K4L3 q0rD
6B *#$7ci+r:A" ZR %PD6 Z?PCA [$" Z9 B"B g+?A" +K$#&1 *+,#M. /" -K$ 6B ZR -@$+LPc 6B
*+,ZCY+$ .B6"B *#CYB ( *6"B" !+SR6+R *6('#M9 *(6 #9 *"Zd^]&29+U #P8+; !+&/ E$#$%&
!+SR6+R #9 -C=—& #P8+; †6+R -rPI& z$"#. B0=M9 ZR B6"B !1 #9 E`‹B 2(2002) yS~D" hPOI;
[PSŒL, .%SSR *#C@P9 \]; B0e -A+&/+D V$+u( g+?A" 6B ZR B/+D-& %M:C& "6 !+A1 ( ZC."B
B0=M9 "6 B#K4L3 -.mPFA" *+,Z&+A#9 ZR ED" !1 /" -R+^ 3( 2006) ("6 N,(bc *+,ZCY+$
.B0.-& EPQPR B0=M9 Z9 #?S& ( '%S@w9
( B#e ‰rD 6B -./0&1 *+,'(#) ( !]R ‰rD 6B -`+3 \/0&1 EPQPR ZSP&/ 6B
-A(#P9 -`+& *+,'%SSR[P&{; Nw9 6B T"B+OCA" !0 ‡0=U 29+U -4&"03 >2_+H& Z9 |$BmA
>E$+D G( >[$]A1 *+,'6(B >\/0&1 6B *“0`0SK; %$%. ( n$#D T"#PPs; >'%K@A"B
\/0&1 g+dA 6B -FS,#Y T(+Q; ( -50ve *+,ER#. Z4PD(Z9 V$+u( -e#9 *6+~D!(#9
*+,'(#) !"#$%& >-L43 T{P, >!+SR6+R B#K4L3 -9+$/6" 6B "6 -D+D" T"#PPs; >+,60@R -`+3
.ED" 'B6(1 B0o( Z9 +,'+F@A"B *#=,6 ( E$#$%& -`+3 q0rD !"#$%& >-./0&1
6B T6+M&> }vw; >-4s. T+&04:& ( 6+CY6 2&+. -4s. B#K4L3 :'.17"J H<*I-&(
|$ B#K4L3 -9+$/6" .(1383 */+?^) .ED" -LR ( -QPR %:9 /" 6+R EPQPR -FA0F ( 6+R
Z9 +,EP`+:Y [$" h$#k /" !+&/+D ZR B0.-& 2&+. "6 -Q4Cw& *+,EP`+:Y ZR ED" -4R '“"(
( *#M9) ED+,\"B+c n$/0; ( B#K4L3 B0=M9 >-C9+U6 T6%U N$"mY" >!+SR6+R -9+$/6" ‡+=AB
*#P)'/"%A" ( N?SD >%S& g+dA %S$"#Y !"0; -& "6 *B#K4L3 -9+$/6" g+dA .4(2008 >!"6+KL,
-&0MQ& +9 >-9+$/6" '/(#&" ( EHA"B G04r& EP:W( Z9 -9+$EDB '0IA ( !"mP& ZH$+O& (
.B#P)-& 6"#U N?SD B60& *"Ze# ( -LCHPD
_____________________________________________________________
1- Swart
2- Spence
3- Rao
4- Behri , patron
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
158
!+OOI& Zo0; >-C$#$%& 6"m9" |$ !"0S3Z9 ZR ED" Z,B EQ, /" NP9 B#K4L3 -9+$/6"
.ED" 'B#R 4o B0e Z9 "6 E:S5/!+&/+D -D+S@A"(6 ( -A+&/+D 6+CY6 >-A+HA" n9+S& E$#$%&
E."%M9 T+&%e ( +,'+F@A"B >p6"%& 2—& %$%o *+,6+R ƒSP&/ 6B "%C9" B#K4L3 -9+$/6"
Z&+A#9 >-A+&/+D q0rD 6B -9+$/6" Z9 *%o /+PA ( n$#D %.6 B0o(+9 ( EY+$ Z:D0; -44L`"[P9
1
(2002#ŒC4Y)ED" '%. B#K4L3 E$#$%& g0MQ& /" -_mo t$6%;Z9 >B"#Y" (
ZR ED" -9+$/6" Z9 -CSD \#FA -K$ :XPCH, (#9(6 '+)%$B (B +9 B#K4L3 -9+$/6" 6B
Z9 !1 6B ZR [$0A \#FA *#F$B †ED" *6(1B+$ ( T(+xU -9+$/6" i%, [$#CLM& !1 6B
-M`" V_+e) ED" !1 -45" 'mPL& Zo( >-$+$0c ( B0.-& Zo0; B#K4L3 B0=M9 ( Z:D0; >%.6
>-FS,#Y #CH9 Z9 Zo0;+9 -9+$/6" *+,Z$#dA 6B Z:D0; Z9 %$%. /+PA /0S, .(1387 >!"6+KL, (
.B6"B B0o( !+SR6+R ( !+&/+D *6+Ce+D >*B+vCU">-3+LCo"
6B ( ED" \#FA -30A -4s. E$+W6 ZR %A%OC:& !"#dA^+5 :H7LM KI*+&
'B+D !+9/ Z9 ( 2s. Z9 E=HA B#Y \#FA /" ED" T6+=3 -4s. E$+W6 :%S$0)-& !1 V$#:;
.(1385 >[$B"0o %PD) ED" !1 !0)+A0) *+,Z=So ( N4s. Z9 E=HA B#Y p+H^" -FA0F
}e+. Z&+S@D#c /" -4s. E$+W6 !"mP& N?SD 60dS&Z9 >+,N,(bc /" -e#9 6B
p+PO& ˜mo tSc +9 %A"'B#R 'B+QCD" !1 /" N,(bc %vK$ /" NP9 6B !+OOI& ZR 2s. VP50;
2K$") ED"'%. 'B+QCD" !1 *+,ZQ`0& !"0S3Z9 6" EP,+& ( !"6+KL, >-CD#c#D +O;6" >…Ee"B#c
ZR ZC."B !+P9 2(1975)g+,%`(" ( [LK, /" 2OA Z9 (1386) -`+LR#P& .(2009>!"6+KL, (
[$" .ED" -4s. ZCHo#9 T+P50ve J%A6"B#96B ™-4s. ZQ`0& tSc *"6"B -4s. E$+W6
:/" %S;6+=3 ED" '(#)#$%& *6+R '/0^ 6B ZR +,ZQ`0&
g+’?A" !"#$%’& Z’R -Q$+’u( (#L4U -S:$ (satisfaction of work ) :6+R /" E$+W6 -1
.B/+D X,"#Y !+A1 *#P)B+$ ( \/0&1 *"#9 -$+,E5#Y ( %.+9 `+o %S,B-&
( !"#$%& -C$#$%& ( -SY -$+A"0; -S:$ (satisfaction of Boss) :–0Y+& /" E$+W6 -2
.%S,B-& !+@A B0e /" !+SR6+R h$]3 *"#9 !+A1 ZR -;+d^]&
_____________________________________________________________
1- Fletcher
2- Hackman,Oldham
159 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
EP^]5 >-CD(B 6"%O& -S:$ (satisfaction of co-worker) !"6+KL, /" E$+W6 -3
'0IA /" ‚:=S& !"6+KL, /" E$+W6 .%S,B-& !+@A B0e /" !"6+KL, ZR -C$+L^ ( -SY
.ED" +MA1 T+k+=;6"
*+,E5#Y Z9 -D#CDB -S:$ (satisfaction of promotion) nPY#; /" E$+W6 -4
.!+SR6+R *"#9 EY#@Pc +9 -:U"(
( i+vA" ( -CY+$6B –0O^ !"mP& (satisfaction of salary) –0O^/" E$+W6 -5
.!"#F$B +9 ZH$+O& 6B Ee"B#c 6B *#9"#9
1
(2002) !"6+’KL,( !0’D6%A" z’D0; Z’R -’OPOI; 6B :,4.NO .I!$ PI*Q4 4 @9R
-;+Q$#@’; g+O& -1 :Z4Lo/" %AB"B q#. '(#) #$%& *"#9 "6 -D+D" NOA 'B +MA1 EY#) T605
'(#’) J%’S$+LA -5 %’$+O3 ( 6+’KY" J%’S,B Z3+’." NOA -4 *#=,6 NOA -3 *"Zr9"6 NOA -2
( #’)‡#’CSR -10'%’SSR'#R"7’& -9 n9+’S& #’)}Pvw; -8 '(#) *0FSwD -7 [$#Y16+R -6
*"Zr9"6 NOA ( 6+KY" '%S,BZ3+." >*#=,6 NOA ZD +MA1 !+P& 6B ZC=`" .'(#) *+,6+R J%SSRXPdS;
.B6"B EP`0šH& [$" g+?A" 6B *#C@P9 EPL,"
T6+M& >!1 -4R j0A (B Z9 !"0;-& -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& *+,T6+M& #F$B /"
T6+M& -1 †2(2010>-./0&1 *+,(#)#$%& [L?A") B#R '6+." -`+& – *6"B" T6+M& ( -./0&1
*+,Z&+A#9 >-./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& -./0&1 *+,B#R6+R ( +,T6+M& -9+$/6" 6B :-./0&1
[$" ZR B0.-& ZCQ) ( ED" !+A1 *6+R *+,Z=So [$#;XM& /" -L43 ( -4PvI; >-./0&1
%A%OC:& 3( 2012) !"6+KL, ( EPLD" .%A6"B /+PA +,6+R [$" g+?A" *"#9 *#C@P9 EU( Z9 !"#$%&
( E`+D6 >i"%," /" ZR %,B g+?A" #8a& 60kZ9 "6 B0e -./0&1 NOA %A"0;-& -A+&/ >#$%&
EP`+:Y ( -D6B i"%," >-4PvI; *m$6Z&+A#9 /" ( ZC."B hPUB j]k" -./0&1 *+,-@& ze
.%.+9 '+)1 2&+R 60kZ9 -./0&1 *+,
-FCH$+. g(m` ( '%.B+$ *+,EP`+:Y *‹+9 X?^ Z9 Zo0; +9 :-`+& – *6"B" T6+M& –2
*+,T6+M& Z9 +MA1 ZR %SR-& G+?$" +MA1 nU0& Z9 ( ‰PI5 !B"B g+?A" >!"#$%& -A"B6+R (
_____________________________________________________________
1- Anderson ,Murray ,Olivarez,
2- CAO, a national profile of chief academic officers , ace(2009) . The American council on
education’s
3- Andohe , smite
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
160
( ‡05" ƒSP&/ 6B g/‹ \/0&1 +MA1 Z9 ED" g/‹ 60dS& [PL, Z9 .%S.+9 mM?& -`+& – *6"B"
6B -C$#$%& 2f+@& Z9 G+wCA" /" 2=U ( B0. Z_"6" *6"B" 60&" ( ZoB09 XPdS; >*6"%9+H^ -A+=&
6B 1(2010) !"6+KL, ( %`(6+, .%A0. 'B"B ER#. E$#$%& */0&16+R ( -4L3 *+,'6(B
NOA Z9 E=HA #W+^ ‡+^ 6B +,'(#) !"#$%& EP`0‘H& 6B -`+& NOA ZR %A%OC:& '6+9[$"
( -`+& n9+S& -CD#c#D *"#9 "6 g/‹ *+,EP^]5 +; ED" g/‹ ( ED" ZCY+$ N$"mY" *6"B"
.%A6(1 EDB Z9 -K$mPY
!1 +e -L43 ZSP@Pc 6B }vw; %S&/+PA +MS; ZA +,'(#) #$%& *+,EP`+:Y B0=M9
!0SY >E$#$%& -D+S.!"(6 #PdA *#F$B *+,}vw; ( +,T6+M& E$0O; gm4CH& ZK49 >'(#)
'(#) #$%& /" .ED" -,(#) ( -./0&1 *+,%S$"#Y -,%A+&/+D ( E$#$%& >+,ZCe0&1 -9+P./6"
‰rD [$#;‹+9 +9 NOA #, 6B ( +Q$" "6 -A0)+A0) *+,NOA B(6-& 6+dCA" +,'+F@A"B -./0&1
.2(2000>‹(61) .%SR 2L3 *"ZY#^
>2P4I; ( Z$m?; %S&/+PA >XP.+9 ZC."B Nw9#8" ( %&16+R E$#$%& XP,"0w9 ZŒA+S
( [$B"0o %PD) XP.+9-& !+&/+D 6B 2s. !1 /"#^" z$"#. ( +,EP`0H& ( V$+u( -9+$/6"
V$#:; ( *#P)'/"%A" >-$+D+S. >Nw9#8" B#K4L3 -9+$/6" 60dS& Z9 [PSŒL, .(1387 >hQ@&
*+,‡+D /" B#K4L3 -9+$/6" T+OPOI; G06+ j0W0& [$" .ED" *6(#W -A+&/+D ZSP&/
.(1387 > !"6+KL, ( -M`" V_+e) ED" 'B09 21 !#U +; 1990 |$BmA
/" ‡+OCA" †'%K@A"B Z9 E@)#9“ !"0S3+9 B0e N,(bc 6B 3(2012) !"6+KL, ( EPLD"
'+F$+o Z9 E@)#9 *"#9 *m$6Z&+A#9 ‡+^ 6B +,'(#) !"#$%& ZR %SCY#) Z?PCA ”'%K@A"B *#=,6
6B #P8+; Z9 2$+L; [PSŒL, ( %A"hPOI; ( y$6%; >E&%e Z9 2$+& ( B0e -L43 T+P,
( *#=,6 EPQPR %A(6 !B"B Z&"B" ( E$+L^ 60dS&Z9 ‡0L:& *+,Z$(6 *"#o" ( *6"7)ED+PD
.%SCH, B0e '(#) -L43 T+P, *6('#M9
‡0=U "6 !1 ( %S.+9 -W"6 B#K4L3 -9+$/6" /" !+SR6+R 6%U #, ZR B6"B B0o( *0U 6(+9
!"0;-& B0. E$#$%& *#;D+S& T605 Z9 B#K4L3 -9+$/6" ZR 6"%O& #, Z9 ZR [$" +$ ( %SSR
( +,%&+Pc .%SR "%Pc !+SR6+R -4s. B#K4L3 +9 *#C@P9 <+=;6" B#K4L3 -9+$/6" ZR E."B 6+dCA"
_____________________________________________________________
1- Harold" Hartle" Eric " Godin
2- Arreola
3- Smith
161 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
>%M:; >-A(6B \mPFA" Z4Lo /" -Ce+S.!"(6 2&"03 Z9 T%. Z9 B#K4L3 -9+$/6" *+,B"B!(#9
.(2002>#ŒC4Y) >ED" ZCH9"( -=4k ‡]OCD" *+,N$"#) ( p+H^"
NOA /" ‰W"( *#$0v; *"'/"%A" +; B0e hPOI; 6B 1(1999) !"6+KL, ( !0;60`"(
-45" ZQPu( N. +MA1 >%AB#R 6+K.1 +P`"#CD" ( +K$#&1 60@R (B 6B "6 -./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%&
>-L43 T+P, Z:D0; >*#=,6 >-,(bcNA"B >n9+S& E$#$%& Z4Lo /" +,'(#) !"#$%& *"#9 "6
*+,'(#) #$%& B60& 6B n&+o *+,N,(bc [P`(" .%A"'%. 2_+U -A(#P9 z9"(6 ( n9+S& Z:D0;
.%. 'B+QCD" +MA1 /" B6"0& -e#9 6B Z`+O& [$" 6B ZR EY#) g+?A" 2009 ‡+D 6B +K$#&1 -./0&1
-4PvI; *+,'6(B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& /" #QA 1210 %SCHA"0; (2009) !"6+KL,( 2K$"
-3+QCA"#Pf *+,'+F@A"B -&0L3 ( -vvw; *#CRB ( %.6" -D+S.6+R >-D+S.6+R >-A"B6+R
V$+u( ZCDB (B N,(bc [$" /" 25+^ t$+CA p+D"#9 .%S,B6"#U -9+$/6" B60& "6 +K$#&1 60@R
p+D" #9 T+O=k [$" †%. [PP:; ( -$+D+S. +,'(#) !"#$%& *"#9 -vvw; ( -&0L3
.%A"'%. *%S9E$0`(" +,'(#) !"#$%& *+,'+)%$B
h$#k /" ZR -OY"0; >%. g+?A" 2011 ‡+D 6B [&0PA ( #4P& zD0; ZR *#F$B hPOI; 6B
Z&+A#9 |$ Z:D0; 2&+. B09 ZCY#) T605 hPOI; 6B '%SSRER#. *+x3" [P9 -Q`B \(6
+$ ZA+CH9+; *+,t`+R 6B y$6%; 2P=U /" B(%I& *+,EP`+:Y >-FCH@A/+9 !+&/ +; ˜+O;6" -4s.
'B09 -./0&1 '(#) #$%& 6(+@& 2P=U /" #;[P$+c *B#K4L3 ‰rD Z9 ‡+OCA" ( y$6%; ZY+W"
*"6"B -L43 T+P, *+x3" E=HA Z9 +MA1 EP`+:Y ‰rD ZR -$+x3" *"#9 B6"0& 2P=U [$" ( ED"
+,'%K@A"B *+D(6 >ZCY#) g+?A" ƒ:`+r& p+D"#9 .%A%.-& ZH$+O& >%.+9 *#;‹+9 -L43 Z=;#&
›#A +9 ( '%SSRZCHe >6+PH9 p#CD" +9 '"#L, 6"0.B *6+R >-L43 zPI& *#=,6 ZR %A%OC:&
.2(2002 >!("#9) ED‹+9 l(#e
N,(bc [$" 'B+QCD" B60& ZR -o6+e ( -4e"B '%. g+?A" *+,N,(bc t$+CA p+D"#9
V$+u( -4R ‰rD ZD 6B -./0&1 '(#) #$%& V$+u( B#K4L3 *+,ZQ`0& -&0MQ& ‡%& >%A"'B09
B0e q0rD [$" .%. ZCHA"B D+S& -vvw; V$+u( ( T+k+=;6"( -3+LCo" V$+u( >-&0L3
:/" %S;6+=3 ZR ED" *#F$B *+,6+P:& 'B#e *"6"B
_____________________________________________________________
1- Wolverton ,Walter ,Gmelch , Marvinl
2- Brown
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
162
B0e ZC.6 6B -vvw; T‹+O& \6+FA -2 y$6%; -1 :-&0L3 V$+u( -V`"
-LP; y$6%; -5 -`+3 \/0&1 T+30W0& 6B \6+FA -4 hPOI; *#?& -3
( E`(B +9 z9"(6 -2 +,ZCe0&1NA"B +9 <+=;6" -1 :-k+=;6" ( -3+LCo" V$+u( -G
-,(#) <+=;6" ( *B+vCU" Z:D0; -4 +,ER6+@& 4o ( *6(1nLo -3 60@R -`+3 T+&+O&
E$#$%& #;‹+9 q0rD ( '%K@A"B ZH$_6TœP, +9 <+=;6" -6 -3+LCo" <+=;6" -5
\6(#c ( #PPs; -3 /"%A"X@ 6"#OCD" -2 -./0&1 EPQPR-1 :-vvw; V$+u( -l
*#P)XPLv; -6 -L43 T+P, /" E$+L^ -5 !+$0?@A"B EPOY0& [PLx; -4 EPU]e
N,(bc ( NA"B Z:D0; -9 -`+& T]K@& 2^ -8 -`+3 !"#$%& /" E$+L^ -7
@64CB S4&
+,'B"B *6(1B#) J0IA +I` /" ( *B#96+R T+OPOI; j0A /" i%, #dA /" N,(bc [$"
60dS& Z9 .ED" 'B09 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& !1 *6+&1 ƒ:&+o ( ED" -@$+LPc – -QP50;
#=C:& *+,E$+D ( €6"%& ( B+SD" !+P& 6B hPL3 ( #P)"#Y *0?CHo /" yc +,'B"B *6(1B#)
!"#$%& *+,EP`0‘H& ( V$+u( >60@R -,+F@A"B T+3]k" *+,'+F$+c ( -44L`"[P9 -L43
*"#9 D+S& 6"m9" ( -$+D+S. 60@R /" l6+e *+,'+F@A"B ( +,'%K@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#)
!"mP& 2&+. 6"m9" [$" 6B Zo0;B60& *+,ZQ`0& .%. [$(%; +,'(#) !"#$%& B#K4L3 -9+$/6"
( V$+u( [$#;EPL," +9 >-./0&1 '(#) /" l6+e *+,EP`+:Y >#9 !+&/ V$+u( >-4s. E$+W6
75 2&+. ZA0LA '(#) !+P& 6B '%.B+$ 6"m9" y~D .ED" 'B09 6+R [P^ '%SSRE^"6+A T]d:&
‡(%o .%. "#o" 60@R -&]D" B"/1 ( !"#M; *+,'+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& /" #QA
6B 'B+QCD" B60& 6"m9" ZR EQ) %$+9 [$"#9+S9 .ED" 6"m9" [$" *+,-)b$( /" -QP50; (1) '6+L.
*+,'(#) #$%& B#K4L3 -9+$/6" 60dS& Z9 ZR ED" *"ZCe+DhOI& Z&+S@D#c N,(bc [$"
N?SD 60dS& Z9 [PSŒL, .ED" '%. -^"#k ( ZPM; !"#$" B"/1 ( -C`(B *+,'+F@A"B -./0&1
ZR 2s. VP50; }e+. Z&+S@D#c /" (‡(" ƒQ`0&) >-./0&1 '(#) #$%& -4s. E$+W6 !"mP&
6+R EP,+& ( !"6+KL, >-CD#c#D >˜+O;6" >Ee"B#c ƒQ`0& tSc +9 -4s. E$+W6 J%SSR6+K.1
.%. 'B+QCD" >ED" 'B09 6"B60e#9 %80 -$"(6 /" ( ED"
163 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
:$*DEA.B 5*6:IWO '(!XG 4 *6:V=W$ -1 ,&*"M T4!U
hPOI; B60& *+,ZQ`0& j"0A"
Z&+S@D#c 6B Z$0) B"%:;
'(#) #$%& -4s. E$+W6 !"mP&
‡"0D 5
-./0&1 '(#) #$%& #9 !+&/ V$+u(
‡"0D 11
-./0&1 '(#) #$%& >'(#) /" !(#P9 -k+=;6" >-3+LCo" *+,EP`+:Y
‡"0D 7
-./0&1 '(#) #$%& -&0L3 V$+u(
‡"0D 5
-./0&1 '(#) #$%& -vvw; V$+u( [$#;EPL," +9
Z$0) 10
-./0&1 '(#) #$%& 6+R [P^ '%SSRE^"6+A T]K@& ( T]x:&
Z$0) 10
‡""0D 48 Z&+S@D#c T‹"0D nLo
-./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& B#K4L3 -9+$/6" *"ZH$+O& -D6#9 60dS& Z9 Z$0) 48E$+MA 6B
. EY#) 6"#U *(+R"( B60& -C`(B #Pf ( -C`(B *+,'+F@A"B 6B
( -A"("#Y n$/0; ‡(%o) -QP50; 6+&1 *+, \(6 /" +, 'B"B 2P4I; ( Z$m?; 60dS& Z9
*"Zo6B (B p+PO& p+D"#9 E$+W6 +,'B"B *6"7)'#LA *"#9 ED" '%. 'B+QCD" ([PFA+P&
V$+u( *+,ZQ`0& #F$B B60& 6B '%. 'B"B '#LA ‹+9 %^ 6B( >‹+9 E$+W6 >*B(%^ +; E$+W6
>V$+u( !+P& B0o0& *+,T(+Q; J6+96B .ED" '%. *6"7) \/6" [PFA+P& %56B T605 Z9
%A"0;-& B0e ZR EY#FA T605 -4P4I; '%SSRE^"6+A T]x:& ( #P)EU( V$+u( >E$+W6
.%SR 4k "6 *#F$B N,(bc
@64CB 5*6:YZ*I
!"#M; '+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& B#K4L3 -9+$/6" >N,(bc [$" g+?A" /" i%,
!"#$%& -4s. E$+W6 -4R EP:W( P;#; Z9 i%, [$" Z9 !%PD6 *"#9 .ED" B"/1 '+F@A"B (
y~D ( EY#) 6"#U -9+$/6" B60& -.60&1 *+,!+&/+D/" |$#, -./0&1 *+,'(#)
V$+u( *%S9E$0`(" >+,6+R *#9 EU( >ZQPu( ( 6+R i#5 !+&/ !"mP& >V$+u( *%S9E$0`("
EY#) 6"#U -D6#9 B60& ZA+)"%o g"%R#, >6+R [P^ '%SSRE^"6+A T]x:& *%S9ZO=k >-`0L:&
ED" *%^ Z 6B -./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& -4s. E$+W6 !"mP& -1
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
164
HM-W$\ 5*6,4.O .I!$ H7LM KI*+& ;([0$ K0X+4 -2 ,&*"M T4!U
!+&/+D j0A
+; E$+W6 %56B
%^ 6B E$+W6
*B(%^
‹+9
-4s. E$+W6 !"mP&
%28
%70
n=35 -D+S.6+R ( -A"B6+R q0rD B"/1 *+,'+F@A"B *+,'(#)#$%&
%23
%75
-D+S.6+R ( -D+S.6+R q0rD -C`(B *+,'+F@A"B *+,'(#) #$%&
n=40 %.6"
j0A Z9 Zo0; +9 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& -4s. E$+W6 !"mP& (2) '6+L. ‡(%o 6B
–0Y ‡(%o *+,'B"B ZR ZA0)!+L, .ED" '%. 'B6(1 %56B p+D"#9 (B"/1 ( -C`(B) '+F@A"B
!"#$%& %70 +=$#O; 6B 2s. /" E$+W6 !"mP& ZR ED" [$" #FA+P9 -9+$/6" t$+CA >%,B-& !+@A
‹+9 %^ 6B -C`(B '+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& %75 ( B"/1 '+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#)
/" -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& E$#—R" ZR B#R <+=CD" [PS !"0; -& #F$B !+P9 Z9 >ED" 'B09
..%A" 'B09 -W"6 B0e 2s.
B6"B 6"#U E$0`(" 6B -./0&1 *+, '(#) !"#$%& *+, EP`0‘H& ( V$+u( g"%R -2
HM-W$\ 5*6,4.O .I!$ 5*6K0=W]>$ 4 PI*Q4 5!D<KIW=4( -3 ,&*"M T4!U
( T+A+K&"
T]PMH;
2_+H& E$#$%&
(
E$#$%&
*m$6Z&+A#9
( \/0&1 g+A E=8 *+,EP`+:Y
}Pvw;
( -`+&
|$b;"#CD"
-S$#Y16+R
*/+D Z9
(
*m$6ZoB09
( +xY
-$0?@A"B \#$7c
*+,'“(#c
-`+&
0 /8
0/11
0/13
0 /5
0/11
0/13
0 /9
0 /7
0/45
0/38
0/59
0/42
!+&/+D j0A
( g"%wCD"
E$#$%&
*#P)6+R Z9 T6+dA
*m$6Z&+A#9
'6"B" (
-9+$6+=C3" ( h$0@;
(
( -D6B
'%K@A"B
-9+$/6" ( -FCH@A/+9 E$#$%&
-./0&1
(
*+x3" !+SR6+R
'+F@A"B
-L43 T{P,
0/37
0/50
0/17
0/22
0/38
0/38
0/60
0/47
0/63
0/53
E$0`("
V$+u(
*+’,'(#’) #$%&
-’’’C`(B '+F@’’A"B
-D+S.6+R q0rD
n=40 %.6" (
*+’’,'(#’’) #$%’’&
'+F@’’’’’’’’’’’A"B
q0r’’’’’’’’DB"/1
( -A"B6+’’’’’’’’’R
n=35-D+S.6+R
165 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
#„9 !+&/ #dA /" "6 -./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& V$+u( *%S9E$0`(" (3) '6+L. ‡(%o
!+@A (100) -S:$ [$#;EPL," +9 +; (0) -S:$ [$#CLR /" %5 /" *#HR T605 Z9 !B09
>-C`(B *+,'+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& #dA /" #„9 !+&/ *+,EP`+:Y [P9 6B .%,B-&
!"#$%& #dA /" ( %.+9-& #„9 !+&/ ZQPu( [$#CLM& g%5 63 +9 -./0&1 ( -D6B *m$6Z&+A#9
[$#;#„9!+&/ /" g%5 53 +9 -./0&1 ( -D6B *m$6Z&+A#9 B"/1 '+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#)
6B +,'(#) #$%& EU( [$#C@P9 ZR B0.-& <+=CD" [PS t$+CA /" .ED" '%. ZCe+S. V$+u(
B0.-& 'B"B +vCe" -./0&1 ( -D6B *m$6 Z&+A#9 Z9 EHwA Z4^#& 6B >'+F@A"B j0A(B #,
.%.+9-& V$+u( [$#; #„9 !+&/ /" 6+R [$" (
Z +9 >'(#) /" l6+e *+,EP`+:Y 6B "6 B0e EU( #C@P9 -./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& -2
%SSR-& *#~D '(#) *+,6+R g"%R g+?A" 60dS&Z9 ( -A+HR
HM-W$\ 5*6,4.O .I!$ ;*$-*A -( ;4.0< 5*6K0=*XZ 5!D<KIW=4( -4 ,&*"M T4!U
;*$-*A ^WR
<+=;6"
#F$B
+9
+,'%K@A"B
T+P,
(
ZHP_6
+,'+F@A"B
<+=;6"
( -3+LCo"
-A+D6|LR
<+=;6"
( -,(#)
Z:D0;
4o
z9"(6
ER6+@&
-C&0K^
-C`(B (
*B+vCU"
<+=;6"
NA"B +9
ZCe0&1
+,
-( ;4.0< K0=*XZ
,4.O
*+,'(#) #$%&
0/93
0/76.6
0/40
0/60
0/33.33
0/30
0/23.3
q0rD B"/1 '+F@A"B
-D+S.6+R ( -A"B6+R
n=35
*+,'(#)#$%&
-C`(B '+F@A"B
0/80
0/76.66
0/43.33
0/23.23
0/30
0/63.33
0/40
( -D+S.6+R q0rD
%.6" -D+S.6+R
n=40
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
166
-./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& !+&/+D /" !(#P9 *+,EP`+:Y *%S9E$0`(" (4) '6+L. ‡(%o
[$#C@P9 +; (0) -S:$ [$#CLR /" %5 /" *#HR T605 Z9 +vCe" !+&/ !"mP& #dA /" "6
>-./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& !+&/+D /" !(#P9 *+,EP`+:Y [P9 6B .%,B -& !+@A (100)-S:$
*+,'+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& #dA /" (-`+3 !"#$%&) ZHP$6 T+P, +9 *6+R <+=;6"
'+F@A"B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& #dA /" E=HA [$" .B6"B "6 E$0`(" [$#C@P9 0/80 +9 -C`(B
(B #, 6B -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& #dA /" %,B-& !+@A t$+CA ZR !+S .ED" 'B09 0/93 B"/1
.%,B-& +vCe" B0e Z9 "6 EU( [$#C@P9 ZHP$6 T+P, ( -`+3 !"#$%& +9 <+=;6" >'+F@A"B j0A
.B0.-& '%$B mPA B6"0& #$+D Z9 <09#& T+3]k" –0Y ‡(%o 6B [PSŒL,
*#C@P9 EU( >B0e -&0L3 V$+u( /" |$ g"%R *"#9 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& -4
%SSR-& i#5
HM-W$\ 5*6,4.O .I!$ .0OK_4 H$W"J PI*Q4 5!D<KIW=4( -5 ,&*"M T4!U
y$6%;
|$ -LP;
'6(B
hPOI; [C.0A
6B -,+F@A"B
-4PvI; '/0^
B0e -L43
hPOI; *#?&
B60& 6B [C.0A
ZC.6 B60& 6B
T+30W0&
B0e -,+F@A"B
-`+3 \/0&1
|$ y$6%;
!+&/+D j0A
-4PvI; '6(B
B0e zD0;
'(#) #$%&
-&0L3 V$+u(
*+,'(#) #$%&
*+,'+F@A"B -./0&1
0/16
0/30
0/38.33
0/33.33
0/71.6
q0rD -C`(B
%.6" ( -D+S.6+R
n=40
*+,'(#) #$%&
0/11.6
0/16.66
0/26.66
0/21.66
0/45
q0rD B"/1 '+F@A"B
-D+S.6+R ( -A"B6+R
n=35
-S:$ [$#C@P9 +; (0) -S:$ [$#CLR /" %5 /" *#HR T605 Z9 (5) '6+L. ‡(%o
%SCH, 2$+& -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& ZR "6 -&0L3 ZQPu( 5 ( ED" '%. *%S9Zo6B (100)
|$ 6B y$6%; Z9 2$+L; ZR ED" !1 #FA+$+LA hPOI; [$" *+,ZCY+$ .%,B-& !+@A >%S,B g+?A"
[$#CLM& !"0S3 Z9 0/71 +9 -C`(B *+,'+F@A"B 6B ( 0/45 +9 B"/1 '+F@A"B 6B >-4PvI; ‡+HLPA
167 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
|$ 6B y$6%; .%A"'%. G+wCA" -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& -&0L3 EP`+:Y [$#;EPL," +9 (
( %A6"B !1 g+?A" Z9 ZU]3 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& ZR ED" -Q$+u( Z4Lo /" -4PvI; '6(B
( N,(bc %SA+& #F$B B6"0& Z9 <09m& T+3]k" .%A#PF9 Z45+Y y$6%; /" ZR %A6"%A 2$+L;
.%A"'%. Z_"6" –0Y ‡(%o 6B mPA Z`+O& [C.0A
[$#;EPL," +9 /" "6 B0e -vvw; V$+u( /" |$ g"%R -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& -5
%SA"B-& V$+u(
HM-W$\ ;*$-*A ^WR :< :UWG *< HM-W$\ 5*6,4.O.I!$ PI*Q4 `I.GK0"6( *< -6 ,&*"M T4!U
2^
E$+L^ *#P)XPLv;
Z9 |LR
T]K@&
NA"B Z:D0;
( -`+&
( '%K@A"B ZR -A+&/
N,(bc (
i#v&
( T+&+O&
B60&
-,+F@A"B
ZA]U+3
!"#$%&
E$+L^
-$"6"B
-`+3
EHPA ZL,
yP_6
-C^ XM&
!+&/+D j0A
*6"%Y#k
-)%S$+LA Z9
[PLx;
T{P, /"
EPOY0&
-L43
!+$0?@A"B
'%K@A"B
E$#$%&
( g"%wCD"
E$"%,
6"#OCD"
( #PPs; /"%A"X@
( h$0@;
Pf#;
( E."%MFA \6(#c
-./0&1
EPQPR
-FCH@A/+9
ZHD0&
-./0&1
EPU]e
+9
EPL,"
V$+u( [$#;
'(#) !"#$%&
*+,'+F@A"B
0 /6
0 /8
0/10
0 /6
0/12
0/28
0/19
0/34
0/49
0/58
!"#$" -C`(B
q0rD
( -D+S.6+R
n=40 %.6"
'(#) !"#$%&
B"/1 '+F@A"B
0 /6
0 /7
0/12
0 /9
0/11
0/42
0/12
0/35
0/46
0/47
q0rD !"#$"
-A"B6+R
-D+S.6+R(
n=35
[$#C@P9 +; (0) -S:$ [$#CLR /" %5 /" *#HR T605 Z9 (6) '6+L. ‡(%o *+,ZCY+$
+9 B"/1 *+,'+F@A"B 6B ZR ED" !1 #FA+$+LA *+, EP`+:Y [P9 6B .ED" '%. !+P9 (100) -S:$
[$#CLM& !"0S3 Z9 "6 -./0&1 EPQPR Pf#; ( h$0@; 0/58Z=;6 +9 -C`(B '+F@A"B ( 0/47Z=;6
/"%A"X@ 6"#OCD" [PSŒL, .ED" '%$B#) G+wCA" -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& '+)%$B /" j0W0&
168
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
( EPQPR j0W0& ZR E."B !+3Š" !"0;-& !+SŒL, .%.+9-& g(B E$0`(" 6B X, -./0&1
6"B60e#9 *"'b$( '+F$+o ( EPL," /" '+F@A"B (B #, *+,'(#) #$%& *"#9 /"%A" X@ 6"#OCD"
.ED"
"6 B0e V$+u( T]K@& ( T]x:& /" |$ g"%R -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& -6
%SA"B-& B0e 6+R ELHU [$#;'%SSRE^"6+A
HM-W$\ 5*6,4.O .I!$ &*8 &' ,!DD8Kd(&*R ab1E$ 4 abcX$ 5!D<KIW=4( -7 ,&*"M T4!U
T{P, *+x3"
Z4e"%& -L43
*+,6+R6B #)
!"#F$B
T"6+dCA"
+A T"6+dCA"
*6"#U#9 %&16B HR ( }w@&
E9+U6
+9 z9"(6 #P8{; EI; ( Z=;6 EPOY0& •;+FS;
!"#F$B
[C."7) +L. *"#9 *" '%K@A"B
6"/+9
EHc [$" 6B
*+x3"
6+Ce+D
T{P,
#Pf -C$#$%&
%9 -L43
‡0H&
h4e
'%K@A"B
ZR *6(+9
2K@&
Z9 +L.
4o
29+U ;"#&
Zo0;
p#CDB
+9 *#=,6
%PCH,
!"#F$B
!+&/+D j0A
[C."%A
-Y+R ‡0c
T]K@&
6+R [P^
#$%&
*+,'(#)
+,'+F@A"B
0 /5
0 /7
0 /8
0/13
0/19
0/17
0/14
0/27
0/38
0/54
!"#$" -C`(B
q0rD
( -D+S.6+R
-D+S.6+R
n=40 %.6"
#$%&
*+,'(#)
B"/1 '+F@A"B
0 /6
0 /9
0/11
0/12
0/16
0/15
0/18
0/28
0/35
0/52
q0rD
( -A"B6+R
-D+S.6+R
n=35
[$#C@P9 +; (0) -S:$ [$#CLR /" %5 /" *#HR T605 Z9 7) '6+L. ‡(%o *+,ZCY+$
/" |$ g"%R -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& ZR ED" !1 #FA+$+LA ( ED" '%. !+P9 (100) -S:$
6B B0e 6+R ELHU [$#;'%SSR E^"6+A Z4Lo /" "6 B0e V$+u( T]K@& ( T]x:&
169 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
‡0c [C."%A >'+F@A"B j0A (B #, -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& .%SA"B-& Z:`+r& B60& *+,'+F@A"B
.%A"ZCHA"B 6+R [P^ 6B '%SSR E^"6+A 2K@& ( 2x:& [P`(" "6 -Y+R
5.0O:e0YR
ZR ED" !1 #FA+P9 \/0&1 J/0^ 6B ZCY+$Z:D0; *+,60@R 6B V4Cw& T+:`+r& t$+CA
+9 z=;#& *"mo" ZL, 6B T‹0I; ( T"#PPs; -D6#9 *"#9 '+F@A"B 6B +,'B"B '+F$+c B+?$"
*"#9 +,'0P. g+L; /" ZR %SR-& G+?$" ( B6"B T6(#W -./0&1 *+,'(#) E$#$%&
€6B ( Ee+S. 60dS& Z9 B#K4L3 -9+$/6" .B#R 'B+QCD" -9+$/6" n&+o T+3]k" !B6(1ED%9
m_+^ *%:9 *6"7)ED+PD ( *#P)XPLv; >+,EP`+:Y *"#9 */+DZSP&/ [PSŒL, ( +,EP:U"(
%SA+& #;'%PŒPc T+=D+S& ( z$"#. 6B B#K4L3 -9+$/6" T6(#W |. !(%9 .ED" 6+PH9 EPL,"
.ED" #C@P9 ;"#& Z9 -`+3 \/0&1 *+,EP`+:Y
/" *#CM9 €6B Z9 /+PA XPSR 'B+&1 '%S$1 *"#9 "6 -./0&1 !"#$%& XP,"0w9 ZŒA+S
/" '(#) #$%& V$+u( ZR XPA"%9 %$+9 Z4Lo/" >X$6"B -./0&1 '(#) #$%& *+,EP`0H& ( V$+u(
Z9 Zo0; +9 .1(2003>%S`)ED" 'B#R "%Pc #PPs; -A(#P9 *+,EP`+:Y Z9 -A(6B *6+o +Y#5 60&"
>%A6"B -./0&1 EPQPR ‰rD [PP:; 6B "6 *#;XM& NOA -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& ZR [$"
( *m$6Z&+A#9 ( ED" #$7c+AG+SCo" *#&" !+A1 B#K4L3 B0=M9 *"#9 *"Z&+A#9 *"#o" ( [$(%;
E5#Y >+MA1 B#K4L3 -9+$/6" /" '%&1 ED%9 t$+CA *+S=&#9 ZSP&/ [$" 6B -D+D" *6"7)Z$+&#D
!"0;-& h$#k [$" /" ( %,B-& +MA1 Z9 "6 %$%o *+,\#FA ( +,6(+9 ( %$+O3 >+,T6+M& HR
.E."B#9 g+) +MA1 *"ZY#^ -$+Y0K. ( %.6 EMo 6B
'B"B ŽD+c -@,(bc ‡"0D N. Z9 +,'(#) !"#$%& B#K4L3 -9+$/6" +9 N,(bc [$" 6B
ZR %$B#) g04:& !+.B0e '+)%$B /" -./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& -4s. E$+W6 -D6#9 6B .%.
ND#c) -4s. E$+W6 ƒSP&/ 6B hPOI; [$" t$+CA .%A"'B09 -W"6 B0e 2s. /" +MA1 E$#—R"
!"6+KL, ( 2K$" -@,(bc 6B .B6"B EO9+r& 2(2009) [$B0) ( -4;6+, T+OPOI; +9 (EHwA
"#$/ %SCH, -W"6 +MA1 /" -e#9 ZR %SSR-& !+P9 ZA0FS$" "6 +MA1 -4s. E$+W6 2P`B (2009)
_____________________________________________________________
1- Land
2- Godin, Hartley
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
170
'+F@A"B ( '%K@A"B ED+$6 2P=U /" #;‹+9 *+,EHc Z9 !B09 '(#) #$%& h$#k /" %SU+C@&
( %SD#9 '%K@A"B 6B #;‹+9 *+,g+O& Z9 ZR %A6"B %vU +MA1 /" %56B30ZR *60k Z9 >%SD#9
2$+L; X, %56B45 ( %A6"%A B0e -4s. ˜+O;6" *"#9 -LPLv; ”P, ZR %A"ZC."B !+P9 %56B25
ZR B09 6"(%P&" !"0;-& %S.+9 -W"6 B0e 2s. /" !+SR6+R Z !+S .%A6"%A "6 *#F$B EHc Z9
6B "6 -C=—& '+)%$B hPOI; [$" t$+CA .B#R Zd^]& -C=—& T"#PPs; X, !+.B#K4L3 6B !"0C9
.ED" ZC."B !+P9 +,'(#) !"#$%& -4s. E$+W6 -9+$/6"
!"#$%& #dA /" ZR %$B#) g04:& >+,'(#) !"#$%& #„9 !+&/ V$+u( *%S9E$0`(" 6B
#„9 !+&/ /" !+SR6+R E$#$%& ( T6+dA ( -./0&1 ( -D6B *m$6 Z&+A#9 >-./0&1 *+,'(#)
+,'(#) !"#$%& ZR %,B-& !+@A 1( 2002) !"6+KL,( €6+CD" hPOI; t$+CA .ED" !+A1 V$+u(
2&+:; ZSP&/[$" 6B -L43 T+P, *+x3" +9 ( %A6"B -D6B *m$6Z&+A#96B *"'b$( EP`0H&
>|LR 6B */6+9 NOA ( %A#P)-& |LR +MA1 /" #&" [$" 6B B6"0& /" *"'6+c 6B ( %SSR-&
.%A6"B -D6B *m$6Z&+A#9 6B *#FA/+9 60dS& Z9 -L43 T+P, *+x3" Pf#; ( h$0@;
[$#C@P9 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& ZR B"B !+@A hPOI; #F$B ‡"0D Z9 <09#& *+,ZCY+$
6B '+F@A"B !"#$%& ( +Dž6 NOA ( %A6"B (-`+3 !"#$%&) ZHP_6 T{P, +9 "6 <+=;6" ( 2&+:;
/" 2OA Z9 (1388) -,+.60A hPOI; /" '%&1 EDB Z9 t$+CA .%.+9-& XM& 6+PH9 <+=;6" *6"#U#9
*+x3" ( *6"B" ZA%9 [P9 -FS,+L, B+?$" ( <+=;6" *6"#U#9 ZR %,B-& !+@A mPA (1388)-SL$
.ED" '%. ZCe+S. hPOI; [$" 6B XM& V$+u( /" '+F@A"B *"ZY#^
[$#;XM& /" >-./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& #dA /" ZR ED" [$" N,(bc [$" t$+CA #F$B /"
Z?PCA [$" Z9 X, 2(2010) !"6+KL, ( %`(6+, ZR !+S .ED" y$6%; +MA1 -&0L3 V$+u(
y$6%; /" Z45+Y [C."%A Z9 !+A1 ZU]3 6B "6 '(#) !"#$%& 2$+L; E43 +MA1 ( %A"ZCY+$ EDB
/" %:9 %SA"%9 +MA1 ZR B0.-& ‚3+9 '(#) E$#$%& EHc *%v; !B09 T%& '+;0R †%SA"B-&
3
!"6+KL, ( XPR .%AB#)#9 -L43 T+P, '+F$+o ( y$6%; Z9 EH$+9-& B0e EP`0H& €#;
/" %56B14 ZR %A"'B#R }w@& B0e Z:`+r& B60& *#QA 331ZA0LA Z9 Zo0; +9 mPA (2008)
.%SA"B-& B0e V$+u ( ZPO9 /" #;XM& "6 y$6%; Z9 2$+L; -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%&
_____________________________________________________________
1- Stark ,Poplawski ,et al
2- Harold, Hartley ,Eric ,Godin
3- Keim .Murray
171 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
j0W0& [$#CLM& !"0S3 Z9 -./0&1 EPQPR Pf#; ( h$0@; N,(bc [$" #F$B t$+CA /"
6"#OCD" 6B "#$/ ED" -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& '+)%$B /" -vvw; ZQPu( [$#;EPL," +9 (
.%SA"B-& B0e -vvw; V$+u( Z4Lo /" "6 !1 ( B6"B NOA '+F@A"B /"%A"X@
6+R [P^6B '%SSRE^"6+A T]K@& ( T]x:& Z9 !"0;-& hPOI; [$" t$+CA [$#e1 /"
n9+S& [P&{; *"#9 -Y+R ‡0c [C."%A -./0&1 *+,'(#) #$%& 6+R [P^ T]d:& /" :B#R '6+."
t$+CA /" ZR !+S .ED" '%. !+P9 (-C`(B> B"/1) '+F@A"B j0A(B #,6B i"%," B#=@Pc 60dS& Z9
[$#;‹+9 +9 -`+& n9+S& 7e" T6+M& (1388) -SL$/" 2OA Z9 -,+.60A hPOI; 6B '%&1 EDB Z9
*+,N`+ Z9 Zo0; +9 .ED" '%. ZCY#) #dA 6B Z:`+r& B60& *+,'+F@A"B -&+L; 6B -A"("#Y
%PR+; -C`(B -`+& n9+S& !%. B(%I& +$ -`+& n9+S& B0=LR 'b$( Z9 #Pe" *+,Z,B 6B +,'+F@A"B
.ED" ‡%CH& ( #$7cZPo0; >T6+M& [$" #9
*#dA -A+=& Z9 Zo0; #9 '(]3 -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& #dA /" +,'+F@A"B #C@P9 6B
6B (6 +MA1 +9 #W+^ #v3 6B +,'(#) !"#$%& ZR -$+,N`+ >-`+3 \/0&1 ( -&0L3 E$#$%&
6"#U Zo0; B60& -`+3 \/0&1 E$#$%& ( +,6+P:& [PP:; 6B #=C:& *+S=& |$ !"0S3 Z9 %SCH, (
\]; >-`+& n9+S& B0=LR >-./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& *(6"#Y *+,N`+ Z4Lo /" .ED" ZCY#)
T+&%e '_"6" ( Z:&+o Z9 !B09 0FwD+c >*6(+SY n$#D EY#@Pc >%$%o -`+& n9+S& 7e" *"#9
.ED" \/0&1 6B E9+U6 N$"mY" ( NA"B *+,/#& [CY6 [P9 /" >NA"B !%.-A+Mo ( -&0L3
a('*fDE0B
-CP:U"( -./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& EP`0‘H& ZR EQ) !"0;-& >–0Y B6"0& Z9 Zo0; +9
D+S& B#K$(6 Š+w;" +9 .ED" '%. V$#:; ( }w@& A"0o ( B+:9" *"6"B ( p0L4& ]&+R
[$" 6B %S&ZU]3 ( h$‹ B"#Y" /" 'B+QCD" !+K&" >-FCH$+. *+,6+P:& [PP:; ( G+vCA" +$ G+wCA"
#)" >[$" #9 '(]3 .B0. X,"#Y *B+MS@Pc +$ 4k("B B#Y [$#CM9 zD0; 'b$(Z9 >p+H^ EHc
'%K@A"B #, ( '+F@A"B #, +e T+&"m`" ( T"_+xCU" mPA ( h80& *#dA -A+=& #9 -SC=& +,6+P:&
*+,'(#) !"#$%& ‡+:Y ER6+@& 60dS& Z9 [PSŒL, .BB#)-& X,"#Y *#CM9 G+wCA" !+K&" >%S.+9
( %AB#) n4r& -9+$/6" B+:9" ( i"%," /" %$+9 >B#K4L3 -9+$/6" *+,q#k *"#o" 6B -./0&1
172
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
.%$+LA X,"#Y -9+$/6" *"#9 *#C@P9 JmPFA" +; %.+9 ZC."B B0o( D+S& T+&"%U" g+?A" !+K&"
:B0.-& 'B"B -./0&1 '(#) #$%& ‰rD 6B #&" [$" B0=M9 EMo 6B #$/ T"B+MS@Pc
*+,q#k *"#o" *"#9 'b$( -`+& T"6+=C3" G7o EMo D+S& *+,Z&+A#9 Z_"6" -^]5" T+&"%U" mPA ( -9+$/6"
B+:9" 6B '(#) !"#$%& 6B -)B+&1 B+?$" *"#9 g/‹ -./0&1 *+,Z&+A#9 !B#R X,"#Y !"#F$B +9 -A+HA" <+=;6" *6"#U#9 ƒSP&/ 6B Z4Lo /" V4Cw&
-./0&1 *+,'(#) !"#$%& G+vCA" +$ G+wCA" 6B *6‹+DZCH$+. *+,'(#) E$#$%& EHc *%v; */+HM9 ( EP9#; EMo -./0&1 mR"#& B+?$" -./0&1
l6+e ( 2e"B *+,'(#) #$+D !"#$%& +9 '(#) !"#$%& #C@P9 2&+:; *"#9 *m$6Z&+A#9 .'+F@A"B
( +MA1 -4s. V$+u( q#. q]5" EMo -./0&1 '(#) #$%& 2s. 2P4I; ( Z$m?; 2s. [$" *"#9 *6(#W *+,-FCH$+. [PP:;
+,'(#) !"#$%& B#K4L3 #;hPUB Z #, -9+$/6" EMo D+S& *+,6+R ( /+D B+?$" *6"(B" T605Z9
g<*D$
HA&.< (1390) †X$#& >#Y-A+&/ †ZLk+Y >*%S& -UB+5 †+W6 >*%LI& †ZCe+Y >-U+ID" -1
H6*hER(' HM-W$\ 5*f64.O &' HR4&' H<*I-&( iW7j$ 5(.U( *< klG.$ m$(WJ
g+dA 6B EPQPR -9+$/6" N$+L, [PL?Sc.(;(.I( &' :YMnO :<.eG :6' oI .< 5&4.$)
-SY *+,'%K@A"B y$B#c >!"#M; '+F@A"B .-,+F@A"B
!08pG *< H=*J S-W$\ K0V08 'Wlf< &' HM-W$\ H<*I-&( '.<&*8 (1375) .p+=3 >!+)6/+9 -2
T6+dA ZA+e#P9B .H1M[B S-W$\ 4 ;*$&' KM(!f< a&(-4 H1M[B HM-W$\ :<
.-K.mc g043 *+,'+F@A"B \#CH) ( -9+P./6"
173 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
5*6:<.eG :< H6*hR :H=*J S-W$\ &' ;\ H<*I-&( 4 K0V08 (1376) .p+=3 >!+)6/+9 -3
:‡(" %4o ;(.I( &' H=*J S-W$\ &*D0"A `0Y>rR aq*9$ :JW"e$ H77"=(`0< 4 H7$
.-$+=k+=k Z&]3 '+F@A"B T"6+@CA" :!"#M;
4 HY0<.G a*X=*j$ 5&(nO?!6 !DI(.Z m07#G (1385) ZCe+Y >-U+ID" †p+=3 >!+)6/+9 -4
HA4'.Z ,*hER(' HA*DM;(4&
H70s#G K09ZW$ &' HJ*"YU( –5'*sY_( m$(WJ @9R (1383) .VD0$ >*/+?^ -5
23 '6+L. >HJ*"YU( tW7J :$*R " ;(.fG ,*hER(' 5-&4*E8 ;*IWeER(' H7LM '.17"J
27 – 42   1383 B"B#e
4 '.17"J KI.I!$ 4 H<*I-&( (1387) XD+U >04A+R#U -36"/ †-43 %L^" >-M`" V_+e -6
XC@, '6+L. g(B ‡+D KI.I!$ .sJ :I.ER *6;*$-*A &' ;\ FZW$ 5*6T!$ Hu.<
.60$#M.
."#,/ >!+Pf+=5 †[H^%LI& >-ŒCe"B#c †%LI& >-9+e#D */(B -SL$ †E5+9" >-A+D"#e -7
%*A(.< ;(.I( HY=4' 5*6,*hER(' K0V08 HA&.< 5(.< H=!$ `I4!G 4 Hd(.v (1389)
‡+D – ;(.I( HA!Df$ S-W$\ :$*D7sZ (H"Y>0A '.1I4&) K0V08 wI(& 5*6T!$
. 25 – 50  1389 !+CH&/ 48 '6+L. X,/"(B
.-A(6B -9+$/6" Z9 -,+FA †-./0&1 -9+$/6" 6B EPQPR ( EPLR †(1389) .%LI& >p6B"B -8
.H6*hER(' t*xR &' K0V08 HR4&' H<*I-&( :Rq*A @I*"6 `0$&*f2 aq*9$ :JW"e$
.!"#M; '+F@A"B EPOPR -9+$/6" mR#&
>XP,"#9" '0A >*#P& ZLo#; H6*hER(' KI.I!$ &' 5&4\WR (1379) -D p+KP9 ‡+PA+D -9
.-./0&1 *m$6Z&+A#9 ( N,(bc ZHD0& !"#M;
'Wlf< .< ;*D8&*8 '.17"J H<*I-&( .0/*G HA&.< (1387).hQ@& †+W6%PD >[$B"0o %PD -10
>g(B ‡+D >KI.I!$ :EI!R( .(^) y'*z t*$( ,*hER(' ::X=*j$ '&W$ .,*hER(' '.17"J
95-122  g(B '6+L.
Z&#; T"6+@CA" >!"#M; >HR*>R( g<*D$ KI.I!$ (1385) .+W6 %PD >[$B"0o %PD -11
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
174
>T+3]k" *6(+SY ( *m$6Z&+A#9 EA(+:& )1404 FZ( &' ;(.fG ,*hER(' -(!R({E2 !DA -12
1390 B"B#e
.-,+F@A"B -D6B Z&+A#9 EPQPR -9+$/6" (1386) †%P,+A >-:PQ. †\60R >'+)6+o" ( -ICY -13
. 5 '6+L. ;(.I( HA&' :$*R.< a*X=*j$ :$*D7sZ
:HM-W$\ 5*6,4.O 5!D<:9lv '.1I4& (1389) .p+=3 >!+)6/+9 †B0vO& >'"0wCD"#Y -14
@I*"6 `0$&*f2 aq*9$ :JW"e$ .H6*hER(' K0V08 HR4&' H<*I-&( -( 5'.<&*8
.!"#M; '+F@A"B T"6+@CA" ZHD0& #.+A .H6*hER(' t*xR &' K0V08 HR4&' H<*I-&(
H"7J ap06 5*cJ( 4 ;(.I!$ a(.xR :j9R HA&.< (1373) .-4:A+x&6 >[PLA -9"#I& -15
&' ;(.I!$ iWs$ PI*Q4 |Wsu &' ;(.fG ,*hER(' HR*>R( tW7J 5*6,!1ER('
.!M&( HA*DM&*8 :$*R ;*I*B. }*cJ( HE64CB 4 HM-W$\ '.17"J 'Wlf< *< k<(4&
. !"#M; '+F@A"B -./0&1 E$#$%& ZC.6
`0"cG 5(.< HIWh=( (1386) .p+=3 >!+)6/+9 †VD0$ >*/+?^ †%P:D >'B"/%LI& -16
g<*D$ 4 5-&4*E8 H"7J K]06 5*cJ( ,*O!I' ;(.I( H=*J S-W$\ t*xR .$( K0V08
45 '6+L. H=*J S-W$\ &' 5[I&:$*R.< 4 @64CB :$*D7sZ .HX0lv
;(.I( H=*J S-W$\ t*xR &' HR4&' H<*I-&( H7"J 5*"D6(& (1384) +W6 >*%LI& -17
.g(B Ÿ+ &WE8 S-W$\ @eDA ;*$-*A a(&*EYR( .H77"=(`0< 4 H7$ i&*eG
!(#rH$ #@A !"#M;.;*$-*A &' k<(4& 4 &*YZ& (1386) .%LI&%PD >-`+LR#P& -18
KNN0V08 H<*NNI-&( HENNr<./( 4 HI(&*NN8(1389) .[PH’’^ >-M4`"%’’=3 †X’’D+O`"09" >*6B+’A -19
[P&6+’M T‹+’O& Z’30L?& .*6-(!NR({E2 4 *6@=*2 :H6*hER(' HM-W$\ 5*6,4.O
E’PQPR -9+’$/6" m’R#& !"#M; >-,+F@A"B g+dA 6B '+F@A"B EPQPR -9+$/6" ZA‹+D N$+L,
!"#M; '+F@A"B
.H=*NJ S-WN$\ &'WNR 5*6-(!R({E2 4 *6'.1I4& (1388) .%LI&>-9+e#D */(B-SL$ -20
.-3+LCo" ( -FS,#Y T+:`+r& '%K@,(bc :!"#M;
21- Anderson,P.Murray, J.P.Olivarez, JR(2002).The Managerial Roles of Public
community college chief Academic officers. Community college Review.
Vol,30,NO,2
175 ...%5):8E F'2<=>? @+>(A8 B>CD19 %&'()*+
22- Arreola . R . A . ( 2000 ) Developing comprehensive faculty Evaluation
system;2nd -Bolton,MA Anker publishing company
23- Behri, M. H. and Patron, R. A. (2008). Performance appraisal – cultural fit
and organizational outcomes with the u . A . E: ‘ journol of American
academy of business . Vol . B . No 1 , pp . 166 – 176
24- Bolton,A (2004).Business school leadership; signpost to improvement.
Perspective:,8(2),325- Brown,F.W .(2002).Inspiration ,more than rewards ,improves faculty
effectiveness .Academic leader,18(9),1-8
26- Brown,F.W,Moshavi,D.(2002).Herding academic cats ;Faculty reaction to
transformational and contigent reward leadership by department chairs
:Journal of leadership studies .8(3).79-103
27- Daryl,joseph Delabbio,(2006). Non-Traditional paths to presidencies of
Higher education Inistitution in Michigan : Western Michigan University
Dissertation PHD degree.
28- Eckel, P. D. Cook, B . J, and King, J. E. (2009). The CAO Census: A
National Profile of Chief Academic Officers.
29- Fletcher , c ( 2002 ) “ Appraisal : an individual psycho logical analysis in
sonnetag , Ed , psychological management of individual performance :,
wiley , chichester ‘ pp 115 – 35
30- Gabbidon ,S.l.(2005).A study on the attitudes and experiences of
chairpersons in American criminology and criminal justice programs.
Journal of criminal justice education,15(1),1-17
31- Gmelch, W.H.(2004). The department chairs balancing acts. New direction
for Higher Education: ,126,69-84
32- Graham, S ,Benoit ,B.(2004).Constructing the role of department chair.ACE
Department chair on line Resource: Retrieved May 15, 2004, from.
www.acent.edu/reources/chairs/
33- Harold v. Hartley III , Eric . Godin , ( 2010 ) A Study of Chief Academic
Officer of Independent Colleges and University, Concil of independent
colleges,C A O ,Washington.DC
34- Hartley ,H.V and Godin E.E ( 2009 ) The Study Of Career Patterns of
Presidents of Independent Council of Independent
Colleges and
Universities ,Colleges Washington, DC
35- Hersey P,Kenneth H. et al(2001) Management of Organization Behavior :
Leading Human Resources. New Delhi
36- Higgerson . M . l ( 2007 ). Building climate for faculty Evaluation the
Improves . Teaching anker publishing company
37- Keim,M.C. Murray.J.P. (2008).Chief Academic officers demographics and
educational Background ;community college Review, vol,36.116-132
38- Lindholm,J.(1999).Preparing Department Chairs For their leadership Roles.
Retrieved october10,from Eric clearinghouse for community colleges. Eric
identifier;EDO-JC-99-08
39- Land,P.(2003).From The Other Side Of The Academic leadership Roles; Crossing
The Great Divide .New Direction for Higher Education,vol.124,pp13-20
...!"#"$ %&'()*+ ,-.'/ 0('12 3"145 6.'78 ,9:1;8
176
40- Lucas,A.F.(2000).Stergthening departmental leadership ;team-building guid for
chairs in colleges and universities .(2nded).San Francisco ,CA; Jossey-Bass.
41- Miller . M . T. Newman, R. E. ( 2011 ). Pushing , pulling and prying : Renewing
senior faculty performance Through college dean efforts . Eric datebase
42- Murray, J. P., Murray, J. I., & Summar, C. (2000). The propensity of
community college chief academic officers to leave an institution.
Community College Review, 28(3), 22-36.
43- Rao,Y-P(2006)Professional Practice Motivation Model for Improwing
Productivity Journal of Management 55.5 44- Smith. D .L,et al(2012).Back to the Facuty; Transition From University
Department leadership .Innov .High. Edu
45- Stark,J.S,Briggs,c,L ,Poplawski ,J,R.(2002).Curriculum Leadership Roles of
chairpersons in continuously planning development .Research in Higher
Education ,Vol,43,No,3
46- Swart,J.C.(1985).Clerical workers on flexitime ,personal.64,447- Spence . Heather k (2002). The impact of workplace empowerment,
organizational trust on staff nurses work satisfaction and organizational
commitment advaces in health management ,56,8548- The CAO census : (2009)A National profile of chief Academic officers.
Eckel, cook , and king )
49- The council of Independent colleges cIc : www. Cic . edu / projects – services /
academic – ledership – 2ist century . asp 50- Wolf, k , G . Lichtenstein , Bart and , Hartman ( 1996 ) : evaluation of faculty :
Journal Rersonnel Evaluation in Education . vol . l
51- Wolverton,M.Walter H,Gmelch,Marvinl.(1999).Acomparison of department
chair tasks in Australia and the United states .Higher Education 38.333350Kluwer Academic publishers,printed in Netherland