ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ )(۴۰-۳۴۲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﺮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ۱۳۸۷ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﻴﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﺭﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ :٥ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ،ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ -١ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ،ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﻓﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ .ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ ،ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ Rasterﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ،ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺗﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺍﻍ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻳﻢ .ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ. ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻱ CCIR601ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ .ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻴﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ) (HDTVﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ. -٢ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺗﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ،ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ،ﻧﺮﺥ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ٦٠ﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻫﺮ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﺎﹰ ٣ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ،ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ( ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ Rasterﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ Rasterﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ،ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ )ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ (CRTﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺩ .ﺧﻂ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ،ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎﹰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ( .ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺒﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎﹰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. 1 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 -٢-٢ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ٣٠ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺷﻴﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﭼﺸﻤﻚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ ،ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﺸﻤﻚ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ٦٠ﻗﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ 1 ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ 60 1 1 ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺮ 30 60 ﭼﺸﻤﻚ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﭼﺸﻤﻚ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ .ﭼﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﺪ. 1 30 ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ،ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺵ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ٢٦٢/٥ﺧﻂ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﭼﺸﻢ ،ﭼﺸﻤﻚ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ .ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ،ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮﺩ .ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ،ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﺷﮑﻞ :۱ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎﯼ Progressiveﻭ Interlaced -۳-۲ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ NTSC ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ٣٠ ،NTSCﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﻫﺮ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ٥٢٥ﺧﻂ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺧﻄﻲ ۶۳.۵ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ١٠msﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ٥٣/٥msﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ۱۳۳۳ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ٢١ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ،ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ۴۸۳ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ٤ﺧﻂ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺷﻜﻞ ٢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ NTSCﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ. 2 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 ﺷﻜﻞ : ٢ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ NTSC -۴-۲ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ Rasterﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺧﻂ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ،ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﺏ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰﻻ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ Kellﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ Kﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺩﻭﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ Kﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ٧ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ Kellﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ: ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ 53.5ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ١ﺑﻌﺪﻱ rasterﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ 4.2 MHZﺍﺳﺖ. -۵-۲ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ 1 ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﻫﺮ 30 ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ،ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ،ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ٤/٥MHzﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ٤/٢MHzﻣﻌﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ،ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺪ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ .ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. 3 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 -٣ﺍﺯ ﺗﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ .ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻭﻻﹰ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ. ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ،ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺷﻜﻞ ،٣ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ،ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ. ﺷﻜﻞ :٣ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ،ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ ،ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ) (Yﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ ) (Q,Iﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ،ﺭﻧﮓ ،ﺻﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ Q ،I ،Yﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ B ،G ،Rﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ. ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ :ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ NTSCﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ PALﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﭼﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ SECAMﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ،ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ،ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ .ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ] [١ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ. -۱-۳ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ،ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ٢ :١ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻭ ﭘﺨﺶ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ NTSCﻧﺮﺥ ﻗﺎﺏ ٥٩/٩٤HZﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ٥٢٥ﺧﻂ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻧﺮﺥ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ٦٠ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ PALﻭ SECAMﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻗﺎﺏ ٥٠ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻭ ٦٢٥ﺧﻂ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺪﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﭼﺸﻤﻚ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ 4 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ٤:٣ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ PAL ،NTSCﻭ SECAMﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ١ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. ﺟﺪﻭﻝ :۱ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﯼ PAL ،NTSCﻭ SECAM -۲-۳ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻨﺪ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ،ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺯ RGBﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ،ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻧﮓ /ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ YIQﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ XYZ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ،ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ RGBﻭ ،YIQﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ Yﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ RGBﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﺔ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ Iﻭ Qﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪﻥ ٣٣ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ B – Yﻭ R – Yﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ) .ﺷﻜﻞ I (٤ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﻲ – ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻭ Qﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ – ﺍﺭﻏﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﭼﻮﻥ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺳﺒﺰ – ﺍﺭﻏﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺯﺭﺩ – ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ Qﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ I ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ. 5 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 ﺷﮑﻞ :۴ﻃﻴﻔﻬﺎﯼ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ YIQﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ NTSCﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ RGBﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ: ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ RGBﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ YIQﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﻨﺪ: ﻛﻪ B ،G ،Rﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻩ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ) ١ﻭ ١ﻭ (R,G,B) =(١ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ NTSC ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ YIQﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ،NTSCﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ Iﻭ Qﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻧﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ Iﻭ Qﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ Iﻫﻤﻔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ Qﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ٣-٤ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. -۳-۳ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ٢-٤ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ NTSCﺗﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ .ﺩﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ٤/٢ﻣﮕﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ،ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺕ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎﹰ ،ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ ﭼﺸﻢ 6 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﻲ – ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰ – ﺍﺭﻏﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ Iﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ١/٥MHzﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ Qﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ٠/٥MHzﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. -۴-۳ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ،ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ،ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ،ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﺲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﺍﹰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ NTSCﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ) (QAMﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻀﺮﺏ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ :ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺏ( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺝ( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳﺮﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ٤/٥MHzﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺷﻜﻞ ٥ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻴﻤﻢ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺭﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ٤/٥MHzﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ) (FMﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ Iﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ١/٥MHzﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺗﺎ ٥/٠٨MHzﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺻﻮﺕ ،ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ٠/٥MHzﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ Iﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ Yﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ .ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ،ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ Iﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ٠/٥MHzﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ٤/٧٥MHzﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ،VSBﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ١/٢٥MHzﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ٦MHzﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺗﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺷﻜﻞ ٥ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ NTSCﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ .ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ١ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺷﻜﻞ :٥ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻴﻤﻢ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺭﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ،ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﭘﻠﻜﺲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺻﺪﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ،ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ .ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ TVﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ 7 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ،ﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ TVﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ RCﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻳﻨﮓ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻗﻄﻊ ٣MHzﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ Iﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ [٢] ،ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ .ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ ،ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺂً ،ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ RGBﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. -۴ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ -۱-۴ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ CCIR601 ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻮﮒ ،CCIR ،ﺑﺨﺶ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ،ITU-R ،ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ CCIR601ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ. -۱-۱-۴ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ CCIR601 ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ rasterﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ،ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻧﺮﺥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ: ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ CCIR601ﻧﺮﺥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ٢ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ :ﺍﻟﻒ -ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻧﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺏ( ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ .ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ: ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ۵۵۸ﺑﺮﺍﻱ NTSCﻭ ۵۶۴ﺑﺮﺍﻱ PAL/SECAMﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ 625/50ﻭ CCIR601 525/60ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ٦ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ .ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ۴۸۰ﻭ ۵۷۶ﺩﺭ ۵۲۵ﻭ۵۶۵ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ/ﺧﻂ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ۷۲۰ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ. ﺷﮑﻞ :۶ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﻳﺪﺋﻮﯼ CCIR601 8 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 -۲-۱-۴ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ،ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ CCIR601ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ycbcrﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ] [٣ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ RGBﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ .ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ RGBﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ) (٠-٢٥٥ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ycbcrﻭ RGBﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ: ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ BAL/SECAMﻳﺎ NTSCﺩﻳﺪﻳﻢ .ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ y ،ycbcrﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ )-٢٣٥ (١٦ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ cbﻭ crﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻔﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ) (١٦-٢٤٠ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. -۳-۱-۴ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰﻻ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ۴:۲:۲ﻛﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ cbﻭ crﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ٤ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ yﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻴﺎﺯ CCIR601 ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ٤ :١:١ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ٤ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ٤ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ yﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ crﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ cbﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ،ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ crﻭ cbﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺮ ٤ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ yﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ crﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ cbﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ٤:٢:٠ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺑﺎﻻ ،ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ٤:٤:٤ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﻣﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ٧ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺷﮑﻞ :۷ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﻣﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ 9 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 -۴-۱-۴ﻧﺮﺥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ CCIR601ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ MPEG2 ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﻝ CCIR601ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ٤:٢:٢ﺍﺯ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ٢ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ yﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ٨ﺑﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ۱۶ yﺑﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﻡ Mbs۲۱۶ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ 166Mbsﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ٢ ٤:٢:٠ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ٤ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ yﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ١٢ ،yﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﻡ 162Mbsﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ 124Mbsﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ٤:٤:٤ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ٢٤ ،yﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﻡ 324Mbsﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ 249Mbsﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ CCIR601ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ٢ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ. ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ RGBﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ .ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ Y ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ٨ﺑﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﻡ 324Mbsﺭﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ .ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ،ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ. ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ CCIR601ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎ ۴:۴:۴ﻭ ۴:۲:۲ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎﹰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ۴:۲:۰ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺨﺶ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ DVDﻭ VODﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ٤:٢:٠ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ MPEG2ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎﹰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ٤:٢:٠ CCIR601ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ .ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ٤:٢:٠ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ١٢٦mbpsﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ٤-٨mbpsﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ. -۲-۴ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ،CCIR601ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ .ﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ CIFﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ITV-Tﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ CCIR601 ٤:٢:٠ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ QCIF .ﻛﻪ ﺭﺑﻊ CT-Fﻫﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ،ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺪﻳﻨﮓ TTV-T H.261ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﺖﻫﺎﻱ p×64kbpsﺑﺎ P=1,2,…,30ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ISPNﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ 64 kbpsﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ،ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ CIFﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﻡ ٣٧/٣mbpsﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ١٢٨ﺗﺎ ٣٨٤kbpsﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ QCIFﺑﺎ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﻡ ٩ .٣mbpsﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ٦٥-١٢٨kbpsﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ H.263ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ H.261ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ،ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ QCIFﺑﺎ ٢٠kbpsﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ H.261 ﺩﺭ ٦٤kbpsﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﻠﻔﻨﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻮﺩﻡ ٢٨/٨kbpsﺭﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. 1 ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ISO-MPEG (CCIR) TTVﻫﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ .ﻓﺮﻣﺖ SIF 4 ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻧﺤﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ CCR601ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺜﻞ CIFﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ cvﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﺜﻞ ٢ CCIR601ﻓﺮﻣﺖ SIFﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ SIF-25 .ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻗﺎﺏ ٣٠ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻭ ٢٤٠ﺧﻂ ﻭ SIF-625ﺏ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻗﺎﺏ ٢٥ﻭ ٢٨٨ﺧﻂ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ SIF-Iﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻛﻪ ٢:١ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢ MPEG-1ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ SIFﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﻡ ٣٠mbpsﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ١/١ mbpsﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ VHS VCRﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻧﺮﺥ ١/١mbpsﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﺷﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ CDROMﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮﺥ ١/٥mbpsﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ MPEG1ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ CDﻫﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﺩﻫﻪ ١٩٩٠ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ .ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ MPEGZﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﻨﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ،٢ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ 10 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ،ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ. ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ. ﻓﺮﻣﺖ CCIR601ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ) (DTVﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ HDTVﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ SMPTEﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ :۲ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻭﻳﺪﺋﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ٢ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ .ﻳﻚ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ HDTVﻧﺴﺒﺖ ١٦:٩ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ٤:٣ﺩﺭ SDTVﺍﺳﺖ .ﺭﺯﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺩﻭﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ MPEG2ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻳﻲ HDTVﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ٢٠mbpsﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ ٦MHzﺟﺎ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ HDTVﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ. -۵ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ -١ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ RGBﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ycbcrﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ cb ،crﻭ yﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﻫﺮ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ imshowﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ .ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ RGBﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ cb ،crﻭ Yﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ matlabﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ .ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ RGBﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ BMPﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ G ،Rﻭ Bﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ cb ،yﻭ crﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺍﺯ ” “help bmpreadﻭ ” “help imshowﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. -٢ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ YCrCbﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﺪ ،ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺖﻫﺎﻱ 4:1:1 ،4:2:2ﻭ 4:2:0ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﹼﻔﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. 11 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008 -٣ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ، ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺎﺏ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ .ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ٢ﻳﺎ ٣ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ) .ﻫﺮ ٢ﻳﺎ ٣ﺧﻂ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺷﻮﺩ( ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ .ﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻗﺎﺏ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ .ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ( ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ؟ ﭼﺮﺍ؟ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ؟ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺘﺒﺨﺶ ﺗﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺗﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ )ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ’ ‘fopenﻭ ’ ‘freadﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ(. -۶ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ [1]. B. Grob and C. Hemdon, Basic Television and Video Systems, 6th ed., Glencoe/McGraw Hills, 1999. [2]. J. F. Blinn, “NTSC: Nice Technology, Super Color”, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications Magazine, pages 17-23, Mar. 1993. [3]. A. N. Netravali and B. G. Haskell, Digital Pictures: Representation, Compression and Standards, Plenum Press, 2nd Edition, 1995. [4]. D. H. Pritchard, “US Color Television Fundamentals”, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., CE23:467-478, 1977. 12 CE 342 – Multimedia HW# 5 H. Rabiee, Fall 2008
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