抄録PDF - 日本癌治療学会

教育シンポジウム「がん免疫療法:特に免疫チェックポイント阻害剤」
消化管癌(食道・胃・大腸癌)における
免疫チェックポイント阻害薬の可能性
ESY-7
室 圭
(愛知県がんセンター中央病院 薬物療法部)
2016/10/21 横浜
第54回日本癌治療学会学術集会
各癌種における体細胞変異の頻度
教育シンポジウム 「がん免疫療法:特に免疫チェックポイント阻害剤」
消化管癌(食道・胃・大腸癌)における
免疫チェックポイント阻害薬の可能性
愛知県がんセンター中央病院
薬物療法部長/外来化学療法センター長
室 圭
kmuro@aichi-cc.jp
Lawrence MS, Stojanov P, Polak P, et al. Nature 499:214–218, 2013
1
2
PD-1/PD-L1 Antibodies Are Being Investigated
in A Wide Range of Tumor Types
ESOPHAGEAL
BRAIN
GLIOBLASTOMA
LUNG
HEAD & NECK
HEPATOCELLULAR
LYMPHOMA
PANCREATIC
BREAST
GASTRIC
MERKEL CELL
CARCINOMA
OVARIAN
MELANOMA
HEMATOLOGICAL
COLORECTAL
COLORECTAL
Available from
ClinicalTrials.gov.
Accessed September
2015.
RENAL/BLADDER/GU
Mechanism of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
SARCOMA
Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, et al.
Ipilimumab, Tremelimumab, et al.
Avelumab, Durmalumab
Atezolizumab, et al.
3
4
食道癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬の臨床試験
各臨床試験の体制・特徴
KEYNOTE-028
(Pembrolizumab)
Esophageal Cancer
ONO-4538-07
(Nivolumab)
薬剤
Pembrolizumab
10 mg/kg, q2w
Nivolumab
3 mg/kg, q2w
相
治療Line
第Ib相
第II相
標準治療不応・不耐
標準治療不応・不耐
症例数
23
65
PD-L1 status
陽性 (腫瘍/炎症性細胞が1%以上)
陽性+陰性 (all comer)
組織型
扁平上皮癌 74%
22%
腺癌
4%
粘表皮癌
扁平上皮癌 100%
実施国
日、米、仏、英、台、韓
日本
臨床試験登録
NCT02054806
JapicCTI-142422
Kojia T, Muro K, et al. ASCO-GI 2016, Doi T, et al. ASCO-GI 2016
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345
食道癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬の有効性
食道癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬の奏効割合
KEYNOTE-028
Spider Plots & Waterfall Plots
(Pembrolizumab)
Overall Response
KEYNOTE-028
(Pembrolizumab)
-investigator review-
ONO-4538-07
(Nivolumab)
-central review-
Response
CR
PR
SD
PD
n
0
7
2
13
%
0
30%
9%
56%
n
1
10
16
29
%
2%
16%
25%
45%
NE
ORR
Total
1
7
23
4%
30%
8
11
65
13%
17%
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
ORR by histology
29.4% for squamous cell carcinoma (5 of 17)
40.0% for adenocarcinoma (2 of 5)
Kojia T, Muro K, et al. ASCO-GI 2016, Doi T, et al. ASCO-GI 2016
ONO-4538-07
(Nivolumab)
Squamous cell
Adenocarcinoma
Mucoepidermoid
Kojia T, Muro K, et al. ASCO-GI 2016, Doi T, et al. ASCO-GI 2016
8
7
食道癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬の有害事象
現在進行中の食道癌に対する
抗PD-1抗体薬の第3相試験
Treatment-Related Adverse Events
KEYNOTE-028
(Pembrolizumab)
ONO-4538-07
(Nivolumab)
Ongoing Trials
Any grade
G3以上
Any grade
G3以上
Any
9 (39%)
4 (17%)
55(85%)
19 (29%)
肝機能異常
1 (4%)
1 (4%)
4 (6%)
2 (3%)
Rash
2 (9%)
0
7 (11%)
0
甲状腺機能異常
食欲不振
下痢
間質性肺炎
副腎不全
掻痒症
2 (9%)
0
3 (5%)
0
-
-
13 (20%)
2 (3%)
-
-
13 (20%)
1 (2%)
-
-
5 (8%)
0
2 (9%)
0
-
-
1 (4%)
1 (4%)
5 (8%)
0
Pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-181)
Nivolumab (OPERA)
NCT02564263
NCT02569242
Kojia T, Muro K, et al. ASCO-GI 2016, Doi T, et al. ASCO-GI 2016
9
10
RCTs with Targeting Agents for Metastatic GC
Gastric Cancer
Line
Study
Agent Tested
Molecular Target
Control Arm
1st
ToGA (HER2)
trastuzumab
HER2
XP/FP
OS
LOGiC(HER2)
lapatinib
HER2
XELOX
OS
JACOB (HER2)
pertuzumab
HER2
XP + trastuzumab
2nd
OS
AVAGAST
bevacizumab
VEGF
XP
OS
EXPAND
cetuximab
EGFR
XP
PFS
REAL-3
panitumumab
EGFR
EOX
RILOMET-1, 2
rilotumumab
cMET
ECX, XP
OS
RAINFALL
ramucirumab
VEGFR2
XP
PFS
TyTAN (HER2)
lapatinib
OS
HER2
weekly paclitaxel
OS
GATSBY (HER2)
TDM-1
HER2
weekly paclitaxel
OS
RAINBOW
ramucirumab
VEGFR2
weekly paclitaxel
OS
GRANITE2
everolimus
mTOR
weekly paclitaxel
PFS
ENRICH
nimotuzumab
EGFR
irinotecan
OS
REGARD
ramucirumab
VEGFR2
BSC (placebo)
OS
GOLD
olaparib
PARP
weekly paclitaxel
OS
BRIGHTER
11
Pri. End.
BBI-608
STAT3
weekly paclitaxel
OS
KEYNOTE 061
pembrolizumab
PD-1
weekly paclitaxel
OS
2nd / 3rd
GRANITE1
everolimus
mTOR
BSC (placebo)
OS
3rd~
ONO-4538-12
nivolumab
PD-1
BSC (placebo)
OS
12
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RCTs with Targeting Agents for Metastatic GC
Line
Study
Agent Tested
Molecular Target
Control Arm
1st
ToGA (HER2)
trastuzumab
HER2
XP/FP
OS
LOGiC(HER2)
lapatinib
HER2
XELOX
OS
JACOB (HER2)
pertuzumab
HER2
XP + trastuzumab
OS
AVAGAST
bevacizumab
VEGF
XP
OS
EXPAND
cetuximab
EGFR
XP
PFS
2nd
胃癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬の臨床試験
Pri. End.
各臨床試験の体制・特徴
KEYNOTE-012
(Pembrolizumab)
薬剤
OS
CheckMate-032
(Nivolumab)
Pembrolizumab
10 mg/kg, q2w
Nivolumab
3 mg/kg, q2w
第I / II相
REAL-3
panitumumab
EGFR
EOX
RILOMET-1, 2
rilotumumab
cMET
ECX, XP
OS
相
第Ib相
RAINFALL
ramucirumab
VEGFR2
XP
PFS
TyTAN (HER2)
lapatinib
HER2
weekly paclitaxel
OS
治療Line
標準治療不応・不耐
標準治療不応・不耐
GATSBY (HER2)
TDM-1
HER2
weekly paclitaxel
OS
症例数
39
59
RAINBOW
ramucirumab
VEGFR2
weekly paclitaxel
OS
GRANITE2
everolimus
mTOR
weekly paclitaxel
PFS
ENRICH
nimotuzumab
EGFR
irinotecan
OS
REGARD
ramucirumab
VEGFR2
BSC (placebo)
OS
GOLD
olaparib
PARP
weekly paclitaxel
OS
BRIGHTER
BBI-608
STAT3
weekly paclitaxel
OS
KEYNOTE 061
pembrolizumab
PD-1
weekly paclitaxel
OS
2nd / 3rd
GRANITE1
everolimus
mTOR
BSC (placebo)
OS
3rd~
ONO-4538-12
nivolumab
PD-1
BSC (placebo)
OS
PD-L1 status
陽性(腫瘍1%以上、間質)
陽性+陰性 (all comer)
原発部位
-
食道
接合部
胃
実施国
臨床試験登録
日米台韓以
米加丁芬 独伊西英
NCT01848834
NCT01928394
15%
53%
31%
丁:デンマーク、芬:フィンランド、西:スペイン、以:イスラエル
Muro K, et al. Lancet Oncol 2016, Le DT, et al. ASCO-GI 2016
13
14
胃癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬の有効性
胃癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬の奏効割合
Overall Response
KEYNOTE-012
Pembrolizumab
-central review-
CheckMate-032
Nivolumab
n
%
n
CR
0
0
-
-
PR
8
22%
-
-
SD
5
14%
-
-
PD
19
53%
-
-
NE
1
3%
-
-
ORR
8
22%
8
14%
Total
36
Response
KEYNOTE-012
(Pembrolizumab)
Spider Plots & Waterfall Plots
CheckMate-032
(Nivolumab)
%
59
Muro K, et al. Lancet Oncol 2016
Le DT, et al. ASCO-GI 2016
Muro K, et al. Lancet Oncol 2016, Le DT, et al. ASCO-GI 2016
15
16
胃癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬の有害事象
胃癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬の有効性
KEYNOTE-012
(Pembrolizumab)
Overall Survival
Treatment-Related Adverse Events
KEYNOTE-012
(Pembrolizumab)
CheckMate-032
(Nivolumab)
6mOS rate: 66%
mOS: 11.4ms
Any grade
G3以上
2 (5%)
19 (32%)
1 (2%)
0
9 (15%)
0
5 (13%)
1 (3%)
-
-
5 (13%)
0
10 (17%)
0
Any grade
G3以上
Any
26 (67%)
5 (13%)
疲労
食欲不振
甲状腺機能低下
掻痒症
関節痛
間質性肺炎
下痢
悪心
7 (18%)
5 (13%)
4 (10%)
0
-
-
-
1 (3%)
-
-
-
-
9 (15%)
1 (2%)
-
-
9 (15%)
0
Muro K, et al. Lancet Oncol 2016, Le DT, et al. ASCO-GI 2016
Muro K, et al. Lancet Oncol 2016, Le DT, et al. ASCO-GI 2016
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CheckMate-032
(Nivolumab)
18
347
Phase I/II Open-Label Study of Nivolumab Alone or
With Ipilimumab in Advanced Metastatic GC
CheckMate 032
胃癌に対する
複合がん免疫療法
Janjigian YY, et al. ASCO 2016
19
20
Phase I/II Open-Label Study of Nivolumab Alone or
With Ipilimumab in Advanced Metastatic GC
CheckMate 032: Summary of Efficacy
CheckMate 032
Nivolumab
N
PD-L1+
PFS
OS
RR/DCR (%)
Nivo1mg/kg + Ipi 3mg/kg
Nivo 3mg/kg + Ipi 1mg/kg
59
49
52
25%
11%
18%
1.4 M
1.6M
1.5M
5.0 M
6.9 M
4.8 M
14/32 %
26/41 %
10/43 %
Janjigian YY, et al. ASCO 2016
Janjigian YY, et al. ASCO 2016
21
22
Maintenance Therapy of Ipilimumab for AGC
Primary Endpoints
ir-PFS
Secondary Endpoints
mWHO-PFS, OS , ir-BORR
Ipilimumab
rPhase II Trial
N=114
胃癌に対する
メンテナンス免疫療法
Study Specific Eligibility Criteria
R
•Advanced gastric and gastro-esophageal
junction
1:1
•Measurable disease by mWHO criteria
SD or better
•First-line pretreatment with
chemotherapy using fluoropyrimidine
and platinum combination without
disease progression (12-18wks)
•No HER2 positive status
•No brain metastases
NCT01585987
10 mg/kg IV
q3w x 4
then q12w until PD
treat up to 3 years
Best supportive
care
Can include continuation
of first-line fluoropyrimidine,
but no other systemic
anti-cancer therapy
Moehler M, et al. ASCO 2016
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24
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Maintenance Therapy of Ipilimumab for AGC
胃癌に対する抗PD-1抗体薬Avelumabの有効性
JAVELIN Phase Ib
PD-L1+ : 49% (74/151)
BSC: median irPFS 4.9m
Ipi: median irPFS 2.9m
HR 1.44
P=0.097
Platinum-containing
doublet/triplet
Ipi: median OS 16.8m
BSC: median OS 12.1m
Maintenance
(Mn)
HR 0.87
P=0.643
2nd line
(2L)
mPFS: 1.5M
RR: 10%, DCR: 29%
mPFS 3.0M
RR: 9%, DCR: 58%
Chung HC, et al. ASCO 2016
Moehler M, et al. ASCO 2016
25
26
胃癌に対する
各種免疫チェックポイント阻害薬の効果
KEYNOTE-012
JAVELIN PI
Pembrolizumab
Avelumab
Nivolumab
3mg/kg
CHECKMATE-032
Anti-PD-1
Anti-PD-L1
Anti- PD-1
Refractory, PD-L1+
1st Maintenance
/2nd
36
89/62
59
49
52
100%
49%
25%
11%
18%
PFS
1.9 M
3.0/1.5 M
1.4 M
1.6M
1.5M
OS
11.4 M
NA
5.0 M
6.9 M
4.8 M
Agent
胃癌における
現在進行中の臨床試験
Patients
N
PD-L1+
Nivo 1mg/kg+
Ipi 3mg/kg
Nivo 3mg/kg+
Ipi 1mg/kg
Anti-PD-1 + Anti-CTLA-4
Refractory (PD on at least 1 prior regimen)
6M-OS
rate
66 %
NA
36 %
34%
NA
RR (%)
22 %
9.0/9.7 %
14 %
26 %
10 %
MSI-H
17% (4/24)
NA
27
28
現在進行中の臨床試験 (Pembrolizumab)
KEYNOTE-059, 061, 062
現在進行中の臨床試験 (Nivolumab)
ONO-4538-12
Phase II: KEYNOTE-059
NCT02335411
Cohort 1
PD-L1 +/≥2 prior CTx
N=180
Cohort 2
PD-L1 +/1st-line
N=40
Pembro
Pembro
+FP/XP
Cohort 3
PD-L1+
1st-line
N=50
Pembro
Adaptive Design
Primary Endpoint: AE, ORR
Phase III: KEYNOTE-062
NCT02494583
Phase III: KEYNOTE-061
NCT02370498
PD-L1 +/≥1 prior CTx
N=720
R
Pembro
wPTX
Primary Endpoint: PFS, OS
PD-L1 +
1st-line
N=750
R
Primary Endpoint: PFS, OS
GC or GEJ Adenocarcinoma
• Refractory to or Intorerant of
standard Cx.
• PS 0-1
• PD-L1 +/ • N=480
Pembro
Pembro
+FP/XP
FP/XP
Nivolumab
3mg/kgQ2W
2:1
R
Primary Endpoint: OS
N=195〜
Placebo
N=95〜
NCT02267343
AE; adverse event, ORR; objective response rate,
PFS; progression free survival, OS; overall survival
29
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2014.11~
30
349
JAVELIN: Avelumab for Advanced Gastric or
GEJ Adenocarcinoma
Phase III, JAVELIN Gastric 100
1st line Maintenance
Phase III, JAVELIN Gastric 300
Colorectal Cancer
In salvage line
Moehler M, et al. ASCO 2016
Bang YJ, et al. ASCO 2016
31
32
Microsatellite Instability (MSI)
Immune Microenvironment of MSI Tumors
MSI is the condition of genetic hypermutability that results
from impaired DNA mismatch repair (MMR)
IHC for MMR
protein status
MLH1+
MSH2-
MLH1-
MSH2+
The high mutational load in MSI tumors creates
many tumor-specific neoantigens
PCR on tumor
DNA for MSI
(microsatellite
instability)
Some of these neoantigens will be processed,
presented on MHC, and recognized as foreign by T cells
High level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)
and lymphocytic reaction in MSI tumors
Imai and Yamamoto. Carcinogenesis 2008
Umetani, Annals of Surgical Oncology 2000
Rosen et al. Modern Pathology (2006) 19, 1414-1420
Xiao Y, et al. Cancer Discovery 2015
Llosa N, et al. Cancer Discov 2015
Dung TL, et al. ASCO 2015
33
34
Phase II Study of Pembrolizumab
in Tumors with Mismatch Repair Deficiency
Baseline Characteristics
Study Design
Dung TL, et al. ASCO 2015
Le DT, et al. N Engl J Med 2015
Dung TL, et al. ASCO 2015
Le DT, et al. N Engl J Med 2015
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36
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Immune-Related Response
Objective
Responses
Progression-Free Survival
Water-Fall Plots
NR v.s.2.3m
p<0.0001
Duration of Disease Control
Dung TL, et al. ASCO 2015
Le DT, et al. N Engl J Med 2015
Dung TL, et al. ASCO 2015
Le DT, et al. N Engl J Med 2015
37
38
Baseline PD-L1 Expression & CD8+ Cell Infiltration
Mutation Burden Correlates with Response
Somatic mutations, mean
Mutation-associated neoantigens, mean
MMR-D n=9
MMR-P n=6
p
1782
73
0.007
578 (32%)
21 (29%)
-
Dung TL, et al. ASCO 2015
Le DT, et al. N Engl J Med 2015
Dung TL, et al. ASCO 2015
Le DT, et al. N Engl J Med 2015
39
40
The Cancer-Immunity Cycle
Anti-PD1 and
Anti-PDL1
MAPK
inhibitors
T cell activation and
tumor cell killing
MAPK阻害薬と
免疫チェックポイント阻害薬
MAPK
inhibitors
T cell
infiltration
VEGF
inhibitors
T cell
trafficking
Tumor cell
death
MAPK
inhibitors
Antigen acquisition
by dendritic cells
T cell
priming
VEGF
inhibitors
Anti-CTLA4
Hughes PE, et al.Trends Immunol 2016
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351
PD-L1 and MEK Inhibition:
A Rational Combination
Cobimetinib: A Highly Selective MEK1/2 Inhibitor
Atezolizumab: An Anti-PDL1 Antibody
Cobimetinib
MAP Kinase Pathway
• MEK inhibition alone can result in intratumoral T-cell accumulation and MHC1
upregulation,and sygnergizes with anti-PDL1 agent to promote durable tumor
regression1
Atezolizumab
Growth factor
receptor
0.04
CD8* T cell
per tumor cell
15,000
Class I MHC
3,000
Tumor volume(mm3)
Control
p=0.0024
Anti-PDL1
MEKi(38963)
0.03
10,000
2,000
5,000
1,000
MEKi + anti-PDL1
0.02
Cobimetinib
0.01
Binding of PD-L1 to its receptors PD-L1
and B7.1
•
0.00
Single agent MEK inhibition has shown little
activity in mCRC
ND
MEKi
0
ND
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Day
• To examine the possible benefits of MEK inhibition with an anti-PDL1 agent, we evaluated cobimetinib +
atezolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors
1. Ebert et al. Immunity 2016
MHC, major histocompatibility complex;
Bendell J. et al. Cobimetinib and atezolizumab in CRC. ASCO 2016
ND, no drug(vehicle alone)
This inhibition can enhance T-cell priming
and restore anti-tumor T-cell activity
MEKi
CT26(KRASmt)CEC models.
Bendell J, et al.: 2016 ASCO #3502
Bendell J, et al.: 2016 ASCO #3502
43
44
Phase 1b Dose Escalation and Cohort
Expansion Study(NCT01988896)
n=2
1 KRASmt; 1 wt
Dose-escalation stage
(3 + 3)
40mg cobi PO QDa
800mg atezo IV q2w
QDa
20mg cobi PO
800mg atezo IV q2w
Patients with CRC
Key eligibility Criteria
• ECOG PS of 0 or 1
• Measurable disease
per RECIST v1.1
n=1
1 KRASmt
QDa
60mg cobi PO
800mg atezo IV q2w
DLT window of 28 days until MTD for combination is benefit
Dose-expansion stage
KRASmt
mCRC
Baseline Characteristics
(大腸癌コホート)
Median age, y
Range
(n=23)
57
31-69
Patients with CRC
Sex
Primary Objectives
• Safety and clinical
activity of
cobimetinib +
atezolizumab
Male
48%
Female
52%
ECOG PS
0
61%
1
39%
n=20
Metastatic
Melanoma
Solid tumors
serial biopsy
Asian
31%
White
61%
Median
3
Range
1-5
Prior oxaliplatin and
irinotecan
23(100%)
Prior adjuvant therapy
12(52%)
Stage of initial diagnosis
Ethnicity(Race)
NSCLC
(n=23)
No. of prior systemic
therapies
Stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ
13%
Stage Ⅲ
48%
Stage Ⅳ
30%
Region
Cobimetinib was administered on 21 days on/7 days off dosing schedule.
atezo, atezolizumab; cobi, cobimetinib; DLT, drug limited toxicity; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance
status; KRASmt, KRAS mutant; MTD, maximum tolerated dose; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; RECIST, Response
Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors.
a
Asia
35%
North America, Australia
65%
Bendell J, et al.: 2016 ASCO #3502
Bendell J, et al.: 2016 ASCO #3502
45
46
Baseline Characteristics (cont.)
(大腸癌コホート)
Patients with CRC
(n=23)
Cancer type at diagnosis
Efficacy: Confirmed ORR, PFS, OS
(n=23)
KRAS mutant CRC cohort
(n=20)
All CRC patients
(n=23)
Wild typea
4%
20%
(5.7, 43.7)
17%
(5.0, 38.8)
Mutant
96%
PR
20%
17%
SD
20%
22%
PD
50%
52%
NE
10%
9%
Median PFS(95%CI)
2.3 mo(1.8, 9.5)
2.3mo(1.8, 9.5)
35%(0.14, 0.56)
Patients with CRC
KRAS
Colon
83%
Rectal
17%
ORR confirmed(95% CI)
PD-L1 expression
Location of primary tumor
Left
(splenic flexure to rectum)
74%
Right
(cecum to hepatic flexure)
26%
Transverse
0%
Metastatic pattern at study
entry
Liver only
0%
Liver metastases and
other sites
48%
Extra-hepatic
52%
IC2/3
17%
IC0/1
70%
Unknown
13%
MSI status, investigatorreported
MSI-high
0%
6-mo PFS(95%CI)
39% (0.16, 0.61)
MSI-low or stable
30%
Median OS(95%CI)
NE(6.5, NE)
NE(6.5, NE)
Unknown
70%
6-mo OS(95%CI)
77%(0.57, 0.97)
72%(0.52, 0.93)
a
• Response did not correlate with PD-L1 status: IC0(n=2), IC1(n=1)and IC3(n=1)
No expanded RAS or BRAF mutations identified
by next generation sequencing
Data cutoff, February 12, 2016
Bendell J, et al.: 2016 ASCO #3502
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Bendell J, et al.: 2016 ASCO #3502
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JSCO 第51巻第2号
第54回 日本癌治療学会学術集会Educational Book
(%)
PD
50
40
PD
PD
PD
PD
PD
PD
20
0
PD
PD
PD
PD
SD
CD8 T-Cell Accumulation and MHC I Expression
SD
SD
PD
SD
SD
PR
PR
PR
PR
TC
0
TC
NA
TC
0
TC
3
-20
-40
PD-L1 IC status
IC0
NA
-60
-80
PR
PR
SD
PD
SD
PR
PR
SD
SD
PD
PD
PD
SD
PD
PD
PD
PD
PD
PD
PD
NA
NA
PD
IC1
• Median time to first
response:3.7 mo
(1.8 - 4.1 mo)
IC2
First PR/CR
First PD
Death
Last altezolizumab dose as of cut-off date
Still on study treatment(atezolizumab/cobimetinib)
1
Biomarkers:
3 of 4 responders were
mismatch-repair proficient(not MSI-H)
Change in sum of longest
diameters from baseline
Maximum SLD reduction
from baseline
Efficacy: Change in Tumor Burden over Time
3
6
9
12
Time on study
15
TC
0
IC3
(%)
100
PD
80
SD
PR/CR3
60
Discontinued atezolizumab
40
New lesion
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223(mo)
Time on study
18(mo)
Bendell J, et al.: 2016 ASCO #3502
Bendell J, et al.: 2016 ASCO #3502
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50
What Is True Biomarkers of Immune
Checkpoint Inhibitors for GI Tract Cancer?
免疫チェックポイント阻害薬のこれからの課題
-
(1)Atypical Response (Pseudo-progression)の存在
(2)Biomarker解析(効く集団、効かない集団の同定)
(3)複合がん免疫療法の開発
(免疫療法、抗癌剤、分子標的治療薬、放射線照射)
Neoantigen
CD4/CD8 infiltration
PD-L1 expression
Mutation load (Mutation burden)
Immune-related gene expression signatures
- e.g. IFN-γ genes
- MSI-H
- Smoking
- Metastatic sites
(4)免疫関連有害事象の理解と対策
- Higher response in Lung mets compared to Liver
玉田耕治先生のスライドから引用、一部改変
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