Fbrd> tPl;Ltrjpfs; njhifkjpg;G 2011
me;juq;fkhdJ :
njhifkjpgG
; f; fl;lisr;; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jkJ
kpfr; rpwe;j mwptpwF
; k;> jpwikf;Fk;
vl;batiuapy; rfyUk; ,j;jfty;fis
toq;FkhW Ntz;lg;gLfpdw; dH. jdpgg
; l;l
jfty;fs; vf;fhuzj;jpwf
; hfTk; toq;fg;gl
khl;lhJ.
,yq;if
Fbrd> tPl;Ltrjpfs; gbtk;
njhifkjpg;G> Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk;
gbtk; F3
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; ngaH
,q;fpUe;J Muk;gpf;fTk;
mwpTiu
tpyhrk;
• tpilfisg; gjptjw;F jug;gl;l ngd;rpiy
khj;jpuk; ghtpff
; Tk;.
• VjhtJ khw;wq;fs; nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jhy;
J}a;ikahf mopff
; Tk;.
• gbtj;jpy; Njitaw;w vijAk; vOj Ntz;lhk;.
gbtj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilfs; gjpag;gl Ntz;ba Kiw
,yf;fj;ij vOJk; Kiw
egu;fs; toikahf trpf;Fk; trpg;gplkw;w fl;blf; $WfSf;Fk; ,g;gbtk; epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
A0
njhifkjpg;Gf; fz;lj;ij milahsg;gLj;Jk; ,yf;fk;
A1
khfhzKk; khtl;lKk;
A99
$wpd; njhifkjpg;G ,yf;fk;
$
Sp
ec
im
en
tpilia ,t;thW epwe;jlP L
; f
ftdpf;f: rfy tPl;Lf; $WfSf;Fk; (ntw;Wf; $WfSk; cs;slq;fyhf) $l;L trpg;gplq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk;
,t;thW gjpa Ntz;lhk;
tpil ,yf;fkhapd; mijf; $l;bDs;
njspthf vOjTk;.
tUlk;
A2
NjHjy; gpuNjrk;
$wpd; tif
khjk;
tpilahdJ jug;gl;Ls;s tpilfspy;
xd;whapd; cupa tpilapid khj;jpuk;
epwe;jl
P L
; f.
Mz;
1
ngz;
2
tpilahf nrhy;> FwpaL
P Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;
Fwpgg
; pl Ntz;Lkhapd>;
A3
gp. nr. ÷ c. m. m. gpupT
tpiliar;; nrhw;fspdhy; khj;jpuk; Fwpgg
; pl
Ntz;Lkhapd>;
new;nra;ifahsH
fzf;nfLf;Fk; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; jfty;fs;
fzf;nfLf;Fk;
cj;jpNahfj;jupd; ngaH
A4
fpuhk cj;jpNah
pNahfj;ju; gpupT
A5
A
gpupT
1. efuk;
2. fpuhkk;
3. ngUe;Njhl;lk;
A6
kh.e.r.÷ e.r.÷ gpuNjr rig
tl;lhuk;÷ fpuhkk;÷ ngUe;Njhl;lk;
A8
njhifkjpg;Gf; fz;l ,yf;fk;
Nkw;ghu;it
cj;jpNahfj;jupd; ngaH
ifnahg;gk;
jpfjp
Fwpg;G
Fbj;jd ,yf;fk;
tPl;Lf;$W xd;wpy; xU Fbj;jdk;
fhzg;gbd; ‘1’ vdTk;> xd;wpw;F
Nkw;gl;l Fbj;jdq;fs; ,Ug;gpd;
‘1’> ‘2’ vd;w njhlupy;
,yf;fkplTk;. $l;L trpg;gplk;
kw;Wk; trpg;gplky;yhj
fl;blf;$WfSf;F vg;NghJk; ‘0’
If; Fwpf;fTk;.
A13
A7
trpg;gplj;jpd; jd;ik
1' trpg;gplk;
2' ntw;wplk; (ntw;wplkhapd; 2 vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;L mLj;j $Wf;Fr; nry;f)
A12
ifnahg;gk;
jpfjp
1. tPl;Lf;$W
2. $l;L trpg;gplk;
3. trpg;gplky;yhj fl;blf;$W
A11
fz;b
1
A10
A-Z
gbt ,yf;fk;
Fbj;jdj;jpy;Æ $l;Ltrpg;gplj;jpy;Æ
trpg;gplky;yhj fl;blf;$wpy; 6 NgUf;F
Nkw;gl;Nlhu; ,Ug;gpd; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l
gbtq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gJld;>
gbtq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g mtw;Wf;F ‘001’>
‘002’> ‘003’ vDk; njhlupy; ,yf;fkplTk;.
egupd; jfty;fs;
P0
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
1
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpgg
; tH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpff
; hjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
ngau;
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
P2b
P3
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P14
,dj;njhFjp
1
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ
Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
06
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
07
P4
02
03
04
05
08
09
10
11
12
ghy;
1
Mz;
ngz;
2
P5 gpwe;j jpfjp
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ij
kjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;
khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
P9 FbAupik
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd;
‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau;
77
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
P6
P10
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
gpwg;gpd;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk;
mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;
iuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk;
777
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P11
toikahf
kahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; ffhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
P7
Sp
P12
1
2
3
2
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb
ghtpgg; tHfs; mtw;iwg;
ghtpfF
; k;NghJ)
((b)) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs;
ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg;
ght
ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy;
my;yJ ftdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ
Fspjj; y; Nghd;w jdJ
md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
P14 ,w;F
; r; nry;f
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P15
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G
trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk;
FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
4
5
6
7
rkak;
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
98
tUlq;fs;
tpthf me;j];J
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd
fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy;
vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;sy;
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskplL
; > P14
; f; Fiwthapd>; ‘00’ vdf;
,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpwF
Fwp
NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy
wpff; Tk;. Nt
jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J
Fwpgg; plTk;.
fhyj;ijf; Fw
khjk;
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
88
2
(c) FWe;
F Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ
12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ
,wq;Fjy;
gpwe;jjpypUe;J
tUlk;
njupahJ
1
ec
im
en
01
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;>
jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk;
njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf;
Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
4
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
xUNghJk; KbahJ
P2a
P8
,lu;ghL cz;L
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
,lu;ghby;iy
P1
2
3
P13
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
P16
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj; jpdKk;
Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ> ,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd
fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mk;
1
,y;iy
2
nghUj;jkpy;iy
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P17 Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpjj; pnaa;jpa
mjpAau; guPli
; riaf; Fwpgg; pLf.
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ
jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F
milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd;
‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpjj; paile;Js;sJ
guPli
; rnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapwr; pj; jifikf;fhd
; rf;F milahskpLf.
guPli
; rfs; jtpue; j; ) nghUj;jkhd guPli
P21
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jiz
ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;il
ntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52
thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhopy;
88
00
01
02
03
A.
rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B.
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C.
04
05
D.
06
07
E.
08
09
F.
10
11
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
nkhj;jk;:
16
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5
2
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;F
Fr;r; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;wFr;
Fr; nry;yTk;.
P22
998
jifikfs; ,y;iy
P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;
n wplk; vdpd>;
P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
yTk;.
fle;j 12 khjq;ffsp
spy; VjhtJ Ntiyap
Ntiy y; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;
njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;iffiaj; njspthf
tpgupff; . mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy; Nritapy;
<Lgl;lll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf;
Fwpggp
gg; plTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;iffahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J
gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH>
,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp
nkhj;j;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid
KfhikahsH
Nghd;wit.
fhik
tuh?
P18b Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh
P23a njhopy;
1
Mk;
,y;iy
2
NgRk;
1. Mk;
jpwd;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
1. Mk;
Mq;fpyk;
jkpo;
rpq;fsk;
P19 NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld;
vOjTk;> thrpff
; Tk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg;
nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jl
P L
; f.
P20
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk;
Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh
vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd
tpilf;F milahskpLf.
3
nghUj;jkpyi
; y
3
P25
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
1
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
6
1
2
2
3
4
5
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
X
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
Nti
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
1
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
fs;
8
2
3
4
5
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk;
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy>;
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if>
Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j
tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L
Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
P27
7
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’
,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ
Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J
,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy
00
mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd;
vz;zpfi
; f
P28
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
00
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy
capUld; cs;stHfspd;
vz;zpf;if
P29 filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;
gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;
njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;
Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk;
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC
Njapiyj; njhopwr; hiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh
tpjj; pahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Mk;
,y;iy
GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
P23b nghUshjhu
thrpff; 2. ,y;iy
2
fle;j 12 khjq;q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
Sp
ec
P18a mjpAau; njhopy; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjr
mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupa
guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid
Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy;
MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F
milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
1
,y;iy
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy;
<Lgl;bUg;gtH
15
Mk;
P26
njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
14
13
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G bg;Nshkh
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPlL; Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>
njhopypdw; p tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>
njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>
rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;
<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gpsi
; sfs;> NtW
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
12
thuq;fs;
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
im
en
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpjj
; pa
juk; 2 rpjj
; p
juk; 3 rpjj
; p
juk; 4 rpjj
; p
juk; 5 rpjj
; p
juk; 6 rpjj
; p
juk; 7 rpjj
; p
juk; 8 rpjj
; p
juk; 9 rpjj
; p
juk; 10 rpjj
; p
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P24
khjk;
egupd; jfty;fs;
P0
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
1
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpgg
; tH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpff
; hjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
ngau;
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
P2b
P3
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P14
,dj;njhFjp
1
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ
Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
06
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
07
P4
02
03
04
05
08
09
10
11
12
ghy;
1
Mz;
ngz;
2
P5 gpwe;j jpfjp
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ij
kjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;
khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
P9 FbAupik
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd;
‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau;
77
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
P6
P10
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
gpwg;gpd;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk;
mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;
iuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk;
777
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P11
toikahf
kahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; ffhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
P7
Sp
P12
1
2
3
4
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb
ghtpgg; tHfs; mtw;iwg;
ghtpfF
; k;NghJ)
((b)) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs;
ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg;
ght
ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy;
my;yJ ftdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ
Fspjj; y; Nghd;w jdJ
md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
P14 ,w;F
; r; nry;f
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P15
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G
trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk;
FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
4
5
6
7
rkak;
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
98
tUlq;fs;
tpthf me;j];J
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd
fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy;
vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;sy;
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskplL
; > P14
; f; Fiwthapd>; ‘00’ vdf;
,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpwF
Fwp
NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy
wpff; Tk;. Nt
jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J
Fwpgg; plTk;.
fhyj;ijf; Fw
khjk;
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
88
2
(c) FWe;
F Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ
12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ
,wq;Fjy;
gpwe;jjpypUe;J
tUlk;
njupahJ
1
ec
im
en
01
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;>
jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk;
njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf;
Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
4
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
xUNghJk; KbahJ
P2a
P8
,lu;ghL cz;L
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
,lu;ghby;iy
P1
2
3
P13
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd
fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P16
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj;
jpdKk; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ>
,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?
Mk;
1
,y;iy
2
nghUj;jkpy;iy
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P17 Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpjj; pnaa;jpa
mjpAau; guPli
; riaf; Fwpgg; pLf.
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ
jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F
milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd;
‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpjj; paile;Js;sJ
guPli
; rnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapwr; pj; jifikf;fhd
; rf;F milahskpLf.
guPli
; rfs; jtpue; j; ) nghUj;jkhd guPli
P21
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jiz
ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;il
ntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52
thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhopy;
88
00
01
02
03
A.
rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B.
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C.
04
05
D.
06
07
E.
08
09
F.
10
11
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
nkhj;jk;:
16
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5
2
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;F
Fr;r; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;wFr;
Fr; nry;yTk;.
P22
998
jifikfs; ,y;iy
P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;
n wplk; vdpd>;
P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
yTk;.
fle;j 12 khjq;ffsp
spy; VjhtJ Ntiyap
Ntiy y; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;
njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;iffiaj; njspthf
tpgupff; . mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy; Nritapy;
<Lgl;lll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf;
Fwpggp
gg; plTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;iffahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J
gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH>
,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp
nkhj;j;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid
KfhikahsH
Nghd;wit.
fhik
tuh?
P18b Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh
P23a njhopy;
1
Mk;
,y;iy
2
NgRk;
1. Mk;
jpwd;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
1. Mk;
Mq;fpyk;
jkpo;
rpq;fsk;
P19 NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld;
vOjTk;> thrpff
; Tk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg;
nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jl
P L
; f.
P20
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk;
Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh
vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd
tpilf;F milahskpLf.
5
nghUj;jkpyi
; y
3
P25
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
1
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
6
1
2
2
3
4
5
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
X
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
Nti
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
1
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
fs;
8
2
3
4
5
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk;
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy>;
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if>
Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j
tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L
Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
P27
7
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’
,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ
Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J
,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy
00
mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd;
vz;zpfi
; f
P28
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
00
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy
capUld; cs;stHfspd;
vz;zpf;if
P29 filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;
gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;
njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;
Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk;
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC
Njapiyj; njhopwr; hiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh
tpjj; pahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Mk;
,y;iy
GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
P23b nghUshjhu
thrpff; 2. ,y;iy
2
fle;j 12 khjq;q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
Sp
ec
P18a mjpAau; njhopy; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjr
mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupa
guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid
Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy;
MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F
milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
1
,y;iy
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy;
<Lgl;bUg;gtH
15
Mk;
P26
njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
14
13
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G bg;Nshkh
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPlL; Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>
njhopypdw; p tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>
njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>
rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;
<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gpsi
; sfs;> NtW
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
12
thuq;fs;
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
im
en
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpjj
; pa
juk; 2 rpjj
; p
juk; 3 rpjj
; p
juk; 4 rpjj
; p
juk; 5 rpjj
; p
juk; 6 rpjj
; p
juk; 7 rpjj
; p
juk; 8 rpjj
; p
juk; 9 rpjj
; p
juk; 10 rpjj
; p
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P24
khjk;
egupd; jfty;fs;
P0
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
1
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpgg
; tH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpff
; hjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
ngau;
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
P2b
P3
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P14
,dj;njhFjp
1
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ
Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
06
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
07
P4
02
03
04
05
08
09
10
11
12
ghy;
1
Mz;
ngz;
2
P5 gpwe;j jpfjp
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ij
kjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;
khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
P9 FbAupik
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd;
‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau;
77
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
P6
P10
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
gpwg;gpd;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk;
mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;
iuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk;
777
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P11
toikahf
kahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; ffhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
P7
Sp
P12
1
2
3
6
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb
ghtpgg; tHfs; mtw;iwg;
ghtpfF
; k;NghJ)
((b)) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs;
ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg;
ght
ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy;
my;yJ ftdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ
Fspjj; y; Nghd;w jdJ
md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
P14 ,w;F
; r; nry;f
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P15
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G
trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk;
FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
4
5
6
7
rkak;
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
98
tUlq;fs;
tpthf me;j];J
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd
fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy;
vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;sy;
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskplL
; > P14
; f; Fiwthapd>; ‘00’ vdf;
,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpwF
Fwp
NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy
wpff; Tk;. Nt
jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J
Fwpgg; plTk;.
fhyj;ijf; Fw
khjk;
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
88
2
(c) FWe;
F Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ
12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ
,wq;Fjy;
gpwe;jjpypUe;J
tUlk;
njupahJ
1
ec
im
en
01
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;>
jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk;
njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf;
Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
4
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
xUNghJk; KbahJ
P2a
P8
,lu;ghL cz;L
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
,lu;ghby;iy
P1
2
3
P13
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
P16
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj; jpdKk;
Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ> ,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd
fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mk;
1
,y;iy
2
nghUj;jkpy;iy
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P17 Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpjj; pnaa;jpa
mjpAau; guPli
; riaf; Fwpgg; pLf.
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ
jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F
milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd;
‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpjj; paile;Js;sJ
guPli
; rnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapwr; pj; jifikf;fhd
; rf;F milahskpLf.
guPli
; rfs; jtpue; j; ) nghUj;jkhd guPli
P21
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jiz
ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;il
ntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52
thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhopy;
88
00
01
02
03
A.
rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B.
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C.
04
05
D.
06
07
E.
08
09
F.
10
11
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
nkhj;jk;:
16
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5
2
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;F
Fr;r; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;wFr;
Fr; nry;yTk;.
P22
998
jifikfs; ,y;iy
P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;
n wplk; vdpd>;
P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
yTk;.
fle;j 12 khjq;ffsp
spy; VjhtJ Ntiyap
Ntiy y; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;
njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;iffiaj; njspthf
tpgupff; . mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy; Nritapy;
<Lgl;lll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf;
Fwpggp
gg; plTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;iffahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J
gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH>
,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp
nkhj;j;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid
KfhikahsH
Nghd;wit.
fhik
tuh?
P18b Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh
P23a njhopy;
1
Mk;
,y;iy
2
NgRk;
1. Mk;
jpwd;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
1. Mk;
Mq;fpyk;
jkpo;
rpq;fsk;
P19 NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld;
vOjTk;> thrpff
; Tk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg;
nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jl
P L
; f.
P20
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk;
Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh
vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd
tpilf;F milahskpLf.
7
nghUj;jkpyi
; y
3
P25
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
1
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
6
1
2
2
3
4
5
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
X
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
Nti
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
1
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
fs;
8
2
3
4
5
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk;
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy>;
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if>
Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j
tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L
Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
P27
7
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’
,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ
Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J
,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy
00
mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd;
vz;zpfi
; f
P28
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
00
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy
capUld; cs;stHfspd;
vz;zpf;if
P29 filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;
gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;
njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;
Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk;
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC
Njapiyj; njhopwr; hiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh
tpjj; pahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Mk;
,y;iy
GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
P23b nghUshjhu
thrpff; 2. ,y;iy
2
fle;j 12 khjq;q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
Sp
ec
P18a mjpAau; njhopy; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjr
mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupa
guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid
Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy;
MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F
milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
1
,y;iy
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy;
<Lgl;bUg;gtH
15
Mk;
P26
njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
14
13
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G bg;Nshkh
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPlL; Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>
njhopypdw; p tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>
njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>
rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;
<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gpsi
; sfs;> NtW
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
12
thuq;fs;
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
im
en
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpjj
; pa
juk; 2 rpjj
; p
juk; 3 rpjj
; p
juk; 4 rpjj
; p
juk; 5 rpjj
; p
juk; 6 rpjj
; p
juk; 7 rpjj
; p
juk; 8 rpjj
; p
juk; 9 rpjj
; p
juk; 10 rpjj
; p
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P24
khjk;
egupd; jfty;fs;
P0
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
1
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpgg
; tH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpff
; hjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
ngau;
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
P2b
P3
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P14
,dj;njhFjp
1
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ
Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
06
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
07
P4
02
03
04
05
08
09
10
11
12
ghy;
1
Mz;
ngz;
2
P5 gpwe;j jpfjp
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ij
kjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;
khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
P9 FbAupik
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd;
‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau;
77
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
P6
P10
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
gpwg;gpd;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk;
mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;
iuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk;
777
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P11
toikahf
kahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; ffhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
P7
Sp
P12
1
2
3
8
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb
ghtpgg; tHfs; mtw;iwg;
ghtpfF
; k;NghJ)
((b)) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs;
ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg;
ght
ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy;
my;yJ ftdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ
Fspjj; y; Nghd;w jdJ
md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
P14 ,w;F
; r; nry;f
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P15
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G
trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk;
FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
4
5
6
7
rkak;
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
98
tUlq;fs;
tpthf me;j];J
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd
fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy;
vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;sy;
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskplL
; > P14
; f; Fiwthapd>; ‘00’ vdf;
,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpwF
Fwp
NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy
wpff; Tk;. Nt
jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J
Fwpgg; plTk;.
fhyj;ijf; Fw
khjk;
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
88
2
(c) FWe;
F Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ
12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ
,wq;Fjy;
gpwe;jjpypUe;J
tUlk;
njupahJ
1
ec
im
en
01
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;>
jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk;
njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf;
Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
4
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
xUNghJk; KbahJ
P2a
P8
,lu;ghL cz;L
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
,lu;ghby;iy
P1
2
3
P13
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd
fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P16
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj;
jpdKk; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ>
,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?
Mk;
1
,y;iy
2
nghUj;jkpy;iy
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P17 Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpjj; pnaa;jpa
mjpAau; guPli
; riaf; Fwpgg; pLf.
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ
jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F
milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd;
‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpjj; paile;Js;sJ
guPli
; rnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapwr; pj; jifikf;fhd
; rf;F milahskpLf.
guPli
; rfs; jtpue; j; ) nghUj;jkhd guPli
P21
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jiz
ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;il
ntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52
thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhopy;
88
00
01
02
03
A.
rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B.
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C.
04
05
D.
06
07
E.
08
09
F.
10
11
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
nkhj;jk;:
16
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5
2
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;F
Fr;r; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;wFr;
Fr; nry;yTk;.
P22
998
jifikfs; ,y;iy
P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;
n wplk; vdpd>;
P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
yTk;.
fle;j 12 khjq;ffsp
spy; VjhtJ Ntiyap
Ntiy y; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;
njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;iffiaj; njspthf
tpgupff; . mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy; Nritapy;
<Lgl;lll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf;
Fwpggp
gg; plTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;iffahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J
gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH>
,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp
nkhj;j;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid
KfhikahsH
Nghd;wit.
fhik
tuh?
P18b Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh
P23a njhopy;
1
Mk;
,y;iy
2
NgRk;
1. Mk;
jpwd;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
1. Mk;
Mq;fpyk;
jkpo;
rpq;fsk;
P19 NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld;
vOjTk;> thrpff
; Tk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg;
nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jl
P L
; f.
P20
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk;
Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh
vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd
tpilf;F milahskpLf.
9
nghUj;jkpyi
; y
3
P25
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
1
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
6
1
2
2
3
4
5
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
X
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
Nti
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
1
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
fs;
8
2
3
4
5
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk;
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy>;
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if>
Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j
tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L
Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
P27
7
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’
,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ
Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J
,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy
00
mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd;
vz;zpfi
; f
P28
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
00
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy
capUld; cs;stHfspd;
vz;zpf;if
P29 filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;
gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;
njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;
Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk;
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC
Njapiyj; njhopwr; hiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh
tpjj; pahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Mk;
,y;iy
GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
P23b nghUshjhu
thrpff; 2. ,y;iy
2
fle;j 12 khjq;q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
Sp
ec
P18a mjpAau; njhopy; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjr
mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupa
guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid
Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy;
MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F
milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
1
,y;iy
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy;
<Lgl;bUg;gtH
15
Mk;
P26
njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
14
13
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G bg;Nshkh
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPlL; Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>
njhopypdw; p tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>
njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>
rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;
<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gpsi
; sfs;> NtW
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
12
thuq;fs;
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
im
en
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpjj
; pa
juk; 2 rpjj
; p
juk; 3 rpjj
; p
juk; 4 rpjj
; p
juk; 5 rpjj
; p
juk; 6 rpjj
; p
juk; 7 rpjj
; p
juk; 8 rpjj
; p
juk; 9 rpjj
; p
juk; 10 rpjj
; p
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P24
khjk;
egupd; jfty;fs;
P0
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
1
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpgg
; tH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpff
; hjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
ngau;
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
P2b
01
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ
Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
06
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
07
02
03
04
05
08
09
10
11
12
ghy;
1
Mz;
ngz;
2
P5 gpwe;j jpfjp
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ij
kjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;
khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
,yq;ifau;
77
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
4
5
6
7
8
9
P10
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
P11
P12
1
2
3
toikahf
kahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; ffhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
10
98
P14 ,w;F
; r; nry;f
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
((b)) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs;
ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg;
ght
ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy;
my;yJ ftdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ
Fspjj; y; Nghd;w jdJ
md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P15
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G
trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk;
FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
5
7
2
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb
ghtpgg; tHfs; mtw;iwg;
ghtpfF
; k;NghJ)
4
6
1
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd
fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy;
vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;sy;
tUlq;fs;
rkak;
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
88
gpwg;gpd;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk;
mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;
iuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk;
777
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
khjk;
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
njupahJ
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskplL
; > P14
; f; Fiwthapd>; ‘00’ vdf;
,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpwF
Fwp
NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy
wpff; Tk;. Nt
jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J
Fwpgg; plTk;.
fhyj;ijf; Fw
tpthf me;j];J
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;>
jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk;
njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf;
Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
(c) FWe;
F Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ
12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ
,wq;Fjy;
Sp
tUlk;
P7
3
P9 FbAupik
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd;
‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
gpwe;jjpypUe;J
P6
2
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
P4
1
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
ec
im
en
P3
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P14
,dj;njhFjp
xUNghJk; KbahJ
P2a
P8
,lu;ghL cz;L
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
,lu;ghby;iy
P1
2
3
P13
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
P16
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj; jpdKk;
Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ> ,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd
fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mk;
1
,y;iy
2
nghUj;jkpy;iy
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P17 Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpjj; pnaa;jpa
mjpAau; guPli
; riaf; Fwpgg; pLf.
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ
jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F
milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd;
‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpjj; paile;Js;sJ
guPli
; rnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapwr; pj; jifikf;fhd
; rf;F milahskpLf.
guPli
; rfs; jtpue; j; ) nghUj;jkhd guPli
P21
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jiz
ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;il
ntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52
thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhopy;
88
00
01
02
03
A.
rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B.
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C.
04
05
D.
06
07
E.
08
09
F.
10
11
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
nkhj;jk;:
16
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5
2
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;F
Fr;r; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;wFr;
Fr; nry;yTk;.
P22
998
jifikfs; ,y;iy
P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;
n wplk; vdpd>;
P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
yTk;.
fle;j 12 khjq;ffsp
spy; VjhtJ Ntiyap
Ntiy y; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;
njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;iffiaj; njspthf
tpgupff; . mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy; Nritapy;
<Lgl;lll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf;
Fwpggp
gg; plTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;iffahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J
gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH>
,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp
nkhj;j;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid
KfhikahsH
Nghd;wit.
fhik
tuh?
P18b Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh
P23a njhopy;
1
Mk;
,y;iy
2
NgRk;
1. Mk;
jpwd;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
1. Mk;
Mq;fpyk;
jkpo;
rpq;fsk;
P19 NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld;
vOjTk;> thrpff
; Tk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg;
nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jl
P L
; f.
P20
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk;
Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh
vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd
tpilf;F milahskpLf.
11
nghUj;jkpyi
; y
3
P25
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
1
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
6
1
2
2
3
4
5
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
X
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
Nti
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
1
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
fs;
8
2
3
4
5
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk;
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy>;
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if>
Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j
tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L
Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
P27
7
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’
,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ
Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J
,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy
00
mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd;
vz;zpfi
; f
P28
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
00
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy
capUld; cs;stHfspd;
vz;zpf;if
P29 filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;
gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;
njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;
Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk;
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC
Njapiyj; njhopwr; hiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh
tpjj; pahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Mk;
,y;iy
GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
P23b nghUshjhu
thrpff; 2. ,y;iy
2
fle;j 12 khjq;q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
Sp
ec
P18a mjpAau; njhopy; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjr
mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupa
guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid
Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy;
MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F
milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
1
,y;iy
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy;
<Lgl;bUg;gtH
15
Mk;
P26
njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
14
13
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G bg;Nshkh
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPlL; Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>
njhopypdw; p tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>
njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>
rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;
<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gpsi
; sfs;> NtW
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
12
thuq;fs;
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
im
en
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpjj
; pa
juk; 2 rpjj
; p
juk; 3 rpjj
; p
juk; 4 rpjj
; p
juk; 5 rpjj
; p
juk; 6 rpjj
; p
juk; 7 rpjj
; p
juk; 8 rpjj
; p
juk; 9 rpjj
; p
juk; 10 rpjj
; p
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P24
khjk;
egupd; jfty;fs;
P0
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
1
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpgg
; tH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpff
; hjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
ngau;
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
P2b
01
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ
Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
06
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
07
02
03
04
05
08
09
10
11
12
ghy;
1
Mz;
ngz;
2
P5 gpwe;j jpfjp
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ij
kjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;
khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
,yq;ifau;
77
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
4
5
6
7
8
9
P10
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
P11
P12
1
2
3
toikahf
kahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; ffhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
12
98
P14 ,w;F
; r; nry;f
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
((b)) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs;
ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg;
ght
ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy;
my;yJ ftdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ
Fspjj; y; Nghd;w jdJ
md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P15
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G
trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk;
FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
5
7
2
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb
ghtpgg; tHfs; mtw;iwg;
ghtpfF
; k;NghJ)
4
6
1
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd
fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy;
vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;sy;
tUlq;fs;
rkak;
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
88
gpwg;gpd;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk;
mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;
iuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk;
777
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
khjk;
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
njupahJ
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskplL
; > P14
,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpwF
; f; Fiwthapd>; ‘00’ vdf;
Fwp
NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy
wpff; Tk;. Nt
jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J
Fwpgg; plTk;.
fhyj;ijf; Fw
tpthf me;j];J
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;>
jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk;
njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf;
Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
(c) FWe;
F Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ
12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ
,wq;Fjy;
Sp
tUlk;
P7
3
P9 FbAupik
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd;
‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd;
ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
gpwe;jjpypUe;J
P6
2
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
P4
1
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
ec
im
en
P3
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P14
,dj;njhFjp
xUNghJk; KbahJ
P2a
P8
,lu;ghL cz;L
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
,lu;ghby;iy
P1
2
3
P13
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd
fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P16
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj;
jpdKk; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ>
,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?
Mk;
1
,y;iy
2
nghUj;jkpy;iy
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P17 Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpjj; pnaa;jpa
mjpAau; guPli
; riaf; Fwpgg; pLf.
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ
jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F
milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd;
‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpjj; paile;Js;sJ
guPli
; rnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapwr; pj; jifikf;fhd
; rf;F milahskpLf.
guPli
; rfs; jtpue; j; ) nghUj;jkhd guPli
njhopy;
00
01
02
03
A.
rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B.
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C.
04
05
D.
06
07
E.
08
09
F.
10
11
16
5
2
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;
yyTk
yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;Fr; nry;
ry;yTk;.
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
P22
998
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk;
fyJk; ntw;wplk;k vdpd>;
P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; VjhtJ Ntiyapy; <Lgl;
< bUe;jhy;
njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;ifiaj; njspthf
tpgupff; . mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwa
Jiwapy; Nritapy;
<Lgl;l egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; nga
ngau;Æ njhopiyf;
Fwpgg; plTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;ifahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J
gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtp
vO idQH> fzpj MrpupaH>
,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp
nkhj;j tpahghup
hg > tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid
KfhikahsH Nghd;wit.
Sp
P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
P18b Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh?
P23a
P23 njhopy;
1
Mk;
,y;iy
2
NgRk;
1. Mk;
jpwd;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
1. Mk;
Mq;fpyk;
jkpo;
rpq;fsk;
P19 NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld;
vOjTk;> thrpff
; Tk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg;
nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jl
P L
; f.
P20
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk;
Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh
vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd
tpilf;F milahskpLf.
13
nghUj;jkpyi
; y
3
P25
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
1
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
6
1
2
2
3
4
5
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
Ntiy
y nra;
nr a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
Nrit
r%f Nri
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
ghlr
1
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
fs;
8
2
3
4
5
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk;
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy>;
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if>
Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j
tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L
Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
P27
7
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’
,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ
Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J
,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy
00
mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd;
vz;zpfi
; f
P28
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
00
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy
capUld; cs;stHfspd;
vz;zpf;if
P29 filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;
gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;
njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;
Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
tUlk;
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC
Njapiyj; njhopwr; hiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh
tpjj; pahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
6
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Mk;
,y;iy
GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
P23b nghUshjhu
thrpff; 2. ,y;iy
2
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhop
njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
ec
P18a mjpAau; njhopy; jifik
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjr
mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupa
guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid
Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy;
MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F
milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
1
,y;iy
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy;
<Lgl;bUg;gtH
nkhj;jk;:
Mk;
P26
njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
15
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
im
en
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
14
13
thuq;fs;
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPlL; Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>
njhopypdw; p tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>
njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>
rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;
<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gpsi
; sfs;> NtW
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
12
gl;lg;gpdg
; bg;G bg;Nshkh
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jiz
ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;il
ntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52
thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
88
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpjj
; pa
juk; 2 rpjj
; p
juk; 3 rpjj
; p
juk; 4 rpjj
; p
juk; 5 rpjj
; p
juk; 6 rpjj
; p
juk; 7 rpjj
; p
juk; 8 rpjj
; p
juk; 9 rpjj
; p
juk; 10 rpjj
; p
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
jifikfs; ,y;iy
P21
P24
khjk;
trpf;Fk; tPl;Lf;$Wf;F khj;jpuk;
• epue;jukhf trpg;gjw;fy;yhJ 6 khjq;fSf;Ff; $ba fhyk; ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;s egu;fspd; jfty;fis ,q;F gjpaTk;.
• 6 khjq;fSf;Ff; Fiwthf ntspehLfspy; trpf;Fk; mq;fj;jtHfspd; jfty;fs; Vw;fdNt tpgukhfg; gjpag;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,q;F gjpag;gl Ntz;bajp;y;iy
• vg;NghJk; Fbj;jdj;jpd; filrp egiug; gjpe;j gbtj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,j;jfty;fisg; gjpaTk;.
M0 ,f;Fbj;jd mq;fj;jtHfs; ahuhtJ jpUk;gp trpff; tUk; vz;zj;jpy; 6 khjj;jpwF
; $ba fhyk; ntspehl;bw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sduh?
Mk;
1
,y;iy
2
Fbj;jdj; jfty;fs; H1 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
M1. ngau;
M2 . ghy;
1. Mz;
M3. filrpg;
M4 . trpfF
; k; ehl;bd; ngaUk; FwpaL
P k;
gpwe;jjpdj;jpy;
(ehl;bd; ngaiu vOjp mjd; Fwpal
P i
; lf;
taJ (tUlq;fspy);
Fwpgg
; plTk;)
M5 . ntspehL nrd;wjw;fhd fhuzk;
1. njhopy; 2. fy;tp 3. Vidait
2. ngz;
1.
1
2
1
2
3
2.
1
2
1
2
3
3.
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
5.
1
2
1
2
3
6.
1
2
1
2
3
4.
tPl;Ltrjpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;
H1
Fbj;jdj;jpy; toikahf
trpg;Nghupd; vz;zpf;if
H2
FbePH ngWk; gpujhd khHf;fk;
fpzW
tstpw;Fs; ghJfhg;ghd fpzW
tstpwF
; ntspNa ghJfhg;ghd fpzW
ghJfhg;gw;w fpzW
Foha; %ykhd ePH (gpujhd ,izg;G)
Vida %yq;fs;
H4
01
02
03
fpuhkpa ePu;toq;fy;; cj;Njrj; jpl;lk;;
Foha;f; fpzW
ngsrH
Fsk;ÆMWÆmUtpÆFl;ilÆCw;W Nghd;wd
kio ePH
Nghj;jypy; milf;fg;gl;l ePH
Vidait (Fwpgg; pLf)
kpd;rhuk; - Njrpa kpd;rf;jp tiyaikg;G
1
kpd;rhuk; - fpuhkpa ePu; kpd;rf;;jp
cj;Njrj; jpl;lk;
2
kz;nzz;nza;
#upa rf;jp
capupay; thA
Vidait (Fwp
wpg;gpLf)
3
4
5
6
05
06
H5
1
FbapUg;ghsuhy; $l;Lg;gris
jahupf;fg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
4
FbapUg;ghsuhy; tPjpapy;ÆMw;wpy;Æ
mUtpapy;Æflypy;Æfsg;gpy;Æfhl;by; tPRjy;
Vidait(Fwpg;gpLf)
5
H8
$wpDs;
wpDs
07
088
09
110
11
12
13
,f;Fbj;jdj;jpd; ghtidf;F khj;jpuk;
NtW Fbj;jdj;Jld; NrHe;j ghtid
2
3
6
1
Fbj;jd mq;fj;jtH xUtUf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhdJ
,f;Fbj;jdj;jpd; ghtidf;F khj;jpuk;
3
thliff;FÆ Fj;jiff;F
muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ
NtW Fbj;jdj;Jld;
Nru;ej
; ghtid
4
thliff;FÆ Fj;jiff;F
jdpahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ
$Wf;
Wf;F ntspNa
4
5
6
H6
2
3
4
5
mj;JkPwpf; FbNawpaJ
5
6
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
6
7
1
3
1
thlifaw;wJ
Vidait
H7 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
2
tPl;L cupik
2
rikaYf;fhd gpujhd vupnghUs;
14
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspdhy; Nrfupj;jy;
FbapUg;ghsuhy; vupj;jy;
FbapUg;ghsuhy; tstpw;Fs; Gijj;jy;
kyry$l t
trjpfs;
nghJ kyry$lk;
kyry$lk; gad;gLj;Jtjpyi
; y
tpwF
kz;nzz;nza;
vupthA
kpd;rhuk;
kuj;J}s;Æ ckp
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
jpz;kf; fopTfis mfw;Wk; gpujhd khHf;fk;
04
kyry$lk; ,y;iynadpDk;
NtW Fbj;jdj;Jld; NrHe;j ghtid
H3
H
H7
ntspr;r%l;Lk; gpujhd khu;f;fk;
Sp
tPl;bw;;Fs; ePu;f; Foha;
tPlb; w;F ntspNa tstpwF
; s; ePuf; ; Foha;
tstpw;F ntspNa ePu;f; Foha;
ec
im
en
• rfy Fbj;jdq;fSf;Fk; Fbj;jdj; jfty;fisg; gjpf.
• vg;nghOJk; Fbj;jdj;jpy; ,Wjpahf cs;s egH gjpag;g
gl;
l;l gbtj;jpy; khj;
kh jpuk; Fbj;jdq;fspd; jfty;fisg; gjpf.
Fbj;jdj; jfty;fs;
kyry$lj;jpd; jd;ik
ePuilg;G kw;Wk; FopAld;Æ
fopTj; njhl;bAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ
1
ePuilg;G kw;Wk; Foha; %ykhd
fopePNuhilAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
2
ePubj;J Cw;Wjy; (ePuilg;gy;yhj)
Neubf; Fop
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
3
4
5
H9
H11a tPlb
; w;F ntspNaahd ,lnkhd;wpypUe;J
$wpy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cgfuzq;fs;
,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbAkh?
xt;nthU cgfuz vz;zpfi
; ff;Fk; cupathW epwe;jl
P L
; f.
cgfuzq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
cgfuzq;fs;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
H10
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
thndhyp
njhiyf;fhl;rp
epiyahd njhiyNgrp
ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp
Nkirf; fzdp (Desktop)
kbf; fzdp (Laptop)
njhiyefy; ,ae;jpuk;
ntspNaahd ,lnkhd;wpypUe;J
,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhapd; vq;fpUe;J?
cupa vy;yh ,lq;fisAk; epwe;jPl;Lf
mYtyfk;
mwptfk; (edry)
njhiyj;njhlHG epiyaq;fs;
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
2
3
4
2
• tPl;Lf;$nwhd;wpw;fhf xUKiw khj;jpuk; $wpd; jfty;fisg; gjpaTk;.
• tPlL
; f; $nwhd;wpy; xU Fbj;jdk; kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; mjpy; filrp egiu gjpAk; gbtj;jpYk;> Fbj;jdq;fs; xd;Wf;F mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd; filrpf; Fbj;jdj;jpd; filrp
egiug; gjpAk; gbtj;jpYk; $wpd; jfty;fs; gjpag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
U2
$wpy; toikahf trpf;Fk; egHfspd; vz;zpf;if
U3
epHkhzpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gpujhd nghUl;fs;
A. Rtu;fs;
nrq;fy;
rPnke;Jf;fy;Æ fUq;fy;
fg+f;fy;
mKf;fpa kzw;fy;
fspkz;
fpLFÆ gidNahiy
gyifÆ jfuk;
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
B. jiu
rPnke;J
nuwhNrhÆjiuNahLÆfpwidl;
fspkz;
kuk;
kzy;
nfhq;fpwPl;
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
U6
$wpd; tif
01
02
trpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;
trpgg; jw;Fk; tu;
; k;
tujj; fj;jpwF
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
U5 epHkhzpj;j tUlk;
g+Hj;jp nra;ahJ FbNawp trpfF
; k; $whapd; Kjd;
Kjypy; FbNawpa tUlj;ijf; Fwpgg; pLf.
U8
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
2
3
4
5
6
7
U7
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
miwfs;
jdpaiw tPL
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l miwfs;
1
2
mLj;j $Wf;Fr; nry;yTk;
miwfsp
miwfspd; vz;zpf;if
,q;F Fwpgg
; plg;gLk; xt;nthU miw tiffspd; vz;zpfi
; ff;Nfw;wthW epwe;jl
P L
; f.
miwfspd; vz;zpfi
; f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
miwfspd; tif
1. gLf;ifaiwfs;
2. trpf;Fk;Æ rhg;ghl;L miwfs;
3. rikayiwfs;Æghd;wPfs;
4. mYtyf miwfs;
5. trpg;gjw;fhd NtW miwfs;
Vida jfty;fs;
01
1
$wpd;
d ghtid
Sp
jdp tPL - xw;iwj; jsk;
jdp tPL - ,uz;L jsq;fs;
jdp tPL - ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l jsq;fs;;
Jiz tPL (mndf;];)
njhlHkhb tPL
Mlk;gu khbtPL
,iz tPL
tupir tPLÆ yak;
FbirÆ Nrup tPLfs;
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
C. $i
$iu
XL
m];ng];u];
nfhq;fpwPl;
mYkpdpaj; jfL
jfuk;
fpLFÆ gidNahiyÆ itf;Nfhy;
Vidait (Fwpg;gplTk;)
ec
im
en
$wpYs;s Fbj;jdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
15
1
1
U1
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004 - 2000
1999 - 1995
1994 - 1990
1989 - 1980
1979 ck; mjw;F Kd;Gk;
2
H11b tPl;bw;F
tPl;bypUe;J ,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbAkh?
tPl;Lf;$wpd; jfty;fs;;
1
Mk;
,y;iy
$wpd; jftYf;Fr; nry;f
Mk;
,y;iy
U4
4
9
16
ec
im
en
Sp