論文の書き方と基礎知識

Chapitre III : Écrire
I.
!"#$%&
!"#$%&'()&'*+&',-./#012345.617839:;#&<=>?0@AB
CDE8F.G;H$III&$,JKL>MN#2J.JLJL#OP3QRST.G;H$III&U
VN#78VWX&:?;12J345YZ:V[\]^!D,VWX&:].6>J>WX&:M
_.`$;;&:&Da!]b+cH5JV1&UA.;HD0d-e!$JWF.f2g&ER
S'13higD:VSj1klmD:n,J#E8,-',J&<=>?6Ho8.^!$mWj
5pq&UA.;1[\]rs:HF'>t#uv&mS#ER5JJw_J,1&:].xD@S
yz{|:V1'.@S{|<,XHF,_,J1'.;1[\#J>;#D,A@:?
^!#$@},D~A'2•3€•D\MV~>Dm‚u#YZ:Vƒ„&:?61SjD$G…
M_†ND2J3‡ˆ9:1&,-.;12J]‰Š$}H1'1&$,J;#.‹\DŒ•1U
V2J&UV;#3Zc,XHF,A@Žu?•<J1$;1„&.•‘1’,J“$<F<F.e
!&E>”m;#3;;&,],]#ER5<@RSA:V;#]UA@:?6H$•1–]‹\D—
˜&m5J,JM_&.e!&E>”m;##^!&E>”m;#3™š<.^!&$2•3)›:
V1Dœq,•žŸD#vj5 -”m&<=>?61SjD'.!"¡¢1£s]<RMA&m5
J,XHF,A@Žu?^!]rs:HF'>t#uv9¤¥]RS~>,'1.#ERS1$6>
J>˜¦M_&<S?
#$J8.§\,A1£s]9¤¥A.;H&~<#¨m©jS#;L].v>'>@-oM}D.Q
mª@R5<@>;#'UA@:?6H$2•61'1]«¬R5JV1&,J#:HF.£sD˜]UVWX&.J0@&'®¯Ž}D•°M_¨m±<S²]³´#J>ƒµ]¶J~>&:?
K].6H$·<5-¸&$,-.¹ºM¨m±<5o->‚D.»¼, ½¾1#;LD¿AŠS
V;#D,A.6HM_À$ÁÂDÃ]Äu&o-$}&:M_?K]c_D.;>J>ƒµ'UA@
:?¨J5o->‚D§\1ÅÆ]Ç@RSA.§\1ÈJ¬JDÉdJSA.ÊS,ˉ]Ì@
HSA:Vƒµ&:?•1–&O85JVKX1Í~A'.`ÎD¨J5o-ÏÐD J5;><S
;#$Ñ;V'1&:?Ò-§Ó'ÔÕÖ×Ø1Ù.ÕÖ×Ø1ÚÛÜÝÞ¨ßà#J>e3¨JSÍ.
6>J>•‘3<@<S?¨J5o->‚DJLu,;#]ÊSD\MR5om.•°1O8#:RM
AáWR5<@RS1&:?~-()â].ã“ä]åkDæmK<5.•°$§çcŽV0'A
KRS1D.‚R#'èu&-H,MRS,v#é:13ê-;#]UA@:].6H#ëì&.ÕÖ
×Ø]åkDæmK<5.Ò-3íRîR5JR5-HS~>,É]<5J@:?&:M_.•°1
O8&•T@&ï<ð:1&$,-.¨m±:;#3b+<5 JS²]JJ#ÈJ@:?Ò-]
ñ!1òÌS‚D.¨m9Ž6>K#ÈRS_:wD¨m9<5óL#ôjV1$61Sj,1&
:?
G£sõN !"ö÷),v1!ø1ù²D0J5$.ú¤JLJL#O8_H5m@<S?ûü
!õ.ýþõ.ÿ!ò,v&:?–"1Ñ#$a,v'61y0#E8V&<=>?;><S²õ3
òuKM_#JR5!"]¨XVWX&$UA@Žu].!"1%&3—˜<SA£s<SA:V
1D$'D40#ÈJ@:1&.()BCD)›<5 mSJ#ÈJ@:?
§1. !"# ( Dialectique )
¾*+,-127./é03ím1JK2+Ø3$61451t#uv3/ég6&¨J5JV
].6H$/é3ðì578D9˜D:dJ5o-ˉ1²õ&<S?;8F.G<=>3?&
VN#J>E@]UA@:].UV“$>1A3BR5G>#$CSJD1~>,'1KN#ãî:V?
;HD/<EDBRSš1“$G>#$FJGF1~>,'1KN#ER5H/:V?61v‚_1
ãî'9˜D$IJ<5$J@Žu].@RS-«¬R5JV1&',-9˜1y[3Ku&JV
1&UA.;1!L3•5GCSJ[\#GF1~>,[\3M0'1N#J>~ANº,ÅÆDJ:
V1&:?0@A,OPÜQàD/<5R3,SI,OPÜHà]45_H.6H]TU(Aufheben)cH
5V3I,OPܵàDIJ:V1&:].;1V3I,OPD/<5@SR3WI,OPÜ;8F.
XDBHS“]YJZO-1~>,'1K#Ê<Jãîà3Y9cH.6H]c_D[µcH.;><
5’<d09˜D:dJ5o-;#D,V1&:?
UVòÌ$ñ!&.\×]3^R3_`Ia*¾3“1E@&UVbc$Šd\×]3^1Ec
&UV$},1D.v><5e+3-cDfð:V+,3^1E@];u,D¶J1M#f23gm.
bc1heCc3”5ó@<S?6<561ai.jJS;#D.+,3^1E@]\×]3^
1E@3$VMD¥@WR5JV;#3ˉ<S1&:?6;M_;1òÌ]ím9<Sa!$.k
×]3Il3m-ØD~R5nopq1Ec#yrst1Ec#J>up£v]Ì@H.JWoV
w3_xIy3_z{|$\×]3^#+,3^1}~•&UV#J>'1&<S?0@A.bc€\
×]3cÜQà#J>•ÆD/<5f2ÜHà3Y9<.61‚²3[µ:Va!ܵàDIJ<S1
&:?;1a!D$@SÊ<Jƒ„M_f2]Y9cHV;#D,VM'<H@Žu?<M<.;1
òÌ$heCc3…†D”V;#D~R5.ÅÆ3y‡9˜D:dXS#E8V1&:?0@A.
i)3ˆ‰<00.~ANJÅÆDJ<~>#:VŠ1!"$JWFýþõ.#J>;#D,V&
<=>?
ýþõ$61T½O\×ö]×*-ö‹3\×-D~R5ËŒcŽ_H.Ìs•$:VŽ•6
1'11˜õ#cH5o-;#D,A@:].6HD0J5$.;;&$•H,J;#D<@:?
§2. $%&# ( Syllogisme )
Rz-Ø,‘-!˜ò1–¼3,:ûü!õ$.–’-l+ò1he#<5c_D“”,'1#,
A@<S].u01•Y–•Ü—•Y#(•YàM_y01a!–•3˜m9:;1™!õ$.Ë
‰1²õ&UVýþõ#$¬R5.š›1œ•3!þ<žk3)Ÿ:VSj10K#E8V&<=
>?61–•0@A !# !#1¡¢$71£¤¥.1):”51 A $ B &UV.2)UV A $ B &
UV.3)JM,V A ' B &$,J.4)UV A $ B &,J.&UA.;H_1–•1¦µŽ$ 4 1 4
§& 256 UV;#D,A@:].61>‚s4:V1$ 24 KX&:?'‚Lu.;;&$61 24 1¨
63:”5)›<5o-WXD$Jm@Žu1&.•'©ª.,'1KX3;D¥ˆV;#D<@
<=>?
;8F.«:”51æ¬$̬&UV”#J>—•Y#«:”51“«$æ¬&UV”#J>(•
YM_.«:”51“«$̬&UV”#J>a!3ím9:¨6&:].UVòÌ171~>,ñ
!$;HDžŠ:V'1K#E8@:?;1òÌ$m×Ø-0]®z{¯I`O].°`ã±#$
@RS-²³,´°`ã±&UV;#3ø”ST.;1m×Ø.“µ$®z{¯I`O]."›1¶
·•#<5ÌmlX.<F<Fª·D¸9<5mS#O8.R3¹‘Iº×Ø3_1{|בRz-»¼
æ'@S;1m×Ø“µ1¸9&URS#a!<S1&:].;H3ûü!õ1gD—˜:HF.
—•Y½Gm×Ø“µ$´°`ã±&UVN.(•Y½Gº×Ø3S‚1¼æ$´°`ã±&UVN.
a!½Go8Dº×Ø3S‚1¼æ$m×Ø“µ1¸9&UVN#J>;#D,A@:?
@SUVòÌ$.R¾+e¿ÀO#ÁÂ3Ã8VÄÅ×ayÆÇÈ1ÉÊ$Ëð1ÌÍD XV
ÉÊ&$,-.Η,÷ÏЫ.Ñ`Ò*.ÓÔЫ.Õ/Ö×1÷91ƒ&UV;#3›_MD
<~>#<@<S].61!˜$.—•Y½GÉÊ1i±$ÁØ,Ù_HSЫ&UVN.(•Y½G<
MVDÄÅ×ayÆÉÊ$6>&$,JN.a!½Go8DÄÅ×ayÆÉÊ$Ëð1ÌÍD XV
ÉÊ&$,JN#J>ÚD—˜&m@:?
§3. '() ( Rhétorique )
ûü!õ$S<MD!˜.D$Q<JM'<H@Žu].6H&“3)Ÿ:V;#]&mVM#
J>#.6H$œ}<'6>&$UA@Žu?;8FÕÖ×Ø1µ1Ž•þ›.GWS<1%Dµ1
ƒ†3‰JK:;#]&mVN.GÛÜ$0ÝDai~A—&UVM_.;1r¡D<5Þß,V'1
1ƒ†]Ár¡,WS<M_ÌìS'1&$UAŸ,JN.Go8D.;1ƒ†$`•:VµM_¤
S'1&UVN]˜à#<5$áŸ&mS#<5'.KM_#JR5.-µ!•]µ3â}V~>D,
V#$È8@Žu?ã-Ö×]GÕÖ×Ø$,u1'D'4S,JN#ˆ‰<S1$61Sj&:?
-l+äò1Í©D0d-×åÒa3-Í©D,R5ÿ!ò]!˜òD©WR5æƒ<5mS1
'@cD61Sj&<S?'>!˜KX&$ç')Ÿ&m,-,R5<@R5JS1&:?kèAÓ
èAöé1êU,vD~R5êmk3ëmìu&<@>íýFMA&$,-.!)D J5'.îM
,yï_Vöðñ.̪30-x),vD~R5›òFMA&$,-óôD@&õ85)Ÿ:V1]
ÿ!ò&:?ÕÖ×Ø3'D4S,J#ˆ‰<Sã-Ö×1Ôã3öÛ$@cD;><Sÿ!ò1
ke#ER5'JJ&<=>?
®z{¯D©@A.`O]Dím1]H5c_DËŒ<Sÿ!ò$.*y3,SzR÷-1Ôý!0
øÐÛ12 ëDù—scH@<S].6H$ú[ûD\MH5 A.Ü1àã•145².Ü2à%&1
oü1ù².Ü3àÿ!.ýi.,Ecª°3Ã8Vþ0.Ü4àÿ!0.Ü5àËé.ªô.ÓèA,v
1˪DÎ<51þ0#,R5J@:?<M<.61>‚•'pq,1]8û[û&UA.Ëð$;
18û[û3"<5‘ØzÒ*##u&J@:?“$$ò%&wm`,v3ø&#<5;1ÿ!1'
(3)X.×*âöý+,,vD,R5JRSWX&:].;;&$6H3-¢.Dø”5o-W
XD'om@Žu<.@S61œq',J&<=>?6H~A';;&$.;1ÿ!òDSJ:VÕÖ
×Ø1ˆ‰3‰5 m@<=>?6H$Ô²õ^)Û8y[1–171y.&:?
GWS<$íý3SJ/u0p<.%D$Ú–D,R5JS?<M<WS<$‚•]J}H'.
òu&Ÿ_HV'1&UV~A$.1<LÌ@H0m123&UV#ÈRS?mWj54J™˜53
'‚§\1È+3•'~-6^dX5.6H3›7DM0˜8<ö:-<>V“$$.S#89_]
žº×:O;|c<Mc_}.ÿ!ò3yº'<RS;#],-#'.§\1ø”V#;L3J0'
•'~-“$DáŸcŽ>V1&UV?N
ÿ!ò,vò=œq$,J?'‚Lu.ûü!õ'ýþõ'?q:VD.§\1O83m‚u#
—˜<.6H3>^455\MAö:-ø”V;#]&mHF.œ}“D˜8cHV1K.#ÕÖ×
Ø$ER5JV1&:].`$;H;6]ÕÖ×Ø1G²õND?,A@Žu?ÕÖ×Ø$6H3²õ
1£@A#J>g&@#j5J@:].6H$Bò18õ3CÕ×#<S'1&.DE,2•3C
F,–•D\G<5Ü\G1HAà.6H3˜ò1IDJ_<5›þ<Ü›þ1HAà.7D6H_
3•SSK>3LR5[µ<5omÜ[µ1HAà.•TD¹'M#c,MRSMNþ:VÜOP1
HAà#J>'1&:?;H$61@@žkDáŸcŽVk>&'UV&<=>?WHWH'@S.û
ü!õ'ÿ!ò'ò=13öj@<S?ÕÖ×Ø1E>~>D.O83m‚R#—˜<.6H3>^
455\MAö:-ø”HF6H&JJ1&:?K].ûü!õ1g6öýþõD0J5¶’
›R5 -;#'.2•3—˜<>^345VÍD$.¶’1'D$40;#&<=>?c_DÄu&
Ôã3öÛ1~>,'1]¨XHF.;H$'>QR_<J#<MEJ~>'UA@Žu]?
§4. *+,-./0
ST1UV#$šD.WTD'y01UV.,ÿ!õ]UA@<S?Ñ#$a#EWHV'1
&:?;H$ç]EJ9<S1M$\MA@Žu].%“S‚1XU#<5ÕYöZ%15õ#<
5U8_H5mS'1&:?‹û’[1\1U]1Ô%õâBÛ$;H3)›<5.ÕY1ƒµ$.
Ñ#uY$C±D©j5 KöMD#X.8ûY&$ì5^_3jw_<.8£Y$•H3)V
`1~>D¡¢3abcŽ~#ø”5J@:?8ûYDác3Ã8V;#&CÂc3dA.óæ3N
jV1&:?;H3-¢.D‰5ó@<=>?e
,fgd1úEÕY&:?
hiÁjkÜhik3j8}à
llêmnÜolDn1p-3ê-à
q¤ÚréÜq¤Úr1éà
sM›¶’ÜsM0V;#t ›V¶’à
5•$uvw3<5J5.xy1–&Ú>00Dn1c8}A3êJ5J@:?6;&9$z3
j@<5.6>J8Fq–DÚör1{]<5JS,#ÈJ9<.Ñm5JR5É3|j.s]’
<}R5JV13›RS.#J>1&:].;18ûY]$DŠSV1&:?7$~•1úEZ%
&:?
€ê•É‚
‡ˆW‰Š
••-y‘
•–¡—˜
ƒ¥„…†Ü€ê-•É1‚ ƒ¥V„…†à
‹Œ•qŽÜ‡ˆW‰DŠXt ‹Œ•qŽM=à
’“e”`Ü••y‘--t t ’“”`eAà
™š›£•Ü•–¡—1˜
šD™A55J<•Và
yœz$€éDêJ5JS•É•3ƒ$M_}'„…†1¥M_|j5JV#žMDcAÑ;
<.uœz$6H3#X5.‡#ˆ1‚"];1•D~R5Ÿ5_H. ¡1¢¬]£'q';1
•D¤3ŽM”5JV#.61ô¥3¦JST.y$<5.§‚l-¨©1Sj•ªö«“M_1
k¬',-.’J5“1§\3-:1$;1(`KXK#.§\1®<J¯°3±m.•TD¡„
1—1˜1²&$žáW_}¨©]lm.;1N†15:AD~AMMR5.UH;HO85JV
#³FMA]•H5-V#yÉDau&JV1&:?
;H$'‚Lu\¤$%.6H'ÕY#Z%D0J51þõ&URSWX&:].ö]5$´-.
µ¶.().{·.¸¹,vD0J5'JWHV~>D,A@<S?;H$!",v1ƒµD'ö$
Aغ&mV1&$,J&<=>M?Ò-$6>ÈR5J@:?!"1ƒµ.Ñ$^!D XV2•
YÑ&:?7De!&;12•3»<-ËŒcŽV1]#.6<571$&6;DÊS,¼„3M
‚ìu&8·D˜m.6;M_yÉDa!3ím9:1&:?;H$ûü!õ1˜àKX1-Í
‹½cDð”HF.}R#ÿ!òD:-.)Ÿ.&UV~>DÈ8V1&:?7$Ò-§Ó1¨J
S¨¾&ÜÔ‹lk¿-ØÛ1969 À 9 Á 2 •Âà.;"#<5íµJD9:1$JccMÉ]/XV1
&:].(!"1Ñ#$a3Z:;#<5íºcŽ5'_J@:?
!"#$%&'()*+#,-./0123%456456)7#()89:#;
<.=>?6@A.BCDEFG'AHIJK2LG?6MNG16)7;<O%5
#P'JQRSKO1CRCNTUQVDW3QE5XW3YZN[\"E]&')
7;<RCNMN1^RK'1S#,-GO131CR_`aC6Ebc&'^#*
+.defGghij#kl%()#mno#klRpaq`aCDG?r1CE]
Gpas`t%!"#uvPGwxOyz{|}~•€•‚ƒ„€2}‚„€…†‡
Kˆ‰paCD^R'Š‹KŒVDE•'Ž•€•#C‘’6“vj”.@•a%5
X'defG'ghij#klKŒ–%5#—˜G4Ca'%DR`™šf1›œ2
Œ6G•M%kl#žŸRpa' ¡1#KŒ62%^X.¢3G£–¤¥a’xR
¦§#kl¨•GM6RAo#©ªž#kl«G¬-W–%¢3G5#®G¯°R%
±²
`6³R'´WRCNbOµCklG¶·¸D6RCN#KŒ6E^#ˆ‰'¹º#
»¼GO½RS[5#JJ¸a'J6MN1U2?6E
ƒ„€#¾NR4–%k‘XaC6#' 16()ghK'1x%()#Œ–¿#
ÀºKŒ–%ÁÂR¢XaCDÃÄ5#O#1#KŒ6EÅ`t%ÆÇ#ÈɨÊË«
RÌͨ²Î«'-paÏÐÑGÒÓ¢X6Ô·O#K'1x%5#ÕÖf%×Øf
1ÙÚ2k‘XÛt131C%RCNMNGE5NKŒ613%()#mno¼§o
RCNMN1§,#Ü¿'%kl#‘CÝoKŒ6tW–W%Þ'bOÓß1Hà.
áâpa%kl5#O#.?–W`apJNO#1#KŒ6E^Npa%kl.[#
—˜Kãäåæ6WGMVa(·1çè27•6^RG16Eghij1[éß1C
R¾N-O–'1CEDQ5#ÃGOVRºŸf1O#.êÇp%^XRëeW3ì
–íSQ‡K1äXtÏÙÚQRCN#KŒ6E
î&'^N_`6ï'%ð(#²ñDY#^#MN1êÇ#µo#òó.ôpaC6
2%^#µo'õWG()kl.ÊËpDö÷1[K'1x%øà'ùú¢6Ô·W%
ûü'^^Kýþ¢6Ô·W%RCVDÿ!#"#fklRëeW3ì–í0%$%
&GM'æx^RGMVaÉ3XDO#1#KŒ6E5pa%^#MN1"#fkl
^5%()*CCij@+G,.-W?ÃG.pJÛt131CºŸfklG/13
1CE
ÜÖt ÄÅà
II. '()*+!"#,-./
t N%Í©#—òÌÆ#1—m,¬J$.
6_-§\1ÌÇ&Í«3ÈÉ&mV#J>§¦,ÌÆ-
:y×DUV#E8~>?;1ʲ$Ëò²õD'ªH5JV?#-D‘ÌOØö!"15s5Í3ð<
5.ÎÏÐ&Ã8_HS›Æ3—˜:VKX&,-.Ñ“1ÒÍI¡¼D<S]Jã¢.DÊS,o›
‰DÓ1;#]Ôj_H5JVM_&UV?
t ;1ÌÍD J5—òÕ¨Ö1'G$ÉA›H,J?Õ¨Ö;6—ò1–×&UA.Õ¨Ö1³D
~R5—ò1³'·@V#EJŸV?Õ¨Ö$بD~R5¼ÙcH.61'G$;1¥,-pq&U
V?¶Ú1ôÛ1–M_Ü`eý,ôÛ3kDÝHVSjD$.ب1ÞX3œq#:V?<M<:”
51ôÛ3y01—òÕ¨Ö&Ýk:V;#$œ`¥Áß3&UV?;;&'.ب1kÞXDà_á
V3Ÿ,J?
t #$J8›Æ1—˜IâŸ$.JWF—òD
XVËò1°‡D:n,J?§\1O836^45
5?•DU8V353ÓD0X,-5$,_,JM_&UV?X•Ëª,_KD"㪰#J>uä1
l¿|;mO{å3353æs:Vœq]UV?;H_u01l¿|;mO{å3g61hçDUV1].
‘ÌOØI!"5s1hè›Æ&UV?X•Ëª35D0J5$.ƒT.e+3-"òé1c@á@,
ÎÏD
J5—(c@á@,X•Ëª1êë3ìö<.Ñøí1"˜1'#D˪353¢Ÿ<5J
-~>îj,-5$,_,J?<S]R5;;&$."㪰3YZ:VSj1heD0J5ø”V?
RyÕR]:”5&UR5.JMDª°:VM$u7.,'1#<5ï¼cHVðñ]UV?;H$
p—,Ï‚&UV?;1 « Comment » GJMDN]ì0$Ñ“1òò3Ëó<>V-Ÿ1ß3ò3ô
jS;#&UA.« Idées »GyÕON§¢$ÈJ1tMŸ_H5JV#J>œ`3õH5$,_,J?@S
vHtvQR_<JË+'?•DUW_,-5$éD,_,J?Gª°:VN;#D~R5Ÿ_HVGöKN
$ÍWJÇJ'1&UV?JWoVË+3ª°<YZ:V²õD-›&UVSjD;1öK]óŸ&
m,J#<S_.¹#®<J;#M?GJMDND.0@AGg6ND;KWV„(&UV?;HKX$.ç']
<Ÿ<ŸV;#KM_&UV?
#$J8.Õ/.,g6,vUA$<,J?he›Æ3÷O-D.ѧ]ø§1²õ3ùú:”m&
UV;#$E>@&',J?
[ûüýþ51ÀÕÿø&ÜÔÕ¨Ö1J“t 6½!"I‘ÌOØ1@#j²Û.Kinokuniya, 1993àD
~R5.!-yr.,2`ö-3Z:;#M_©j~>?
'()*+!"0123456#789:
•Y (1) 2•ÌÆt (2) JJ"#t (3) §\1ãî3!˜.D@#jV?
1) 0|1-2E
2) 3Ã45E
3) 6•78•9€#:;E
4) <=A>#45E
A>(|…¨?p@A.B?«GCD¨EF¨GHI«%
GJHI±K–L·HIF³OÓßE«
5) A>#MNE
6) HI(|…OP (a) QR (b) ST#JRæ (c) UBCDÁà#Ù‹E
7) bU•78•9€#:;E
8) VWRXë¨Áà#Ù‹.@§f%YZfGBx«E
9) [\#Âô¨)kf]Þ¢«E
10) ܇¥E
§1. 12345&6789
‘ÌOØ'!"'he.D()1£[£s&UV½
1) ^—
2) ºAO_`@¨'•æG%abb|c«dº@P eö@¨4‘–G%JRæ%{zb|c«
3) f¨gf«
4) ;_A>d
‘ÌOØ'!"1$3,:Ge"N]—%3&j.pq&UV;#$E>@&',J?;1„D0J5$
T&»ø:V;#D<5.@}.1à3à4àD0J5B'Dÿ:?
;<½€1(D#R5$.y)<5¡¢1!*Œù]+,&mV<.¨mk1(D
J5'.¯Ã2+
3#1¡WA&§-1ãî]!˜.&UVM3‰.:V¨/1ƒD,V#J>.0²D#R51„
]UV?0ÝDØ2,2+33¼3X5
XFz7$§}#ù¥]R5J-?(H41‘ÌOØI!
"&$56<5'~J?
=½—òD
XV‘ÌOØI!"$.7d#ó+3¨m8V'1&$,J?¶-19:•1o)öc@á
@,"#IÕO:3;º<,]_.§-1O8.ãî38û•D˜8&mV~>D—d#!˜.D£
scH5J,-5$,_,J?6;&.o9<3›Z:VG=N3>,>œqò]ÌìV?Ñã?UV
J$a!1TD@#j5~J].&mV;#,_.@=3ôjSJ?
>?"@A½‘ÌOØI!"1¯ÃDÎ<5.1º<S:”51"A1yBª&UV?íº"A1ó,
_}.CO"#I"AÐ'D85~J?EE&m,MRS¡F"AD0J5$.61*.e",J<
$=&ÿ<5 -#~J?GCO"AªN15sD0J5$.()1GG10N3CJ?
B"½
HC!Ü$ìjD.2``O_དÌOØI!"&Œù<SJ§-12•ÌÆ.I•.JÈ3YÑ:V?
c_Dñ!1~>DYJ!"D
J5$.e!1£s3)›<.!*1ŒùöºJS²õ3ÿ:
ƒ&UV?^!$a!#ëäD.UVJ$6H(¥DG€•N1¡¼3ímKXV#J>•'pq,
'G3LR5JV?M•1yQ'—2&UV?:”53¨m¥ˆST&.ìR-A^!3(A¥ˆV
”mK].^!3¨-;#&§\]G¹3¨mSJ1MNG¹3ãî<SJ1MN3›ÜD›V;#]&
mV?
@S.§\1!"1NüKXö61ø§ò3ª›:Vƒ&'UV?6H@&19:¯O1Pƒö
ã,9:1æñÐ3"Q<5 mSJ?
R B!½^!&YÑ<S2•DS<.Û,*-ØIÕO:I"#ÐDhdJ5!*3Œù:V!"1ã
q[\&UV?TU3y0}0Tó¥ˆ5J-~>D§_YÑ<S2•3!˜.D—˜<.)›I
\7I!þ<5o-#;LD.‘ÌOØI!"5s1•—1̱#;1¥,JGöKN]UV?)›I\
7I!þD$9:%&#Áß\1c@á@,²õ]UA.<S]R5R2`OW1ù²'/>D~R
5²,V?;H_D<V:VD$§_!"5s5Í3’<}0¢Ÿ<5o-(WD,J?<M<.‘
ÌOØI!"15s3ð<5.§_1O8öãî&!˜.D£X:V'(3TópÝ5o-;#$.
`ÌÆ1U_oVYD J5œ}ö'D40$}&UV?
Z D!Ü
WAD.@#j.‹[`O_à½^!&YÑ<S,O]D4‚\R5.e!&1\7ö!*1
ŒùD~R5˜MHSa!3ÿ:?61SjDœq&UHF!"¡¢3B'D]V;#'~J?e
"&‹\DŒù<^-Ž,MRSƒT1I•ö.9:1ÏÐ&ˉ<S2•„'Kÿ<5~J?
§2. 12345&67:3;<=>7?@
)Îéz1‘ÌOØ,v1~>DøíD~R5,O]]YZcH5JVƒµ?
_ Jhi\G¾`6^R'%Áà#0|1'K·6QäwjG-2?6Ô·Q%RCN^R
KŒ6Ek0l•8%;_A>%mno.p0¯æaCxGpD2Va%òqrë.st
1x¢X6O#KŒ6E±6#0|1³.uaa%ÊË.Jhvæ6^R2(KQE
d [l#Ùw.ÂxGyz?6E
e [lÙwG{3pa%Áà#klÙÇ.|–}°Ekl.K·6Wr–~2?6^RKÊ
Ë#Ùw%^f2M–ÂxG1–%ÊË.•ÞG¯€¢•6^R2K·6E
• ゃ^#1WK„ÉpDÆÇG#0G…3h%†)‡?ƒ^%5#/#ˆ‰ƒ^%pB
.?paÉDÆÇ.?ÔaŠ‹?6MNŒæ6E
• \h-æD0|1'Ž•fG•p¯æ6Ô·KŒ6EpWp%-2f1mn‘A>#$’
oKÊËG~“Œ–R#”•G–VD»¼G'%sCKVa‘–—?˜UOéßKŒ6E
^#ÙÚG4CaO%wæG:ü.þvpa4xéß2Œ6E
§3. A347B9
Û,*-Ø.CO"A."#.ÕO:Ð3€1DÎ<5.œ}ïC30X.¯Ã1ÎD'40~>Dô
Û1—˜3<5
M,-5$,_,J?61Sj1û01=Ì3()Dÿ:?
_ ™šHI#CDO_()›|8P d}|œ•|ŽP e(|…¿•P •žŸ*€ R
^X3¡-G(¢K·6EpWp5X£X\¤\¥Œ–EÁà1–G¿•.wjGxup%
\h-æD35X.\¦pa§–Lx^RKŒ6E
d ChX#¿•G4CaO%¨„G'?ÔaHI#[\©ª¨«¬-%A>o®#98}%
[¯×%[¯"%°o%¢3G±²#A>#»¼'[¯³OCD«.CMpa4x^RE
^X.´X6R%VWµ©K¶Ö.b•?6#013h%•VWx·¸pDÓß1A>o
.QRK·1x1VapJNEf‘A>d:;G¹Gu-E
e CDpD?Ôa#HIG'±‹[p³.Bp%ÁºG»¼K·6MNG½¾?6E
§4. CDE7B9
*Ãö_"&UHF.ÈJK-@@D¨mÄjV;#'ß3&UV??•Dœ`ö§_1O83QÜ
DU8,-5$,_,J‘ÌOØö.c_D§-1ãî3€ókDáŸcŽVG!"ND
J5$.2+
3܉`AÕà15s]œqD,V?2+3]&m5JHF.@}¡¢1ab3+,:V;#]&m.@S
¯Ã1ÏÐ&Ñã.Ñ..Ñc1!˜.a£3dÍ<SA.!*Œù1•H]©HV13ew;#]
&mV?0@A.2+3$—f3gf:VSj1hiç&UV?
9Ë„D
XVG2+3N$Gj¥1Ð!N#'EJŸV'1&.Û,*-Ø.c@á@,CO"AÐ3k
l:V;#D~R5ŠdGm´ÿQN3no,-cHV?Èp.€¨.ïC3`V.¯Ã#JRS5Í3qA
\:;#D~R5˜+.,G2+3N/#:KJ5J-'1&UV?G¨-NQr]•'eý,Èp3s<.
ÊS,Ë+3Ìó9:?
2+335s:V¥&£01=Ì„3PˆV?
1) Á¿#klÙÇ%s_ÀÁ.ÂxG?6DæGO%K·6QäwCµ©Ka•€:–G•
N?Ô·KŒ6E±DD·Â³Rpa#a•€:–2®-KŒ6E
2) :;pDa•€GÖ%k0l•8%A>o.pÄp%¨„‘›|8#:;%àÅ.¯æ
aCxGpD2Va%a•€.ƶM–"#f1O#:RiÇpaCxMNGÈÉä6E
3) bUfG'%Ê%Ë%ÌGpD2VaÍÎ1a•€.:;?6E
Å`tOÊG'%I. II. III.%ËG'%1.2.3.%ÌG'%(1)(2)(3) KdC?6E^NpD±‹
ì–w³2ÏÐK·Xt%™HàKBxÔ·ST2ÂxG1–%ѶG@Ò#ÓÔ.úÕ
K·6EpWOÆÇ#$’%HI‘mn$’o.3ÃGÆ6^R2K·6E
4) ÆÇ2µJ6G-Xa%
±a•€³#(Ö1×Ø.st1x¢X6»¼O7•6E5#Ù
'%(ÚG[—?˜U.´Xa'131CE
§5. FG7HI
1) ±‘Dp'³K'1x±‘X‘X'³KCÛ?6^R2kÃKŒ6EpD2Va%=Zf
1dÜ‘ÝHÞM'Õä%YZf1dÜGŽ?6E
2) ÁßR/W3#HI1Cp'/¬#ßR.ÂxGà¢?6E5#DæG±.....³.áVa
QRpD–%f.B?éß27•6EDQp%\âfGêæ3XD3ÞG-Ca'QR©
ª.Âô?6éß'1CE
3) ±ã2pSKO§,K·6MNGBx³.„)8|Rp%äåæç1AÊ.è6MNGŒ
æ6EéVDAÊ‘êE1Ïë.OVDAÊ'Õä6Ô·KŒ6E
4) ¸ìå.íîpa%@A#™Hà'\UGB·‡¥6MNGïð?6EAÊG܇¥6^
R2K1WVD©ªG-Ca'%ñò1JJóô•h%õ1xRO@Ò#€þ.©ÐB·
Gpa4xE
§6. &66JKLMN?@OP
1) ±KŒ6³4.ö4Rp%÷p¾ø'á‘1CE
2) AÊ#ùMH¨B·[p«GúàfÙ.ûNE
3) µü'ýæGp%¤CAÊ'äåÕä%AÊ.þÿG%p¬Gp0çx16MN!"?6E
4) ±Ý‹[p³.B?^RK@Ò#€þ.Â,G?6Ep¬#013h%VW.#ä6E
5) $T%%&%#'RR%Ñ•¾ø%dÜ#(–)p'Õä6E
6) R*#+\žG,Ù?6EÅ`t%±}-.€•³%
±}-).€•³oChXWG+\?
ÔpE
7) p¬#§,.#ä6Ôx%AÊK'ŒJ–/EG1–N6©ªG'±©ÐB·³‘±w•³
.0R?6E
8) @Ò€þ#ß‘,11['K·6Wr–±f³G4Rp%ºA@Ò2Â,GÌ‘6MN
GÈÉä6E
9) ±...¸2KŒ6³RCVD¥3f1=>'%@A#Ÿ.4æ6EÀ5‘§6.78GÂô
?6E
10) 9p:%QR%;41[#<=G' 1 1•à¸a6Ež•c•Ž¨AË«#bc' 1 1•
àTä6E
11) ºAì#>?Õ#@-:A-#BC¿O
CÕ-2c[#»¼O5#(DB·#EGk*.-ä%Œ‘•a7F".CM?6^RE
5XGE'(DB·QäKMCEHIJ1[7F"$Â#»¼'CMp1xaMCE
ÅO{K|}‚L•¨Emile Zola, 1840-1902«%ŽM•)a‚ŸN}•¨Philippe Sollers,
1936- «
C:A'5#OP-.QÓ<=KW^0%c[#R·'5#EGkl¨9®•)lKô?«
Ríd".CM?6E
ÅO•®€R|}¨Stendhal, 1783 - 1842 « #îSRTï¨Le Rouge et le noir, 1830«
CU¸%¥V¸%I@¸#1W#\WQä.X¥6»¼'¤CGM6E
ÅO±K•Y|Z³
¨« Le Pont Mirabeau »«
§7. ?7QR
e"3¨-DÎ<5.CO#<S"#ö"A]UV#m$.=30XV?=1,J!"$¾t1/>
W&UV?¹'CO#<,Jÿø$!"&$,-.‹öO#,V?CJUVJ$íº<S"A]UA,]
_=30X,Jĵ$.45u1vw#,V?
1à =#EF2;GH=D$.xE#<51=#<•#<51=]UV?
!"$.61e"1¡¢1!*]›Ü#,V~>D.£s#ÿø],cH,XHF,_,J?
"ã]:RmA#€jV~>D.¡F:Vo8EE]œqK]–¼.&$,Jœc$=#<5y
W&ÜÅcHV'1#:V?;HD~A.4•$§\1ãîö)›1þ•3Z:;#].@S€•
$61ãî3Nþ:V;#]ß3#,V?
A#STG-Ca[’fßÂ.?6fOºAìGMX6R†##\X.h3•apJN
2%ºAKì–‡¥aC63Ì#§,.\]^æ6HI‘,ß.8NE
Aì#R*‘QR#[\.Âô?6fOÊË_`#k\%;_GpD®8ÊË%@AìK
RCDˆ‰R*1[%mnW3#QRHà#\5.ô?E
2à =#$I½=1g6#<5$.°•$zOV!#1@=g6]yr.DºJ_HV?
3à =JK#LM&½=30XV”mcYö"ã1U#D.=]UV;#3Z:B‘3KXV?
±bOapCb²KŒ6cd 65³P P eP P <=S#QR†#._`R?6
5X'Tf#Ágh1#KŒ6 5EP P eP P A†#._`R?6
ž•RCN(ij 33 #ì#kÕP P eP P —Ã#*9GWW6
§8. STUV7QR
,*-Ø.ÀQ9:ÐM_1íºöq{D$.œ}=30X5<•3Zc,-5$,_,J?e"D
¦óì1;#'ß3K].ÑzOVD@=#<5Z:1]|@<J?_Jíº"$e"–D¦óìó.
YJíº"$e"#$ø4cŽV?
1« i8#1C¥CQR¨ºAlMQR9«
O
¹º*K#@A#»¼%ºAìK#QRA'\Ó(m<=±...¨ìn«...³Ko°E
Ž•€•*K#@A#»¼%QRA'QRp guillemets «
»Ko°EŽ•€•*K#
ìnCA'[...]E
guillemets Gn`a%q*•#QRp quotation marks “
” .RC6»¼OŒ6E
2« i8.rN¤CQR¨suQRA«OQRA#ÃE. 1 8Tä6E<='$ßE
C¹º**A#»¼%QRAKŒ6^R2Ât1MNG%†AG‘DVa8uW3†v 2
AwथaCx?6E
CŽ•€•*A#»¼%yv 4 AwथaCx?6E
3« QRA'kAGzÞGEQRAG{–2ŒVD–%QRpDPGkl2Œ6»¼G'%f
C?ÔpE
4« —|QRp1C»¼KO%/¬#•9}•‘/W3ÉD@€þGÓß1HI'[ª.Âô
?6E<=HIo.;_fRpaBCpaOMCE
5« QR#U‘–O¥CQR#»¼%QRA.~•6<=Œ6C'QRp#ÃG%f@A.ä6E¤CQR#»¼%QRA#bE#9:¨E
«Œ6C'z••…¨€
«#ÃG%f@A
.-ä6E
§9. ST6W7QRX#
1« dC•#öºfkÃO
8ºO _«¬@-%dº#®98}¨‚PB#»¼%P¬-.<`6«e[¯×%•
í8"%
•QRA#ªº° #ƒE
EFO _«¬@-%d@Ao#®98}¨‚P@A#»¼%P¬-.<`6«eEF-%
•í8"v%
•QRA#ªº° #ƒE
2« A>dC#„…G'%†AA>#»¼G'9:¨E«.%>AA>#»¼G'z••…¨€
«
.´X1CMNGE
(1) N"H
1«
8ºO
‡ˆ‰dîŠ9•8‚‹|Œ#(|…#•Žï
%²B•8Ø%1998 "%99-100 °E
2« EF@AO
Zº\±$•:#‘’³
%
î““A)ïi 4 A%1966 " 9 v%34 °E
3« ‚”‚@A¸ª·@AO
‡ˆ‰d±(8•)lÝß³%
€•A)‚”ï
%i 5 •îÝßP II覆%(r–B—%1979
"%256 °E
4« ‚PBO
z|{}‚˜•™-}/îAšHI#G€›ï
%朕/P%tž×%lŸ
™A¡%1983
"%55 °P (Pierre Brunel et alii, La critique littéraire, PUF, coll. « Que sais-je ? », 1977)E
5« ‚P@A¸ª·@AO
¢•|}‚ ™-)8±¡£HI#À5³% ¤} ™‚a|NVîÜnHI#¿•ï%
§f×%1968 "%
213 °
¨Georges Poulet (ed.), Chemins actuels de la critique, Paris, Plon, 1967)E
6« ý[A>#fO
_—Ã#fGQWXaC6»¼OP ч 36 °E
dCx-WÃ#fGQWXaC6»¼%«¬-.B?O
‡ˆ‰d%Ã¥B%18 °E
‡ˆ‰d%Ã¥@A%66 °E
eÑ\«¬GM6A>2ê¦QWXaC6»¼%B-.B?O
‡ˆ‰dîŠ9•8‚‹|Œ#(|…#•Žï
%29 °E
7« GJOGJ-¨í8³«%"%v%¹E§|
O2P
¦'$ßE
Q""@H
CQe1:yØ×Ü}•]UHF.6H'Kj5à
«
~KE~
$y:zÒ*D:V?!"1:yØ×$
»1–DÝHV?
1«
8ºO
Northrop Frye, Anatomie de la critique, Paris, Gallimard, 1969, p. 336 (
63-65 (ꦧ|
\§| #»¼), pp.
#»¼).
2« @A¸O
Georges Poulet (ed.), Chemins actuels de la critique, Paris, Plon, 1967, pp. 132-135, 227.
¨V¬' (ed.) Kô?Eê¦#«¬2C6»¼K%5X3#nd¬#0.ô?»¼'%
Goreges Poulet et alii Rp%/#«¬.In?6E«
3« EF@AO
Gilbert Nigay, « Les bulletins et publications de « Sociétés d’amis » (1900-1967) », Revue
d’Histoire littéraire de la France, 1967, pp.792-802.
¨EF'•8"tW–K1x%•(Vol. VIII)%A¨No 2«
%•8vo‚"¨février 1967«.
dC?6»¼Oýx‹3X6E«
4« @A¸ª·@AO
Richard Kearney, « Le mythe chez Girard, un nouveau bouc émissaire ? », in Paul Dumouchel
(ed.) La Violence et le sacré, Grasset, 1985, pp.35-49.
5« ý[A>fO
_—Ã#fGQWXaC6»¼OIbid., p. 35. (9®•)lG)
dCx-WÃ#fGQWXaC6»¼%«¬-RROGO
Pierre Brunel, op. cit., p. 77. (9®•)lG)
eÑ\«¬GM6A>2ê¦QWXaC6»¼%B-.<`6O
Pierre Brunel, Le mythe de la métamorphose, p. 65.
6« º#í8³2$Â#»¼¨s. l. =sans lieu«%[¯"2$Â#»¼¨s. d. =sans date«EqA#
»¼ (n.p.) (n.d.)E
7« GJOGJ-¨í8³«%¹%v%"E
§10.
YZ6WQ
CO"Aª$.!"35s:VSjD1º<S,*-Øö"#,vD¡:VôÛ3yBD<5Z:
z•1;#&UV?
±€e"1,M&íº<5J,-#'.COD<S5•ö!"$:”5"AªD]ŽV?
1« N9•78OA>HI2ýC»¼'%HI#š¨GMVaà¨?6%Œ6C'A>#¾*
GMVaà¨?61[#½¾.?6R©R1O#R16E\âfG'%k\1[i\—m
n%Bª%EF%@A%GJ‚EF#ƒGà¨pa¥x?6E
2« Cxƒ`O«¬-¢GCxp%5#“ú«Œ6C'•}Ž¬-)8ƒG®Ô6E
3« ¹º*A>O‡C¨9. QRA>#dC¿•%
¨1«†A«.;{E
4à ‚""A½ªÿ$.G=N1ƒµ#²,A.71äDÿ]:V?ÿø]DBQD,Vƒµ$.2 Q
z(ƒ1Q3"•M_)ˆVÜ•ec&'ëäà?
¨Å 1« BERGUEZ, Daniel, L’explication de texte littéraire, 2e édition, Paris, Dunod, 1996.
¨Å 2« Tadié (Jean-Yves), Proust et le roman, Gallimard, 1971.
C«¬2ê¦#»¼O
Welleck (René), Warren (Austin), La Théorie littéraire, Paris, Seuil, 1971.
CV¬-.ô?»¼O
BEHAR, Henri, FAYOLLE, Roger (ed.), L’Histoire littéraire aujourd’hui, Paris, A. Colin,
1990.
CEF@A#»¼O
«¬-¨@%-#ƒ«% « ®98} »%in¨Opx' dans«2j•8¯-¨9®•)
l#K«%ƒ•|œ-%•¦%í8"%¥x§| ¦E
Ex. :
Quémar (Claudine), « Sur deux versions anciennes des "côtés" de Combray », in Etudes
proustiennes II, 1975, pp.159-282.
§11.
[\
!"]¨m„WRST.ìR-A€ó±<.™…:VÍ«.n†3õH,J;#?
1« p°Õ#u»GDVa%(–)pp0—p%°±?6E«p'²÷fKŒ6E
2« {w%Ôw#1CMNGfÙ?6E³|abKAÊ.:;?6O#'´GfÙ.ß?E
3« w¯%d1[OºAR#µ¼ž.xê?6E
4« R*#+\E
(eczG‘ÌOØI!"1hè›Æ G1-11N$.G8 4 ãt ‘ÌOØ!"5s1 abcN.
Ô¡‡9:1::j--e+3-ˆÛÜW"cò[à3÷O-D¯Ã<S?(Ét IŠ‹ŒÃt •)