내용분석을 통한 스마트폰 금연앱 평가
한림대학교 언론정보학부 최정화
1
2013-05-01
연구배경
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흡연이 가져오는 치명적 건강위협에도 불구하고 국내
흡연율은 2005년 이래 답보 혹은 소폭 증가세를 보임
(남성 성인 흡연율의 경우 OECD 평균인 25.9%를 훨씬
초과하는 40.8%에 이름)
건강문제 해결을 위한 정보기술의 활용이 주목을 받
고 있는 가운데, 흡연을 비롯한 다양한 건강관련 스마
트폰앱이 출시 중.
건강관련 스마트폰앱 콘텐츠의 신뢰성에 대한 문제가
제기 되어옴
연구목적
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금연을 목적으로 하는 앱의 내용을 분석 및 평가해 보
고자 함
특히 금연은 장기적 행동변화와 유지가 중요한 만큼,
자기결정성이론을 주요 근거로 하여 분석 및 평가를
시도하고자 함
이론적 배경
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자기결정성이론 (elf‐determination Theory, SDT; R. M.
Ryan & Deci, 2000, 2008)
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인간동기에 대한 이론
인간행동 동기(motivation)의 내재적, 외재적 원천을 정의하
고 이들이 인지적 및 사회적 발달에서 수행하는 역할을 탐
색
SDT는 다섯 개의 하위 미니이론(mini‐theory: 인지평가이론,
유기적통합이론, 인과지향성이론, 기본심리욕구이론, 목표
내용이론)으로 구성된 매크로이론(macrotheory)
이론적 배경
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기본심리욕구와 금연행위
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인간이 '자기(self)‘ 성장과 발달을 추구하는 데 있어서 세 가
지 기본심리욕구의 만족이 필수적
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자율성(autonomy): 자율성 욕구는 외부적 영향에도 불구하고 자
신이 부여한 가치와 흥미에 근거하여 자신의 행동을 조절해 나가
는것
유능성(competence): 개인이 본인의 능력이나 재능을 향상시키고
자 하며 스스로 유능하다고 느끼고 싶어 하는 욕구
관계성(relatedness): 타인과 관계를 맺고 사회에 소속되고자 하는
욕구를 의미하며, 타인과 연결되어 있다는 심리적 지각
연구문제1. 스마트폰 금연앱들은 자율성, 유능성, 관계성을
향상시킬 수 있는 속성을 어느 정도 가지고 있는가?
이론적 배경
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목표내용과 금연행위
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목표내용이론은 개인이 삶 또는 행동의 목표를 어떻게 선
택하고 내재화 하며, 그것이 어떻게 개인의 행동변화나 심
리적 안녕 등의 결과에 영향을 미치는지 탐색
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내재적(e.g., 자아실현, 건강, 공동체에 대한 공헌) vs.
외재적(e.g., 경제적 성공, 사회적 지위, 신체적 매력)
내재적 목표는 자발적 동기를 불러 일으켜 행동변화에 보다 긍정
적이고 장기적인 영향을 미침
연구문제2. 금연앱 기능에서 암시되어 있는 목표내용에는
어떠한 것이 있는가? 즉, 외재적 및 내재적 목표내용이 어
느 정도로 금연앱 기능에서 암시되고 있는가?
이론적 배경
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목표내용의 프레이밍과 금연행위
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목표를 제시하는 방법은 메시지 프레이밍(message framing)
과도 밀접하게 관련 (Pelletier & Sharp, 2008)
문제의식을 느끼고 행동변화에의 의사가 있는 사람들에게
는 이익프레이밍이 손실프레이밍 보다 효과적일 것
(Pelletier & Sharp, 2008)
연구문제3. 금연앱이 목표내용을 제시하는 데 있어서 어느
정도로 이익 및 손실 프레이밍이 사용되고 있는가?
연구방법
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Sample
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Population : 309 applications; 167 from iTunes store and 169
from Google Play
175 applications were randomly drawn based on Krejcie and
Morgan’s (1970) guideline
December 2012 through January 2013
연구방법
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Coding Scheme
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Gustafson et al.’s (2011) classifiaction of e-CHESS
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Descriptive Characteristics
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market type (Google Play vs. iTunes store vs. available in both),
price type (free vs. paid),
developer type (individuals or individual developer groups vs. non-profit organization vs.
companies),
contents type (information centric vs. function centric vs. information-function
balanced).
Relatedness
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1) offer or linked to online communities to share advices/supports for smoking
cessation,
2) linked to social network services (SNSs) to post users’ own progress in smoking
cessation and get support from one’s own acquaintances,
3) offer a function that provides supportive messages (e.g., recoding and playing
messages from family members or friends), and
4) offer online counseling with experts or provide a link to online counseling.
연구방법
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Competence
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1) offering specific guidelines or course of actions to quit smoking,
2) function for self-diagnosis of one’s own health condition or nicotine
dependency,
3) offer analysis of one’s own quitting attempts or efforts,
4) cues to progress or achievement for quitting smoking, and
5) resources (e.g., FAQ, links to Web site, news articles, quiz or game to
test health knowledge related to smoking).
Autonomy
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1) offer information regarding reasons for stop smoking (e.g., health
consequences of smoking),
2) offer a message saying that quitting smoking as a personal choice,
3) function that allows one to set goals and action plans to quit smoking,
4) function to log one’s own quitting or smoking attempts, and
5) function to set alerts or alarm messages to warn smoking or to remind
quitting smoking.
연구방법
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Goal contents and framing
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1) money
2) appearance
3) health
4) time
연구방법
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Intercoder Reliability
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Following the guideline by Lombard et al. (2002)
For final reliability,
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The percent agreement was above .90 for all coding items.
As for Cohen’s Kappa or Scott’s Pi, the coefficients were above .70 for
most of the coding items
Problem with assessing binary variables with low incidence
결과
Descriptive Statistics of Applications in the Sample (N=175)
Market Type
Analysis Categories
Android
Distribution
46.3% (n = 81)
Developer Type
Apple
Android/Apple
Free
Paid
Individuals or developer group
45.7% (n = 80)
8.0% (n = 14)
55.4% (n = 97)
44.6% (n = 78)
68.0% (n = 119)
Contents Type
Non-profit organization
Company
Information oriented
5.1% (n = 9)
26.9% (n = 47)
21.1% (n = 37)
Function oriented
60.0% (n = 105)
Information and function balanced
18.9% (n = 33)
Price Type
결과
Analysis of Applications Features Related to SDT Components (N=175)
Basic Needs
Application Features
Relatedness Connected to online communities
Connected to social media
Function to offering or recording messages to cheer up
Consulting with experts
Offering at least one of the features above
Competence “how-to information” regarding smoking cessation
Self-diagnosis regarding current smoking behaviors and
health condition
Alerts or reminders to be pushed
Analysis of performance for quitting attempts or efforts
Cues to achievement or progress
Resources (e.g., News, Links to Web sites, Health
Information, Location of Clinique, FAQ, etc.)
Offering at least one of the features above
Percentage
(Frequency)
2.4% (n = 7)
17.7% (n = 31)
1.1% (n = 2)
5.1% (n = 9)
22.3% (n = 39)
34.3% (n = 60)
6.3% (n = 11)
3.4% (n = 6)
28.6% (n = 50)
27.4% (n = 48)
11.4% (n = 20)
77.1% (n = 135)
결과
Analysis of Applications Features Related to SDT Components (N=175)
Basic Needs
Autonomy
Application Features
Information regarding reason for smoking cessation
Messages emphasizing smoking as a personal choice
Function to set up goals and action plans
Function to set alerts or reminders
Function to log quitting attempts or efforts
Offering at least one of the features above
Percentage
(Frequency)
33.7% (n = 59)
2.3% (n = 4)
20.0% (n = 35)
8.6% (n = 15)
34.3% (n = 60)
76.0% (n = 133)
결과
Implied Goal Contents of Smoking Cessation and the Framing Type (N = 175)
Percentage & Frequency
Money
by Goal Contents
53.7% (n = 94)
Health
32.0% (n = 56)
Percentage & Frequency
by Framing
Gain only
Loss only
Gain & Loss both
32.6 % (n = 57)
14.3 % (n = 25)
6.9 % (n = 12)
Gain only
Loss only
21.7% (n = 38)
8.0% (n = 14)
Gain & Loss both
2.3% (n = 4)
Time
7.4% (n = 13)
Gain only
Loss only
Gain & Loss both
4.6% (n = 8)
1.1% (n = 2)
1.7% (n = 3)
Appearance
1.1% (n = 2)
Gain only
Loss only
Gain & Loss both
0.0% (n = 0)
1.1% (n = 2)
0.0% (n = 0)
결과
Goal Contents by Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic (N = 175)
Categories
Intrinsic goal contents (i.e., health) only
Extrinsic goal contents (i.e., money and appearance) only
Intrinsic and extrinsic goal contents both
Total number of cases suggesting goal contents
Percentage (Frequency)
2.9% (n = 5)
25.7% (n = 45)
29.1% (n = 51)
57.7% (n = 101)
결론
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Most of the applications contain at least one feature related to at least one of the
components of basic needs proposed by the self-determination theory. However,
relatively small proportion of applications is addressing all three basic needs.
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The most frequently observed type of extrinsic goals was money, while health was
the most observed type of intrinsic goal.
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Smoking cessation applications tend to include either extrinsic goal contents only
or extrinsic and intrinsic goal contents together.
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Gain framing is more frequently adopted in suggesting goal contents
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No difference between paid and free applications was found in terms of the amount
of features tapping the basic needs.
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The findings of this present study are expected to be generalizable to the U.S. and
possibly to other countries to some extent.
함의
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Many of the smoking cessation applications available in
the market may not be much effective in inducing longterm smoking cessation, so
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Public health practitioners or organizations would need to
provide consumers a guideline to evaluate the applications
They may also need to develop high-quality smoking cessation
applications.
Showing the applicability of SDT in evaluating health
applications
연구의 한계
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The analysis is limited in examining the whole aspects of
the applications
We attributed a feature to a particular aspect of the basic
needs on behalf of the analytic convenience, but it is also
possible that a feature may support one or more aspects
of the basic needs
The inferences this study made from the findings could be
limited as it relies on general SDT studies rather than
SDT studies specific to smoking cessation applications.