Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Mukku
Mav ID : 1000989621
Email : vishnu.vardhanreddymukku@mavs.uta.edu
Under the guidance of
Dr. K. R. Rao
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AVC
DCT
EPT
MB
MPM
RDO
HBQ
BRI
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Advanced Video Coding
Discrete Cosine Transform
Embedding Position Template
Macro Block
Most Probable Mode
Rate Distortion Optimization
Hidden Bit Quantity
Bit Rate Increase
 Introduction to H.264
 Introduction to Intra frame Prediction in
H.264
 Algorithm for Information Hiding
 Watermark embedding and Extraction
 Experimental Results
 References
Fig. 1: H.264 hybrid video encoder [4].
• Rate Distortion
Optimization (RDO)
• Most Probable Mode
(MPM):
min {Adj I4 blocks modes}
Fig. 2: Intra-prediction for I4-block: (a) current block and its neighboring pixels;
(b) nine prediction directions for I4-block [12].
Fig 3: 4×4 intra prediction modes [11]
Example of prediction modes for an I4 block
Fig 4: Prediction blocks, 4×4 modes 0−8 [17]
Fig 5: Intra 16×16 prediction modes [5]
Fig. 6. Block diagram for inf hiding using intraprediction approach [12].
Fig 7: The mapping rules for watermark embedding [12].
• Odd modes (1,3,5,7) are mapped to bit ‘1’.
• Even modes (0,2,4,6,8) are mapped to bit ‘0’.
• Q1, Q2, Q3 are the bit information of the 3 I4
MBs.
• Eg. W=00, Q1=0, Q2=1, Q3=1 then according
to the mapping rule the 1st block has to
change it’s mode from even to odd.
• And then RDO is used for mode selection.
Fig. 8. Embedding position templates [12].
Fig 9: Block diagram of watermark detection process [12]
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
Fig 9: Test Sequences
Properties of the test sequences
Fig 10: 50×37 resolution hiding image
The efficiency of information hiding
capacity can be improved by exploiting inter
prediction mode or by choosing some other
effective part in H.264 . Also this information
hiding algorithm concept can be implemented
in HEVC. Currently research is going on for
HEVC.
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[1] JVT Draft ITU-T recommendation and final draft international standard of
joint video specification (ITU-T Rec. H.264-ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC), March
2003, JVT-G050 available on
http://ip.hhi.de/imagecom_G1/assets/pdfs/JVT-G050.pdf
[2] T.Wiegand et al, “Overview of the H.624/AVC Video Coding Standard”,
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.13,
No.7, pp. 560-576, Jul. 2003.
[3] G.J.Sullivan et al, “Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)
standard,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technology, vol. 22, no. 12, pp.
1649–1668, Dec. 2012.
[4] Y.Tew and K.S.Wong, “An Overview of Information Hiding in H.264/AVC
Compressed Video,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 24, no. 2,
pp. 305-319, Feb 2014.
[5] I.E. Richardson, “The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard”, 2nd
edition, Wiley publications, 21 May, 2010.
[6] T.A. Lin, S.Z. Wang, T.M. Liu and C.Y. Lee, “An H.264/AVC decoder with
4x4-block level pipeline,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 91–101,
Feb. 2009.
[7] Y.M. Huang, J.J. Leou, and M.H. Cheng, “A Post Deblocking Filter for
H.264 Video,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 69–72, Feb. 2007.
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[8] X.Li et al., “A generalization of LSB matching,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol.
16, no. 2, pp. 69–72, Feb. 2009.
[9] I.E.Richardson, “The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard”, 2nd
Edition, Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2010.
[10] Feng Pan et al, “Fast Mode Decision for Intra Prediction”, ISO/IEC
JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6, JVT 7th Meeting Pattaya II, Thailand, 7-14,
Mar 2003.
[11] C.S. Kim et al, “Fast Intra-Prediction Model Selection for H.264 Codec”,
Integrated Media Systems Center and Department of Electrical Engineering.
Available on
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.2.4112&rep=rep1&ty
pe=pdf
[12] G.Yang et al, "An information hiding algorithm based on intra-prediction
modes and matrix coding for H.264/AVC video stream," AEU - International
Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol.65, no.4, pp.331-337, Mar 2010.
[13] Hu Y et al, “Information hiding based on intra prediction modes for
H.264/AVC”, In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and
Expo., pp. 1231–1234, Aug 2007.
[14] J.Camenisch et al, “Modified matrix encoding technique for minimal
distortion steganography”, 8th International Workshop, IH 2006, LNCS 4437, pp.
314-327, Jul. 2007.
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[15] S.K. Kapotas et al, “Real time data hiding by exploiting the IPCM
macroblocks in H.264/AVC streams”, Journal of Real-Time Image Processing,
Vol.4, No.1, pp.33-42, Mar 2009.
[16] S. Li, “Detection of Information Hiding by Modulating Intra Prediction
Modes in H.264/AVC”, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on
Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), volume 2, pp. 05900593, Jan 2013.
[17] PPT slides on “Fast Intra-Prediction Mode Selection for H.264”, by
H.Zhang et al.
Available online on:
http://mathcs.slu.edu/~fritts/pres/spie05_IVC_h264_fast_mode_sel_pres.pdf
[18] E. Izquierdo et al., “Introduction to the Special Issue on Authentication,
Copyright Protection, and Information Hiding”, IEEE Transactions On Circuits
And Systems For Video Technology, Vol. 13, No. 8, p.p. 729-731, Aug. 2003.
[19] B. Girod, “Video streaming with SP and SI frames”, In Proc. Visual
Communication Image Processing, Information Systems Laboratory,
Stanford University, Mar. 2005.
[20] S. Kapotas and A. Skodras, “Real time data hiding by exploiting the
IPCM macroblocks in H.264/AVC streams,” J. Real-Time Image Process., vol.
4, pp. 33–41, Oct. 2009.
[21] C. Chang et al., “Hiding secret data in images via predictive coding,”
Pattern Recognition, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 691–705, Sep. 2005.
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[22] X. Li et al., “A generalization of LSB matching,” IEEE Signal Process.
Letters, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 69–72, Feb. 2009.
[23] D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand, “Context-based adaptive binary
arithmetic coding in the H.264/AVC video compression standard,” IEEE
Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 620–636, Jul. 2003.
[24] G. Bjontegaard and K. Lillevold, Context-Adaptive VLC (CAVLC) Coding
of Coefficients, JVT-C028, 3rd Meeting, Fairfax, Virginia, USA, May 2002.
[25] N. Ahmed et al, “Discrete Cosine Transform”, IEEE Transactions on
Computers, Vol. C-23, pp. 90-93, Jan.1974.
[26] Access to JM 18.6 Reference Software:
http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/
[27] H.264 tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson: http://www.vcodex.com/h264.html
[28] I.E.G. Richardson, "H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression", Hoboken,
NJ, Wiley, 2003.
[29] A. Puri et al., "Video coding using the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression
standard", Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 19, pp. 793-849,
Oct. 2004.
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[30] Special issue on emerging research and standards in next generation
video coding, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video
Technology (CSVT), vol.23, pp. 1646-1909, Dec.2012.
[31] Special issue on emerging research and standards in next generation
video coding, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video
Technology (CSVT), vol.23, pp. 2009-2142, Dec.2013.
[32] Introduction to the issue on video coding HEVC and beyond, IEEE
Journal of Selected iTopics in Signal Processing, vol.7, pp. 931-1151,
Dec.2013.