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Change in Color of Thermal Water of Umi-Jigoku Hot Pool in Beppu
City, Central Kyushu, Japan
Beppu Geothermal Research Laboratory, Kyoto University Shinji OHSAWA
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Toho University
Yuji ONDA, Nobuki TAKAMATSU
In Umi-Jigoku hot pool in Kannawa area of Beppu City, acid Cl-SO. type thermal water
had been colored in greenish blue, however we recently observed that the color changed to
blue green, which is caused by absorption of sunlight of long wavelengths by H, O molecule.
The previous color (greenish blue) results from blending the blue green with blue caused by
Rayleigh scattering of sunlight by aqueous colloidal almino-silicate of *.*,/ῌ*../mm particle
size. Owing to low concentration of the aqueous colloid, the color of the Umi-Jigoku thermal
water dose not become clear blue in contrast to other blue-colored thermal waters in Beppu.
In addition, it is ascertained by calculation of absorbance using dissolved ion concentration
and molar extinction coe$cient that the thermal water of the Umi-Jigoku hot pool would not
be colored by aqueous ferrous ion.
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Radon Concentrations in Thermal and Mineral Waters of the Springs in
Hokkaido
Hokkaido Institute of Public Health Naoki AOYANAGI, Daisen ICHIHASHI, Eiji UCHINO
The distribution of radon concentrations in thermal and mineral waters of springs in
Hokkaido were investigated. The radon concentrations in thermal and mineral springs in
Hokkaido, were generally lower than in the whole Japan, with an average concentration of
about - Bq/L. Only one cold spring in Osyamanbe-cho satisfied the therapeutic spring
standard as radioactive among the +/, springs in this investigation. Acidic springs had lower
radon concentrations than neutral and alkalic springs. There was no correlation between the
concentration in the spring and well type, chemical characteristics, and so on.
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- ῌ ῌ Study on Elucidation of Pollutant Pathway of Legionella in Hot Spring
Water
Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Toho University Koji YAMADA, Naoyuki KATO
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Toho University
Akira OHNO, Keizo YAMAGUCHI
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Aquatic Thetary Cuts Down Local Medical ExpensesµIt is based on the
measure in the aquatic therapy class in Yufuin and Naoiriµ
Pal Fitsystem Company Masumi KOGA
Yufuin Town Misao MORIYAMA
Iwao Hospital Shigeru GOTO
Naoiri Town Chiemi SATO, Michiyo OTSUKA
Yufuin is located in the middle area of Oita Prefecture, and population is a town of many
%
94
people with hypertension, arthropathy of the knees, lumbar, and shoulders, brain blood vessel
obstacle, and circulatory organ system disease in +, +.*1 persons, ,-῍ of rates of aging, and an
illness tendency. Cultivation of the “aqua fitness leader” which started in +330 as public
health service and will promote the production network of health of residents subject to a
town ownership hot spring pool in July, ,*** including an aquatic therapy class the residents
volunteer for aqua fitness leader /1 persons in all is working three terms, Cooperation with
the doctor of a local medical association was also achieved from a spread of activity of a
townsman subject, and a townsman’s institution users also increased in number gradually.
Among users, those in whom e#ects, such as mitigation of a joint ache and rationalization of
hyper tension and the high cholesterol, and the blood glucose level, show up also appear, the
number of times of going to hospital regularly and the quantity of medication also become
less, medical expenses are controlled, and things are clear also by medical statement investigation.
Moreover, in Naoiri of the prefecture in question, the aquatic therapy class in the bathtub
of the public hot spring combined with the exercise program on land started. (January to
March, ,**-). There was participation of two groups [about ,*] and half were people with
overweight tendency metabolism. The Remainders were people with arthropathy, such as of
the knees, lumbar, and shoulders. 2*῍ of the participants showed the mitigation e#ect and
the loss of chronic joint ache in quantity. The rate of increased participation and almost all
participants’ amount of body activities, It was suggested that this approach aiming at
creation and maintenance of an exercise custom was e#ective.
/ , ῌ
ῌ ῌ Life of Two Periodic Bubbling Springs Predicted from Their Periods
The College of Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University
Eiichi ISHII, Naoki MAEDA, Tomohiko AKACHI
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Geological Survey of Hokkaido Takahiro SUZUKI
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Nihon Chika Tansa Co. Ltd.
Koji SATO
Tadashi TAKAYA, Tadashi CHIBA
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Institute of Medical Science of the University of Tokyo Jun NAKAYA, Tetsuo SHIMIZU
Helath Administration Center, Hokkaido University Yoshinori OHTSUKA
Research Institute for Health Resort Medicine Yuko AGISHI
AdIn Research Inc.
Koji SASAKI
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Obstructive and Constrictive Pulmonary Diseases
Division of Rehabilitation, Division of General Medicine, and Kusatsu Branch Hospital,
Gunma University Hospital
Hitoshi KURABAYASHI, Kazuo KUBOTA, Kousei TAMURA, Jun’ichi TAMURA,
Naoki WADA, Kenji SHIRAKURA
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Division of Rehabilitation, Division of General Medicine, and Kusatsu Branch Hospital,
Gunma University Hospital
Hitoshi KURABAYASHI, Kazuo KUBOTA, Kousei TAMURA, Jun’ichi TAMURA,
Naoki WADA, Kenji SHIRAKURA
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Division of Rehabilitation, Division of General Medicine, and Kusatsu Branch Hospital,
Gunma University Hospital
Hitoshi KURABAYASHI, Kazuo KUBOTA, Kousei TAMURA, Jun’ichi TAMURA,
Naoki WADA, Kenji SHIRAKURA
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Kagoshima University Hospital Kirishima Rehabilitation Center
Jun-ichi IIYAMA, Yutaka HORIKIRI, Kazumi KAWAHIRA, Nobuyuki TANAKA
The aim of this study was to examine the e#ects of single warm water bathing (WWB) on
human body. Indocyanine green (ICG) was given intravenously (*./ mg/kg) to 3 healthy male
subjects (--.0|2., years old). Blood samples were taken -, 0, and +* min after injection in order
to calculate ICG plasma clearance (ICG-PC). ICG injection was done .* min before and +* min
after WWB (+* min at .+V).
A mixture of +*ῌ para-aminohippurate (PAH, *.- ml/kg) and +*ῌ sodium thiosulfate
(NTS, 2* ml) was given intravenously to +, healthy male subjects (-,.-|1.1 years old) -* min
after WWB (+* min at .+V). Clearance of PAH and NTS was used as an index of renal plasma
flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). PAH and NTS clearance were also calculated
after rest without bathing during another day. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac
output (CO), and sublingual body temperature (SBT) were also recorded while subjects were
supine and warmed by a blanket.
After WWB, BP was slightly decreased. HR, CO, and SBT were significantly increased.
ICG-PC was significantly decreased from *.,**|*.**2 to *.+0.|*.**2 (p*.*/).
RPF sig-
nificantly increased from -22./|+/2.3 ml/min to /1,|+1*.1 ml/min (p*.*/). However, GFR
was essentially unchanged from ++/.0|-1.- ml/min to ++3.-|/+.- ml/min.
Although CO and RPF were increased due to the vasodilating e#ects of mild thermia,
ῌ῏῍῎
100
hepatic (portal) blood flow was decreased. GFR, which is related to glomerular filtration
pressure, was not improved because of the thermal vasodilation of glomerular e#erent and
a#erent arterioles.
The E#ect of Spa-aqua Therapy on Lifestyle-related Diseases in Collaboration with Public Spa Facility
+.
Iwao Hospital Shigeru GOTO, Yujirou IWAO
Chouei Onsenkan Kuajyu Yufuin Misato MORIYAMA
PAL FIT SYSTEM
Masumi KOGA
Yufuin is famous as one of the most popular spa resorts in Japan. However, little
attention has not been paid to spa facilities to promote health care for the residents in Yufuin.
Yufuin Onsenkan is located in the center of Yufuin and has public spa and pool facilities. The
aim of this study is to assess the e#ect of spa-aqua therapy on various lifestyle-related
diseases in collaboration with public spa facility.
For the past two years, we have introduced spa-aqua therapy to patients who had been
diagnosed and treated as certain lifestyle-related diseases (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc) in our outpatient clinic. +,. patients consented to enroll in the program of aqua
exercises that were individually designed. These patients has undergone aqua exercises (-*
minutes’ walking, etc) more than at least three times a week for more than - months under the
supervision of medical doctors, aqua therapists, and public health nurse. These patients have
been assessed for clinical symptoms and laboratory data for +ῌ+, months following spa-aqua
therapy.
23 of +,. patients had some improvement regarding clinical symptoms, laboratory data,
and frequency and dosage of medical prescription. Briefly, ,* of ,. diabetic patients decreased
the levels of fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A+C. +0 of ,* hypertension patients decreased the blood pressure with low dosage of medicine and low frequency of medical
prescription. From health insurance points of views, annual medical fees of seven patients,
who were randomly chosen among +,. patients, decreased the cost for medical fees following
treatment combined with medicines and aqua therapy.
By collaborating public spa facility which many residents daily used, we could successfully and naturally induce aqua-spa exercise to the usual habitual behavior for the patients of
lifestyle-related diseases. This kind of preliminary trial may have future potential not only to
promote health care for the local residents but also health care management in spa resort
areas.
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E#ect of Bathing on Urinary Excretion of Uric acid
Health Administration Center, Hokkaido University Yoshinori OHTSUKA
Naruko Iin Nobuhiko TAKAHASHI
The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Jun NAKAYA
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Education and Research Committee of Japanese Association of Physical Medicine,
Balneology and Climatology
Masashi NOBUNAGA, Susumu KATAGIRI, Kazuo KUBOTA
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Mountany Spa in Romania. Low Mineralized Waters Used in That Areas
Model : Stana De Vale
SC European Drinks Sa Romania Veronica GEAMANU, Viorel MICULA
In Romania are known as mountany spas, climatically spas which are located in
mountany zones like that which are definite geomorfologicaly point of view and which are
developed on the 3** mo+1** m high altitude.
This interval was established beyond the
watering researced made in Romania during the last 1* years. This interval is known as the
very best for the human being health without mentioned the age.
The very known mountany spas in Romania are : Sinaia, Predeal, Busteni, Poiana Brasov
and Stana de Vale. These are recognized like climatic spas and theirs features are tonic
byoclimat stimulated, lower atmospheric pressure,clean air, without dust powder and allergen, with powerful ionization.
We choose Stana de Vale spa as model because beyond the specific features, that we
mentioned before and the low mineralized waters which are utilized in practice in the
curative treatments (waters with dry residue lower than +*** mg/l), is the only mountany spa
in Romania which has such a curative characteristic (low mineralized water).
Stana de Vale source with low mineralized water is located in the west-central part of
Vladeasa Mountain from the Limertones Western Carpathian chain at ++.. m high. This
source named by local topic as Wonder Spring, is also the most important source of still
mineral water from Romania.
The water springs arises from the limestones deposits of Anisian age, which is developed
in the dolomitic limestones facies. Chemical point of view,the water is hydrogencarbonatated, calcic type with TDS that reached ,** mg/l and the inferior boundary of TDS is
+2* mg/l.
In the last period of time about ,**+ῌ,**- years, Stana de Vale low mineralized water was
tested and studied from medical point of view, like doing researching regarding the therapeutical e#ects.
The studies regarding the e#ects of the treatment with Stana de Vale still mineral water
low mineralized are made by Baile Herculane Balneoclinic Departament. Also experimentally
farmacodynamic studies and clinical studies was made by National Institute of Recover,
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103
Phisical Medicine and Balneoclimatology from Bucharest, Romania.
The results of these studies established for the low mineralized water therapeutical
directions which recommending this water in the treatment and prophylacsis renal-urinary
illness and in the diets pour NaCl.
We add to the natural factors of the spa, hotels and villas, modern equipment for
practicing sports like ski, modern treatments(physiotherapy naturist medicine) and for the
future the perspective of practicing games, like golf, and the construction of a few swimming
pools, all in accordance with European standards.
All of this recommending Stana de Vale spa like a unique climatic and bathing objective
in Romania, which will be presented and illustrated in extenso at the session of the conference.
+3 ῌ
Long Distance Lateral Flows of Hot Water Controlled by Impermeable
Lake Deposits Examples of The Hohi Geothermal Area, Central Kyushu, Japan
Geological Survey of Japan, AIST Shiro TAMANYU
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104
ῌ ῌ Low Temperature Hydrothermal System in the Southern Area of
Fukuoka City, Japan
Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
Yasuhiro FUJIMITSU, Jun NISHIJIMA, Sachio EHARA
Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering,
Kyushu University
Yu OBA
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On the Hot-springs along the Outer-Arcs of Southwest Honshu and
Sunda Arcs
NPO Kyoto Institute of Natural History Susumu NISHIMURA
Bandung Institute of Technology Emmy SUPARKA
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
D.S. WIDARTO
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High Rates of Hydrothermal Activity on the Southern East Pacific Rise Segments
Department of Geology, University of Delhi G.S. ROONWAL
The southern parts of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) represents an ultrafast spreading axis.
It is characterized by volcanism, and high hydrothermal activity, which results in anomalous
in high levels of hydrothermal precipitates in the sediments, as well as in the seawater and
characteristic hydrothermal fauna. -* sediment samples fro three cores collected from the
flanks of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) diverging plate margin near +1®S and +2®S (two cores)
have been anlaysed chemically and mineralogically. Multivariate factor analysis and quantitative partitioning reveals that the non-carbonate fraction of the sediments consists dominantly of Fe-Mn rich hydrothermal precipitates (ῌ3*ῌ) with very little detrital (ῌ,./ῌ),
hydrogenous(ῌ,./ῌ) and biogenic (ῌ.ῌ) contribution. Hydrothermal metalliferous solutions were discharged periodically from the vents, and chemical fractionation between Fe and
Mn took place during their precipitation. With growing distance from EPR, dilution of
hydrothermal precipitates with biogenic debris increases, indicating a decrease in sedimentation rate. Westward transport of hydrothermal components by mid-depth currents results in
a low accumulation rate of hydrothermal matter on the eastern flank sediments, where
evidences of early diagenetic changes have been observed in the form of transformation of
amorphous Fe-hydroxide into crystalline goethite and formation of nontronite.
ῌ῏῍῎
106
,-ῌ
Geochemical Aspects of Thermal Water Formation in Active Volcanic
Areas (On the Example of the Kuril Island Arc)
Far East Geological Institute, Vladivostok, Russia
O.V. CHUDAEV
Pacific Institute of Geography, Vladivostok, Russia V.A. CHUDAEVA
School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan K. SUGIMORI
Department of Chemistry, Tokyo University, Japan A. KUNO, M. MATSUO
United States Geological Survey, Boulder, USA K. NORDSTROM
Institute for study of the Earth’s Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Japan M. KUSAKABE
The purpose of this study is to provide geochemical data on the thermal waters of the
Kuril Islands. The work is based on the study of active volcanoes (Mendeleev, Golovnin,
Ebeko) on Kunashir and Paramushir Islands. Among the thermal water types studied, three
main groups can be distinguished : sodium-chloride, sulphate, and sodium-chloride-sulphate.
The behavior of siderophile, chalcophile, lithophile, and rare-earth elements is discussed.
These data together with the results of isotopic studies and computer modeling allowed to
determine the physical-chemical parameters of water formation.
,.ῌ
Microbiological Investigation of Kuril Islands Hot Spring Waters
Dept. Biology, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan Kenji SUGIMORI
Far East Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Russia
Oleg CHUDAEV
Pacific Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Science, Russia Valentina CHUDAEVA
A microbiological study was undertaken in the geothermal areas of Kunashiri and
Paramushir Islands, focusing on hot spring water and sediment and microbial mats. Ten
acidic samples and - neutral samples were taken from Kunashiri Island, and 0 acidic samples
and + neutral sample were taken from Paramushir Island. Sporeforming bacteria, Bacillus sp.,
were detected in the acidic samples from Kunashiri Island and the neutral samples from
Paramushir Island. Non-sporeforming and rod-shaped bacteria, such as Thermus sp., were
detected in the neutral samples from Kunashiri Island. Branch shaped and non spore-forming
bacteria were detectedin the acidic samples from Kunashiri Island. These bacteria were not
classified for bacteria species. In microscopic observation, Cyanidium sp. was detected in
green acidic samples from Kunashiri Island and Paramushir Island. Phormidium valderianum
var. tenuis was detected in the green neutral samplesfrom Kunashiri Island ; Anabaenopsis sp.
and Synechococcus amphigranulatus were detected in the green neutral samples from Paramushir Island. A large variety of diatoms were observed in most of the samples ; Pinnularia
braunii var. amphicephara was the main diatom in the Kunashiri samples. The minor diatoms
Gomphonema olivaceum, Eunotia sp., Pinnularia microstauron and Navicula cryptocephara were
detected in Kunashiri samples.
Kunashiri sample.
A protozoa, Trachelomonas crebea, was detected in a
/- ,**-
,/ῌ
/0 107
Hydrogeological and Geothermal Investigation of the Sarot Spa (Bolu_
Mudurnu) and Surroundings
Faculty of Engineering, University of Ankara, Turkey
Faculty of Engineering, University of Kocaeli, Turkey
Baki CANIK
Suzan PASVANOGLU
Thermal and mineralized waters of the Ta_kestiSarot spring were studied in terms of
origin, source characteristics, physicochemical features, and to determine the possibilities of
increasing the flow rate and temperature. The crystalline basement in the region consists of
rocks in the green schist facies. The Upper Cretaceous limestone on the southeast of thermal
spring and overlie the crystalline basin. In the South of the area these units are covered by
Pliocene aged lacustrine sediments and Quaternary deposits. The rocks constituting the
thermal water aquifer consist of the partially metamorphic rocks of diorite, tonalite, diabase,
and amphibolite of the green schist facies which have the secondary porosity and permeability. The Sarot thermal water emanates along a secondary fault in the North Anatolian Fault
Zone (NAFZ). The temperature in the main source is 0-, and the flow rate is +.1*3 l/sec. In
the other secondary sources, the flow rate and the temperature are much lower. The origin of
the water was interpreted according to the isotope analyses. These hot waters are of meteoric
origin that circulate and restores heat through the fault zone due to the geothermal gradient
and discharge to the surface. The thermal and mineralized waters are Na, Ca and SO.-rich. In
the study area, it is understood that it could be possible to improve the flow rates and
temperatures of thermal waters by drilling. By obtaining the flow rates, temperature and
chemical composition of the water, it would further facilitate the direct use of the water.
,0ῌ
Circulation of Groundwater in the Hakone Volcano
Hot Springs Research Institute of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan Masao OHYAMA
In this study, the author measured the age of the Hakone volcano groundwater as
determined by environmental tritium concentration. The author carried out the tritium
concentration analyses for +2 water samples collected from +320 to +321. The tritium concentration ranged from - to +2TU. Using a “mixing model” the author estimated three different turnover times as follows : *.// years for discharges at the mountains mid-slopes ;
0+, years for discharges at the mountain foot and -*+** years for the thermal water.
,1ῌ
Soil Temperature and Climate Change over Mongolia
Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Mongolia
G. NAMKHAIJANTSAN, D. ERDENETSETSEG
The heat penetration into the soil is one of components that have direct indicate the
climate changes and fluctuations. This paper discusses the soil temperature changes during
;6¼
108
global warning using zero temperature penetration depth into soil or the upper portion of
permafrost. It is proved that winter warming is clear by decreasing of penetration depth of
* and most permafrost areas in northern part of Mongolia is belong to increased penetration
depth from /* cm to +/* cm in to deep soil.
,2 Recommendation of Dispersive-type Geo-heat Utilization
GREEN, AIST Tetsuro NODA
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Regional Changes of Spas in Japan
Department of Geography, Chiba University Junji YAMAMURA
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Regional Changes of Yunohira Spa in Oita Prefecture
Depatment of Tourism, Beppu University, Beppu
Department of Geography, Chiba University, Chiba
Takaaki KOBORI
Junji YAMAMURA
It is well known that the many hot spring areas that flourished as tourist resorts during
the period of post-war rapid development are losing their popularity in following with the
current recession. On the other hand, so-called health hot springs, hot springs utilized for
health purposes, have recently become a focus of interest nationwide.
Looking at regional changes at the traditional health hot spring of Yunohira Spa in Oita
Prefecture, we will consider the current state of health hot springs through research on the
actual conditions of visitors, including their needs and problems. By comparing data on local
businesses from +31* and ,**,, it is clear that despite retaining its historically rural landscape,
the function of Yunohira Spa as a health hot spring has changed to that of a tourist hot
spring.
However, it is now time to take a second look at utilizing hot springs for their curative
and recuperative functions. Taking into consideration current visitor needs, it is necessary to
reform traditional health hot spring areas such as the famous Yunohira Spa.
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How are Hot Springs Thought of by Users in JapanResults of a
Questionary Survey on the Knowledge of Hot Springs
Gifu Prefectural Museum
Yasushi FURUTA
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School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Sapporo School of The Arts
Masae WATANABE
Division of Health and Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University
Kiyoshi MORIYA, Keiko HASHIMOTO
School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Yuko AGISHI
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-- The Number of Aged People Qualified for Receiving The Care in Spa
Districts, Comparing to That in Non Spa Districts
Shonin Hospital in Beppu
Masashi NOBUNAGA
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E#ects of Toyotomi Spa Therapy in Chronic Skin Diseases
Hokkaido Institute of Public Health Eiji UCHINO, Daisen ICHIHASHI, Naoki AOYANAGI
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E#ects of Toyotomi Spa Therapy in Chronic Skin Diseases
Hokkaido Institute of Public Health Daisen ICHIHASHI, Eiji UCHINO, Naoki AOYANAGI
NC/Nga mouse is a model for atopic dermatitis, showing specific symptoms such as
dermatitis and overproduction of IgE. We sprayed di#erent spa waters (alkaline salt springs,
acid alum vitriol springs, simple sulphur springs) at the NC/Nga mice and examined the
changes in skin symptoms, and serum IgE levels. The skin symptoms recovered nearly
completely treated with acid alum vitriol springs, and the group treated with alkaline salt
springs and simple sulphur springs showed some improvement but there were mice that did
not improve. The rise un serum IgE levels were significantly repressed in the groups treated
with alkaline salt springs and acid alum vitriol springs.
-0 Eruptions after Acid Spring Bath
Ueda Hospital Jun-ichi NOGUCHI
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/0 113
Hydrokinesitherapy of Arthrosis Deformans Patients with Geothermal
Mineral Water
Clinic of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation UMHAT”Saint Marina”,
Medical University-Varna, Bulgaria
T. TODOROFF
The arthrosis disease is the most frequent chronic disease of the locomotory system. The
Bulgarian scientist Cenov has found destructive changes in one or more joints in 3.2ῌ of the
workers in some factories during prophylactic examination. This pathology leads to serious
disablement and her treatment is still waiting for the so called “panacea”. Drugs have their
place in the therapy, but the isolated drug therapy could not solve the problem definitively.
Nowadays in the treatment of the arthrosos disease there is a tendency of a serious increase
in the usage of the methods of physical therapy, whose e#ects are still not su$ciently
investigated.
The Republic of Bulgaria is exceptionally rich in hydromineral resources.
There are /,* healing mineral springs in our country, distributed into +3* hydromineral
deposits with the capacity of -,** liters/second and with ,. hour capacity of ,/* million liters.
Approximately -/. of the hydromineral resources are warm or hot with water temperature
between -1ῌ+** degrees. Bulgaria posseses the complete variety of mineral waters. Some of
the springs were famous even during the times of the Roman and the Byzantine empires,the
baths being regularly visited by their emperors, such as Septimii, Sever, Maximilian, Justinian and other noble families from Italy, Egypt, Greece etc.. Nimfeums and asklepions were
prospering around. Mineral water was used also for heating the baths, circulating under the
baths floor.
World-famous were the springs in Hissar (the ancient Augusta), Kjustendil
(Pautalia), Sofia (Serdika), the Sliven mineral baths (Tonzos), the Bourgas mineral baths
(Termopolis), Stara Zagora (Augusta Trajana), Sandanski (Medius) etc.. About 2/ῌ of the
mineral springs are acratothermal.
The modern therapy of arthrosis disease requires a complex treatment of the di#erent
symptoms, the application of balneotherapy in combination with other physical factors being
of a great importance. The drug therapy by itself cannot solve the problem with this kind of
pathology and it’s application is recommended in the opening stage for suppression of the
acute pain and inflammation. After this period a decisive factor is the beginning of balneoprocedures in combination with other factors of the physical medicine.
Knowing the
characteristics and the e#ect of the di#erent mineral water types, we should give a serious
thought of making the next bold step in the therapy of the athrosis disease : the balneotherapy to be gradually replaced in our practice and methodology with balneoprophylaxis.
-2ῌ
A Brief Survey of the Deep Contact between the Human Race and the
Earth’S Heat From Prehistory to the ,*th Century
114
Faculty of Sciences, Michoacan University Mario-César
Suárez ARRIAGA
Faculty of Engineering, National University of Mexico Fernando SAMANIEGO
This work is a general outline on the common points of the contact between di#erent
human societies and the thermal Earth. During millions of years many areas in our planet
were very rich in active geothermal manifestations : earthquakes, volcanoes, thermal springs,
fumaroles, mud lakes, lagoni, hydrothermal deposits. In these sectors a profound relationship
emerged very early between humans and geothermal phenomena. From his darkest past
prehistoric man used volcanic rock, silex, obsidian, ignimbrites, flint and basalt to manufacture tools and weapons. Some of his descendants knew how to use lava extrusions to make
homes with hard rock, cooking by steam at fumaroles or on naturally hot rocks and how to
use thermal waters and muds in the hygiene of the body, in the curing of wounds and in
tempering arrows and lances used for hunting and for war. Washing and bathing from
thermo-mineral springs, irrigation and therapeutic and recreation applications occurred at
di#erent times in diverse ancient cultures spread in all the continents. Bathing in geothermal
waters was an essential part of life in many advanced old civilizations. There is a long line
of bathing culture started with antique prototypes in the Old World of Greeks, Romans,
Turks, Chinese, Finnish, Japanese, Jews, Arabs, Mesoamericans, Maoris, Koreans and Indonesians. Spas (Salus Per Aquis) or health through waters containing mineral components, were
used for curing not only rheumatic, sciatic, gynecological and other physical diseases but also
for treating psychiatric problems and for relaxation. Geothermal energy also played an
important role on human occupancy of some territories, because volcanic activity should
have determined alternate emigration-immigration fluctuations over the population in the
a#ected zones. At the same time, the economical, social, agricultural and craftsmanship
development of the people living in volcanic sites were influenced by volcanic eruptions. The
mythical religious interpretations of geothermal phenomena occurred very early, reflecting a
profound respect toward terrestrial heat.
Many ancient cultures throughout the world
developed close to recent volcanic apparatus interacting with geothermal events. Now their
descedants are developing and using spas, space heating/cooling and agricultural geothermic
programs, while others are commercializing its by-products or building greenhouses and
electrical power generation plants. This perspective emphasizes the prehistoric antiquity of
the cognitive processes and practical uses of geothermal phenomena.
+1 -3 .* .+
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