41 - 62 ' ()* 1388 $% 1
!" 39
/ 0$1 2
*
/ 0$1 2
3
04 5 6
;0 ; <7 8
– 1387/9/5 :
(1387/10/23 :
" 9 " :
)
:
=
/ ? 06@ ; 0?% ; ?(
? / ? ?% A5 ' B 6 ; 0C0%
5 " B DE
/F B 75 ! 7$G / " 6% % H %0 ' IJ K6" $2 ;0 % L @" K5 / 0 6M
S?% / ? ?% O 0?63 P Q K63 " 7 ! % B RE / B 0 % . 0:
C
T5 0?" /F L ?3 ; ?< 4A5 O 063 O % G 1 % O 063 / 4
B 65 !
:
% % K5 0% / V!< O 063 / 4
B ;
/ 06@ % ; (
;U
K5 ?% . ? : ? K X?1 06 % / "O 063 B 75 !
$ F W < O 063 K6" $2 ;0
; ? 1 I?3 ; < Y Z)
) 7% C % G 1 5 E 0% ; 1 0
Q [ 101
63 ?" 7 !? % ' 6% ' 063 B 75 ! ; 0% 025 C
S% /
% \"
?% 7?
65 ?! ?Q B ]?50< K % 1 "
7*0 K5 O 063 / 4
% "
. S% ^ @6
:; : / 4_
0b % 6
-B
0b ;
-9 Y
$ -` 6a O 063 -O 063 P -;
Email: Mahmoud.Bagheri@brunel.ac.uk
.$%&! ' ()
1 0
.B
66409595: !
* + ,) - ./0 1 2 34 *%56
'$&
) * + 7+ 89:& ;<
8( 7+ =>?+ @+81
1388 $% 1
!" 39
HD+
J KB+C 6 !8BC + ,(: 1 ,:1 D @ +E F/G 1 +7 1
3I+
$) CQ,
2,3RB
V+ P
42
L$1 M 9 ND @+81 :O &B ) ; P>?+
G
7+ + M B ,:1 D @ +E
,& ; P>?+ @ 4 8L S T /U M+ , ,3! ? 1 .(Vysniauskaite,2005,p.1)
M 8:9 L8W 2, ; P>?+ 2XC 2' (:L 2@8 %Y ! )81 2Z8? 2 8
:!
$&)+ ,
%
B, V B + XC8
! '$) + 7+8%I8( J KB+ @+81 ! @ ? 1 T L+ @8L , ! $D 1 -1"
:O &B ) 2$&&!
1 MQ7+ ,\D+C
! + ,\ & C (Economic Value)@ :D+ @ 6X7 + MQ 7+ ' /:L+ 9 +7+
, 5:G+ @ :D+ @ 6X7 + ! B, NL ; P>?+ M 1 @8L . L+
.$ %1
: 8 _- ; 0 '$) + ]L
^ \: C
." (Ipr
\ ; +$D+2MQ M 1 @8L F/G @+81 -2
Helpdesk ," The Legal Protection of Ttrade Secret" , p.2)
X7 + `& + ) 2 B, ,B ) M 1 @8L 7+ ! L+ V : ,&\ * $1 @
* + *:B+ () @8L 28( @ L7+. B : 8U 8b) ; P>?+ 59 $& Q8
C
\&0 MQ
8de
f1
L
L+
:D+ X7 +
. , +a
$6 , '7 c+ @C 1 +8 7 2 L+ $&5B7 + '$) + @+81 ; P>?+
@+81 `)Q 8( 2 1 $6+ K) @ 4 +8L+ ] +8B $c+C ; P>?+ .$&!
1 D * 8 L 1 8G
V1 D ,U L 1 C ' 1 :O &B ) 2$&&! @ + 81'8W1 W)Q 7+ @ 4 g . 1 $&)+ , ! @ +8 +
.$B N) ,1 %:L
j b)
5G V1 D = k $L , 8b) 1 2@ 4 +8L+ 7+ '$B h+ + i 8\ 1 c
1
7+ l\N& C @8` X> 7+ ,B ) '$ +7+ mP+ T$B 1, ('$9) 9 + '$ +) ; P>?+ @ 4 +8L+
'$) + 81
o 80 C ' N) ,&6a
%D>O 4%:) ! @+'$ + C nKB S +$\:L+ C
%D>O
'p C j b) 59 ; P k 1 @ 4 +8L+ f1+ 2 % 8 * $1 .$B 1, @ :D+ X7 +
*:O &B %5L 1 81 q1 L),K g . 1 .$B 1, q3f J O C j 5P @8` %`
q 8? 7+ =+8:O+ S 1 s 18 '$ + t :! S '$9) u v M :L+ (@8` @ 6 %` r G
r G 1 ,1 %:L 7+ VND 3G8
E%) M &!+ $B, HD+C
5G
@ 4 +8L+ j b)
@ 4 +8L+ q 8? 7+ !_ '$9) 9 + @ 6'$ + (=+8:O+ qG C i e qG) @
'p C j b) C @ 4 +8L+ q 8? 7+
5G 3G8 * + 7+ - , C T B, HD+C
.)+
5G
7+81+ V`B 1 c 2i e qG j b)
. L+ , 6;C / *5w: @8` @ 6 %` r G
o 80 qG * + C
.)+ qG 7+ i e qG '$) + . L+ MQ
L+ +
O81 @
; P>?+ 7+ @8%U ! 1 C ' /:L+
0+ C 8d+
,:%P &5 , C 2$&!, H& + 8d+ 7+ $%3 C M 8! ,Y!
43
O 063 P
i e qG q 8? 7+ t :! S @+81 ,) :L+ '$ +
Q
;
1 0
x @+81 . +$)
@ L 7+ .$: +,5) r / + , G y ) z%6 7$1 + MQ , ! ! ,
65 !
Q a5
cC 8d+ MQ
0
C
c
B,5)
5G
1 C :9U , 3 '$B 9 + 28d+ '$B Z8f '$ + 2; P>?+ *5w: 8d+ 7+81+ 1 c 1 8(
= k
Wc7+ i e qG j b) 2* +81 &1. 1 $6+ K)
5G V1 D @ 4 +8L+ M+ &P
.$B 1, ;C /: @ 4 +8L+ j b) 7+
; P>?+ $%
C 4+
@ +_U
8L 7+
5G 2= k
5G
E%) @ 4 m >P j b)
@ 4 m >P J O . L+ M 8:9 1 N ) '$) + qG C ;8WB * G `31
%)
,6+85U 7+ @8%U 3c Wc ,1 +7 1 3%LC M+ &P 1 2 >P '$&&! E 5: ,Up C 81 $%!{
C * + *%1 2 % 8 * $1 . L+ J O '$&&!$%
. B,5) '$6 9
5G = k
S ; $O
6< ! n%K9
,:1+8D 2@8`
+ + ,: 5G @ 6j b) 7+ = )
qG j b) C @ 4 +8L+ j b) *%1 !
L+ , P k
. L+ ; P>?+ j b) C 86
1 @ 4 mh>P C i e qG j b)
5G
5G
7+ ; P+8:O+
2M 8:9
,& ; P>?+ , C
= k 2HD+C T L+ |8:9 =+8:O+
= k ;C / 1 c 1 C * +81 &1
,L 81 q 8? 7+ =+8:O+ qG C @ 4 +8L+ j b)
1 W&
*+
2@ 4 +8L+
r G 8d+ ,L 81 C ( C+ l.N )=+8:O+ qG C @ 4 +8L+ r G 1 9 C E 5 ' cC
.m 7+ 8-, (jC l.N ) =+8:O+ qG81 @ 4 +8L+
! Z8f }L8- * +2(,& ; P>?+)j b) C 86
5G
= k
19 1 c
1
Q 2, 5P @ 9 + 8 &P 7+ \ c @ + O81 C =+8:O+ qG ,: 5G j b) cC 1 ! B,
%` j b) 2@ 4 +8L+ 1 ,1 %:L '7 c+ j$P C M 1 @8L 8 &P 7+ L+ , f&
~ 8%U ; 0
5G @8`
=+8:O+ qG 1 @ 4 +8L+ r G @ 6;C / ,L 81 1 +$:1+ }L8- * + 1 L - @+81
+8L+ r G T; P+8:O+ 7+
5G
8? }& EU = k 1 MQ 7+ - C :O+ 8- ( C+ :/U)
. O+ 8- m%6+ O (jC :/U) =+8:O+ qG @ 4
%$ " "#
:m%&!, 7 IQ =+8:O+ qG C @ 4 +8L+ 7+ ,/ 8\ 1 + l.1
$)+ :1 '$) +
!
L+ * + 2(Patent
S @+81 2'$B =+8:O+ qG
Right)=+8:O+
qG fL+ 1 ; P+8:O+ 7+
59 ! (Invention) ,P+8:O+
5G ^$6
5\:L+ C @8%U `1 7+ + M+8(
1388 $% 1
8U+ C
L+
!" 39
44
L 20 6 9! 8x!+
+ =+8:O+ @8%U `1 7+ M+8(
' C * + 28k G
\) 5 @
G
.$&! jC8. C$. ,) 7 ' C
.)+ qG M P8:K @+81 =+8:O+ qG ) L v
M 9P+8:O+ @ 9 + 1 jE3 qG * + 7+ @ + O81 @+81 M P8:K G M 56 2$&!, m6+8
=+8:O+ \1+ j 5 7+ ' /:L+C O L 1 D &% 7 MQ n K: 8 ! @ .) 1 T$) B,
.$B 1 , P +
qG @ fP+ 1 M 8! =+8:O+ 1 q 9 : L+ ^$6 C @+ + =+8:O+ qG 7+
5G * +81 &1
.(Erkal, 2004,. pp.3-4) =+8:O+ @ 9 + 1 $ $c @ C & P B+ C @ .)+
81 ! C M 1 H $1 2M 1 $ $c ] +8B ! ,P+8:O+ o 80 2=+8:O+ qG ) L • L+81
5GC853DC
B+ $6+ O + =+8:O+ D C
M+ &P 1 J KB+ ! •)Q . + ,(: 1
. L+ + 7+ , N%!8
r .:L+ 2$&! ' CQ81 + *:B+ ,:\&0
) W€+
;<
,k : ]L '$B Z8f @ 6 P + 1
. 2 6' (:L 2 6$& Q8 V B $&&!,
Nd =+8:O+
81 ! C @ `:1+ 2M 1 $ $c 2] +8B M CQ81 1 , C8k @ 4 +8L+7+
5G @+81
})+ ‚Ec) ,3ND @ 9 + j$P 7+
NP +
cC ! ,f +8B T %) *:B+ ,:\&0
@8L F/G @+81 ^ \: ; +$D+ j 4)+ C S @+81 ,:1 D
+ + 7+
5G M % '$5P @ 6;C / 2r
; .%k
E
4 + 2($B 1 '$9) , 5P
• L+81 .(Erkal,
2004, p.5)M
1
: L+ V a Z8B 1 @ 4 +8L+ m: %L C =+8:O+ qG m: %L • L+ 81 @8`
i 8\ 2 B, !_ m: %L C • L+ 81
5G ;C / NL ! ,P k *%: K)
?M 56 . CQ,
cC 1 +
@+81 M 1 :O &B ) 1 C
81
5G V1 D =+8:O+ !
L+ @E%v MQ 7+ 6 m: %L 7+ S 86
L+8 m! @ 4 +8L+ j b)
5G @ 6 %\ $B :/U !
5G V1 D ; P>?+ 2C * + 7+ . B, C$. '$) + @+81 ,:1 D
E
4 + C j 5P
j b) • L+81 - Nd V1 D =+8:O+ S M+ &P 1 9%56 L+ *`5 @ 4 +8L+ j b) • L+
5G =+8:O+ qG j b)
! , G 8( ; NP 1 .(Erkal, 2004,p.5).$B N) -=+8:O+ qG
@+81 2 L W)Q '$) + )+8`:N @ 6X> '$&6 M 9) ! $1 , J :O+ , P k
,P$ @+81 = k
@ 4 C@
V B + @8 H%LC ; P k
1 @ `:1+ ! ,
2=+8:O+ @ 9 + @+7+
0
:D+ X7 + 1 @ 4 +8L+ j b)
1 o 80
5G J :O+
@ 4 +8L+ r G 8b) * + 7+ C B, &:L+ 2 5G
.(M.Basen,1991,p.23) B,
=+8:O+ qG j b)
. 8U, 7 1 9 + s8B 1 ;C / *% C
. B 9 + j 5P @+81 V !
2'$) + '7 c+ MC$1 M+8( C $6 ,
!_ =+8:O+
? 1 $ 1 $B 1
@
Nd V1 D =+8:O+ M+ &P
.)+ qG =8:K 1 \ c
45
O 063 P
Q
;
1 0
65 !
Q a5
qG j b) 1" 9 +-'E%()+" :O L7+ ƒ O @ 4 +8L+ r G .$) +$) + MQ7+ ' /:L+ qG
C '$9) 9 + 2i 8\ 1 c
12
5G = k
; P>?+ @ 4 +8L+ j b) T L+ =+8:O+
1 .(M. Besen,1991, p.24.) B,
5G ,) ) D8%I @ 6' %B q 8? 7+ 9 + V1
W)Q 7+
V : ; % . q 8? 7+ @ 4 8L @ 9 + 81+81 @ 4 +8L+ '$) + 7+8( ; NP
.(M.Besen,1991,p.24 ) B,5) ,: 5G • `\ ,L$&W
,& ; P>?+ ' + + C 8:&! ' .) 1 ,(: 1 ; P+8:O+ @ 9 + M ` + 2@ 4 +8L+ j b)
MQ 1 ! , KB 86 2 B 9 + ; P>?+ ! , 0 C + -; P+8:O+ – W)Q
c
V%5. J KB+ 81 Wc * + 7+ ,:%P &5 C $&! ' /:L+ MQ 7+ $)+ , $B 1 :B+ ,L8:L
1 $)+ '$B @ 4 +8L+
8L S
59 ; P>?+ @ 9 + lP 1 ! ,0 KB+ o 80 C 2$B $6+ K)
4 + 'E%()+ .$B $6+ O '$) + ;
$&v 86 T B , ,B ) @ 4 +8L+
O M+8Nc 1 j `.
O X7 + 7+ W)Q 7+
;+7 4 ,w:
.)
5G & E6 V5. C @ 4
! + @$& Q8
$B 1 '$) + @+81 ,P8 'E%()+ M+ &P 1 L+ *`5 @ 4 +8L+ 7+
5G
(M.Basen,1991 ,p.25) $&! V%5` 2 CQ,
L$1 + =+8:O+ qG 7+ @ + O81 ] +8B o< 5:G+
qG 7+
7+ $\1
5G .$&&! , m6+8 !
L
%1 o< 5\ !
L+ ,: 5G ;$
? j b) C *%1 ;C / *% L
L+ C$. ,) 7 ' C S @+81 : 89%- @ 6 9!
=+8:O+
*`5 2* + cC 1 .(Erkal, 2004, p.7) $ 4)+,
? 1 qG @ fP+ C ) k
Nd
`& + 7+ $\1 =+8:O+ qG X7 + +8 7 2$B 1 ,) ) D ' C 7+ 8:6 !
5G 8de ' C
$6+ O }6 ! bG> V1 D
f1 2 B, MQ * E( c +7 1
L+
8 : 89%- K ) 1 , < !
.(W. Kitch,1998,p.83)
f1 @ 4 +8L+ j b) • L+ 81
Nd V1 D8%I @„
M P8:K 2m: %L * + • L+ 81
T$&!,5)
5G E%) $%3 81+81
M. Besen, ) $6
,
&` C
Nd V1 D ; P>?+ 7+
5G
5G v 8U+ C L+ C$. ) ;$ '$) + 81 , 5:G+
W)Q 7+ , C 2$&!,5) 9 + 1 jE3 + ; P>?+ M U$) +
L 7+ + } 6
5G %3! =8:K
B,
`BQ 8L ! ,) 7 * +81 &1
.(1991, p.26
…L+ @
….)+ qG 1 ,1 %:L 2=+8:O+ 1 M$%L
; % . j 4)+ 7+ =8:K 'E%()+ MQ
. L+ '$) + @+81 8L = k ; P>?+ X7 + 2 9 + j$P 1 c
8( @ L 7+ . L+ M 8! =+8:O+ C q% . 8 +
@ +_U
1 @ 4 8L S
! =+8:O+ qG j b) ^>O81 .1
4 + 'E%()+ 2$6 ,
1 \ c !
8L C M P8:K @+81 'E%()+ 4 + ; P+8:O+ 7+
5G ^$6 .2
…1 … $…&! 9… + j 8… C \ c @+81 + } P>?+ ! $6+ O, C+ 7+ $6 , =8:K 1 ! @
.)+ r G @+7+
\ c
. 8U $& '8W1 @C =+8:O+ 7+ E%) \ c 2=8:K r G F/G ;+7+
1388 $% 1
!" 39
46
7+ 9 + = DC :7+ $& NP @ 4 +8L+ 7+ C$. )
5G '$&&! C$. V P C 4%:)
2
.7 4 8%I @ 9 + C 1V :
=+8:O+ q 8?
-, s 18 W)Q7+ S 86 5P+ @ 6 & E6 1 !_ m: %L C M % ;C / *% Wv
%W . 1 $6+ O @ 4 +8L+ ]L
5G7+8 & E68- =+8:O+ qG 7+
5G o< 5:G+. B
, 6 & E6 jE3:
V1
2=+8:O+ D C
1E qG
3G8 1 M$%L
MQ
Nd C =+8:O+ qG
)k
5P+ 2=+8:O+ qG 1 ,1 %:L @ 6 & E6 81 'C>P . L+ =8:K @+81
j b) q 8?7+
5G $&v 86 .(W. Kitch,1998 , p.265)T L+ & E6 jE3: E%) l d J KB+
1 ,1 %:L , C B+ $6+ K) N) 1 + ; / 89
P C Nd @ 6 & E6 @ 4 +8L+
j 4)+ & E6. x @+81 . 1 $6+ K) & E6 MC$1 E%) @ 4 +8L+ r G q 8? 7+
O+ 8- 1 s 18 @ 6 & E6 2 +8L+ @ 9 + 7+ @8%U 3c @+81 '$) + ]L
|8 C /\:L+ 7+ @8%U 3c
W. )
L+ q3f
,:%& + ; +$D+
Wc 2 !8B @ 4 +8L+ 7+ H3f M &! ! 1 , +E C r G
5G =+8:O+ qG j b)
5G l d J KB+ j 5 81+81
1 ,1 %:L
5G
.(W. Leuzzi, 1984, p.159) ...C VRB
. L+ s 18
5G & + 1 m4&- ;C /
=+8:O+ qG '$) + 7+ 8( ; NP 1 (Kitch, 1998, p.266
Wc 7 4 V LC M+ &P 1 E%) • `\ ,L$&W C V :
=+8:O+ ,:G C
B,
; % . j 4)+ '+ 7+ , KB ! , 0
* +81 &1 .$) 8U,5) , 3 2'$B Nd =+8:O+
jC 8 @+81 ,: 5G z%6 =+8:O+ qG j b) 2$1
L '$B Nd =+8:O+ M 56 1 V :
(Erkal 2004 ,
B,5) C+ =8:K 7+
8%I @ 6' %B q 8? 7+ 9 + 81+81
5G 1 V3O C C lP 1 @C V5P C 8%U,5) 8b)
W& '$) + 7+
=+8:O+ q 8? 7+ ! ,x d J KB+ T B,5) ' + @8
'$) + r G y )
NL 2$&&! +$%- ,L8:L l.1
'$) + =+8:O+ M 56 1 2,) ) D 8%I ,1 %:L MC$1 C V :
5G @ 4 +8L+ j b)
, C .(p.8
l d J KB+ j 5 1 C
L+ 37 4
=+8:O+ 1 • `\ ,L$&W V :
.(Erkal , 2004, p.9) $) B,5) @ 4 +8L+
; % . j 4)+ '+ 7+ ,P8:K `& + 7+
NP V :
.$&! +$%C8…53D
; …P>?+ *: 8U +8D
=+8:O+ .1
L 2@ 4 +8L+
NL 9 + •) &v 2,) ) D 8%I @ 6' %B 7+ ' /:L+ 1 C @ 4 +8L+ @ 9 + ; 0
.2
. + $6+ K) j 4)+ '$) + 7+ ,: 5G 2@ 4 +8L+ r G 2 B , 5P
y ) 2@ + 7+ $W\ y ) :7+ $& NP ` 8 +
L vL
+ @ 4 +8L+ M ) D 7+ V ) 1 2,1 %:L 7 4 8%I @ 6' %B .3
S… M+ …&P …1 HD+C ^>O ; P>?+ W€+ 2; P>?+ 1 ,L8:L
Wc
!8B S M+$& ! 1 M + ' B 2 D8L 2 + +8D
. ... C ; P>?+
!
Wc '
1 @8:9
47
O 063 P
5G j b) !
B, M 5&6
4%:) * + 1 +
Q
&!
V:
1 0
l.N * +
1 =+8:O+ qG j b) C ,3RB ; P>?+ C ,& ; P>?+ 7+
8( $`
;
,: 5G j b) C M+ &P 1
65 !
Q a5
'$B Z8f ; P k
5G M ` + 1 @ 4 +8L+ 7+
Nd V1 D @ 6@„
&` 7+
5G M ` +
.$) + cC
-$ .
( )
* +, # -& '
,D G @ 6 +E1+ 1 ! '7+$)+ M 56 1 ; P+8:O+ 35c 7+ C @8` + + 7+ 8de
,`:
E%) M P8:K
]L
'$B a K + @ 6 %\
1 2 L+
Nd V1 D `:1+ *:B+
qG 2X `:1+ 7+
%:O+
1
\ 8 z%6
5G `6+ t K:)+
- 2$&!,
5P+ =+8:O+ qG 1
x L MQ *: )+ C 8 @+81 .$L ,5) 8b) 1
L
%.c + 7+ =+8:O+
1)8 *%h - †fL
<$:L+ * + .(Hettinger,1989,p.36)
:(Friedman ,1991 , p.63)
.)+ r G ,) 7 ' C
*+ 1 V :
\
N )
, NP 1 T$&!,5) ,6 ! =+8:O+ qG 1 ,1 %:L
; P+8:O+ 7+ @ 4 +8L+ r G 2 <$:L+ * + • L+ 81 .$:L+ + O81
$&!,
5G(M 1 H $1 C @ `:1+ 3G8 M 1 + + g .
@
c
.(Hettinger,1989,p.35) $B 1,
5G @ 4 +8L+ r G M v ! $) C 1 * + 81 M )+$D G 7+ @+'$P
M+8`:N 7+ 8:5!
+
: 1+C
"#
L+ $ :\ C
$%&! bG>
+ ,:Nd V1 D `:1+ =8:K 2 C+
x
; % . '+ 7+ 8( @ 8
L+ j7< M 7 2=+8:O+ qG j b) ]L , fP+
. L+ + O81 ,5! @ :D+ X7 + 7+ =+8:O+ , C 2$1
L =+8:O+
2=+8:O+ qG ,: 5G j b) t K:)+ T$L81 8b) 1 †k+C =8:K m%5
' %B t K:)+
L+ *`5 , C . CQ,
1 1 @C @+81 + 8:9%1
8 + @+$:1+
$ B
5G m: %L * + M v
! , G . 9) M+8Nc '$& Q , 0C H & 1 ! $B 1 , 6 & E6 jE3:
!_ ,: 5G
@ 6 & E6 $&v 86 2 B, t &:c+ 6 & E6 * + 7+ m:G ? 1 @ 4 +8L+ m: %L
8L X7 + 1
L &: $ 1 6 & E6 * + , C 2 B, Z8f 8L @ 9 + 7+ @8%U 3c 1 s 18
,5! X7 + 7+ 8L ! ,) 7 2 % 8 * $1 .$B 1 MQ , 5:G+ M U$) + @+81 @ 4
,f +8B *%&v
.$B 1 *% - $ 1 E%) MQ @ 9 + 7+ @8%U 3c @ 6 & E6 2 L+ +
O81
$6+ O 8:)+7 + =+8:O+ qG j b) q 8? 7+
5G 1 N ) @ 4 +8L+ j b) q 8? 7+
5G
8? t K:)+ 7+ ! $B 1 ,\ &
;C / 7+ 8:9%1 & E6 ;C / L+ *`5 C 1
2 $4 =+8:O+
Wc 8 ,)< ? M 7 1 7 %) C 8 ' 8: U
5G V%
1 2=+8:O+ qG ,: 5G
1388 $% 1
!" 39
48
' %B t K:)+ 1 6 & E6 /! 2=8:K @+81 H & C 6 & E6 )7+
.(Friedman ,1991 , p.64).
* +81 &1 . B, ,B )
1 $6+ O 8 *%(&L 2=+8:O+ qG ,: 5G
qG N:P+ ;$ 7+ 8:9%1 L+ $ :\ C + %:O+ ,:Nd V1 D `:1+ =8:K 2jC x
L =+8:O+ MQ 1 V : ; % . '+ 7+ $&)+ :1 8( J KB+
L+ j7< M 7 =+8:O+
.$&1
5G S 1 ,1 %:L @+81 =+8:O+ qG q 8? 7+
5G *%1 =8:K t K:)+ 2 x * +
' C S @+81 H & 7+ @$& '8W1 ) B 1 @ 4 +8L+ ; 0 1 MQ F/G 28 @ D
8:9%1 L *5w: @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G ' %B ! $&!
=8:K 8U+ .$B 1, 8 ,)< ?
!
L+ C 1 * +81 =8:K
C
G * + . 8! $6+ O t K:)++ XC * + 2 1 $6+ O C+ @+81
+ 2 B, X$ P =+8:O+ qG V% . 1 ! •)Q 7+ 8:9%1 ,P 5:c+ X7 + }P+8:O+
v 8U+- !_ =+8:O+ *:O L ' 1C
8( M+8`:N ,)+ ) 1 + = k
* +$&!, ,\L
.$&! ; Nd+ - $&B 1 +7Q ,35P *%&v j 4)+ ,) ) D g . 1
@ 4 +8L+ r G +8 7 T$&!, S5! =8:K 1 P + * + ; Nd+ @ 4 +8L+ r G
!_ =+8:O+ 1 $6+ K1 , KB 8U+
q 8? 7+ ,1 %:L .(Friedman
.
,C
,1991, p.66)
+$) V :
; % . Ec @+' v $1
L
%) 8 _-M ` + ,U L 1 @ C &
89%- V% 1 2 =8:K @ P + 1 E%) 7 4 @ 6' %B
+ (Unpatentable Invention),:Nd V1 D8%I =+8:O+ =8:K x * + 2j L x
C+ !
J
- 2$&!, = &5 + =+8:O+ 1 7 4 8%I ,1 %:L M ` +
L+ ,) 7
O *+
\ =+8:O+ MQ 1 8( =8:K ,1 %:L @+81 j7< M 7
. C %1
L$1 28L S M+ &P 1 =+8:O+ MQ F/G 1 +
C ,W $1 @ `:1+ 2 !_ =+8:O+ ! $&! ,
L&
L+ $ :\
L $)+ ,
2 Nd ] +8B 1 '$&&! ,U$%L † 0 Hc8
L+ *`5 ! @ ? 1 T L+ @ `:1+ 3G8 7+ @ + O81 C M 1 H $1 8 &P $D
-† 0 Hc8 - ? 18 =+8:O+ Nd ' + + 2C * + 7+ .$1
L MQ 1 @ C7 1 8( nKB
@ 9 + @+7+
@
.)+ =+8:O+ qG @ fP+ +8 7 2 L+ =8:K 1 =+8:O+ D C @ fP+ i K
C 7 $6+ O mW1 + ,P 5:c+ & E6 C H/) )7+
2 \ c +8 + @$& '8W1
r G
. \ c !
B,
C' 1
Nd V1 D8%I
X> =8:K
4%:) C
M 56 1 $\1
L+ ,B+ - 7+ 8:5!
% ) MQ @ 9 + 7+ ! ,:\/&
.(Friedman ,1991 , p.65) $6 , @C 1 @
.)+
!_ =+8:O+ 2=+8:O+
\ c
Nd ' + + 8b) C8%- ! $L81 8b) 1 *%&v $ B
L+ *`5 , C $B 1,5) 8 % =+8:O+ qG ,: 5G
G *+
Wc MQ ; K9
.$&! ; Nd+ }P+8:O+ *:B+
8? 7+ @ +
() @8L 1 + = k
L 28( , KB C $B 1 ' N:B+ }P+8:O+ 7+ =8:K
O81 M ` +
* + ^>O
$&!
8U+ : L+ ‡C8/
49
O 063 P
jC8. C =+8:O+ M 1
Nd V1 D8%I J
O
Q
,(:
1 0
65 !
Nd ' + + 8b) ,:L
o> ! =+8:O+ z%6 C $B 1 =8:K 1 qG 8U+ , C 2 B,
+ ,B+ - ,N 8
$&!, ; Nd+ C+
;
T$1
Q a5
L =+8:O+
1 d =+8:O+ qG 7+ =8:K *:O L
\ C+ 28L ; 0 1 =+8:O+ F/G 1 ; 0 MQ 2 9) :O L 1 9
% 8 * $1 . L+ ' 8!
! 2 CQ, L$1 =+8:O+ M 1 Nd V1 D 7+ !
B 2=+8:O+ C '$B ' N:B+ v @C =+8:O+ M 1
7+ 8b)^80 .(Friedman
,1991,p.66)
Nd V1 D8%I
Nd ' + + !
L+ :B+ + =+8:O+ qG j b) • L+ 81
5G
@ ` j$P '$&&! `\&
* + 2j L x
Nd ' + + C =8:K *%1 ' U$ ^>:O+
'+ 7+ =+8:O+ M 56 L 5 ^8€ L+ *`5 $&v 86 . L+ =+8:O+ qG ,: 5G j b)
=+8:O+ qG j b) , C 2 B :O L @ `:1+ 3G8 M+$
B, ,w & M B N:P+
L 5 ,? ! , P+8:O+ 1 f1+
@ 6 & E6 1 ,:NL & =+8:O+ qG m: %L q 8? 7+ =8:K
.(Friedman, 1991,p.66)
+ +8D ' /:L+
+8L+ r G q 8? 7+
,+ 8
; %.
z%6 '$) + 81
1 M + X+ - 2 % 8 * $1 .
B+ $6+ K) @C 1 @
1 =8:K C 8! = &: + =+8:O+ qG @ fP+ 7+ ,:L
.(Friedman,1991
3P 1 C V :
%)
.)+ r G @ fP+ ,P 5:c+
1 =+8:O+
Nd ' + + 2 !_
2MQ @ c 1 + @ 4 +8L+ q 8? 7+
5G " : B+ , j>P+ ! @+ %k8
.0
x
5G ,:L
% 8 * $1 (, p.66
V < 1 M P8:K C B,
2 " L+ @ `:1+ 3G8 $D ; P+8:O+ n:K @ 4
) 8! $&6+ O t K:)+ M 9 P+8:O+ 7+
5G @+81 + @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G ' %B i3:K
qG 7+ 8 *% - @ C8k
? 1 ) , C 2;C /: ,9 ) @ 4 +8L+ .(Friedman ,1991 , p.66
. (D. Blair,2005,p.8) .$&!, ‚ / + 2 =+8:O+
C $&!, m6+8 M U$) + @+81 + ,:1 D @ +E
!
G M 56
@ 4 +8L+ r G
! L+ @ CQ L ; P+8:O+ $% @+81 @+'E%()+ 2 B, M 9) N%D 7+ W)Q
NL NL
@ 6 %1+_c =+8:O+ qG ,: 5G j b)
$&&!,5) ' CQ81 + =+8:O+ qG j b) @ 6 %\
! ,$
L+ *`5 2 x @+81 .(Verma ,p.733) . B,5) '$6 9 2 W)Q M P8:K @+81 j7<
s8B =+8:O+
B lP 1 $ 4)+,
? 1 =+8:O+
Nd @ 6 C ,3`B ] +8B M CQ81
Wc
=+8:O+ qG7+
5G C853D
%\fD j$P E%) ; DC+ ,6 U .$6$1 L 7+ + M 1 $ $c
1
* + %1+_c }6 ! lP 1 2 @8 %Y ! @ 6 +E + j8) x @+81 2; P k 7+ ,O81 1 N )
C @ +_U
8L mI ,3P Q !
X8 _…- j$…P 8(
S
%) nK9 M P8:K @+81 +8 7 T B, ,: 5G j b)
C @8 %Y ! @ 6 )81 1 =+8:O+ qG @ fP+
S
.(r HN& 7+ V ) 1) . L+ ,k
@ 6m:
` 8 + , wD C
(+
cC
x @+81 .1
3P 1 2 W)Q 7+
5G
1388 $% 1
M. ).
)
!" 39
$&1 , +$%-
50
L =+8:O+ qG 1 2; % . j 4)+ '+
: 8U ; 0 @ 6 & E6
( Besen, 1991, p.8
! $&: 6 ,BC C =+8:O+ qG j b) C @ 4 +8L+ r G
' /:L+ MQ 7+ ; P+8:O+ J O
:$&B 1 :B+
f1 C M 9 8`
/U M+ ,
+ + 7+
5G @+81
4%:)
3I+ M P8:K
:P+ ! $&&!, t K:)+ ,) 7 + @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G `6+ W)Q .$&&!,
8- % 1 MQ ' 7 1C M B `:1+ @
:D+ X7 + 1
H & 7+ 8:5! ! $6 , -=+8:O+ @ 9 + @+7+
N ) =+8:O+ qG q 8?7+
5G
(1
T L+8 & E6
-,B+ - W)Q 1 =+8:O+ qG j b) (2
T L+ =+8:O+ qG , 5:G+
1
T$B 1,5)
.$B 1,5) , ! =+8:O+ qG j b) • L+ 81 =+8:O+ 7+
Nd V1 D =+8:O+
(3
5G ' C
(4
?
/ -& '
1 M &!+ =+8:O+ qG j b) C @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G j b) M % t K:)+ M ` + , L &B 7+
Z8f =+8:O+ qG *%9) c M+ &P 1 W& @ 4 +8L+ r G Q ! m B, c+
-
}L8- * +
~ L+
:/U)MQ V5`
=+8:O+ qG *%9) c T@ 4 +8L+ r G l.1
. B, \ f (jC
%8 1 = k
*+
:/U)@$& Q8 ; P+8:O+ l.1 C ( C+
3G8
01 2 3
'$ + MQ V%5` C \L ,?
45 6 ! . B, 7 IQ '$ + S
"#
1 =+8:O+ $& Q8
W)Q
! + , 6'+ C $&&!, ,L 81 + '$ + MQ V% ) :- M P8:K 2; P+8:O+ @7 L@ 4
.$&&!, , L &B 2 L+ $ $c '$ +
,` ! , c $&: 6 8( $` V5` $& Q8 * + ,?
.(Erkal ,2004, p.10.) B j 4)+ @8( ]L
-$&B 1 =+8:O+ qG q 8? 7+ ] +8B $c+C
! , P+8:O+ J
O
@ 4 +8L+ C =+8:O+ qG j b)
%) *`5 ! $&!, ‚ / + + ,9 )
'$9) ' +
-V ! =+8:O+ 1 ,1
\L
, ! '7+$)+ 1 ! , P+8:O+
L 7+ VND C =+8:O+ $& Q8 % C+ VG+8
@ 6'E%()+ 2 L+ =+8:O+ qG j b) • L+ 81
5G V1 D ; P k 7+ ƒ O M 9P k
.(Vaver ,p.99) $6 , }B - @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G j b) + M P8:K @ +_U 8L
q…G j …b) • …L+ 8…1 • …L+ 7+ = …k +8 7 +$)
cC ,1 K:)+ M ` + z%6
G*+
!
B <$:L+
.$B 1,5)
L+ *`5 .1
5G V1 D =+8:O+
51
O 063 P
7+
Q
;
1 0
65 !
Q a5
- o 80 2@$\1 M P8:K ' /:L+ @+81 ; P+8:O+ @ 9 + 7+ =+8:O+ qG j b) 2 % 8 * $1
,: 5G j b) 2r
+
.$&!,
5G 2$&L , V ` 7+ J O @+ 3G8 1 W)Q `& +
.(Erkal ,2004 , p.11) $&: 6 8( $` V5` @ 4 +8L+ C =+8:O+ qG
] +8B $c+C ! , P+8:O+ @+81 @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G j b) 7+ @ + O81 M ` + * +81 &1
! 2$) B
Nd V1 D ! ,) 7
6'$ + @C
$6 , '7 c+ M P8:K
C 7+ S 86 *%1 t K:)+ M ` + =8:K 2 B,
1 2$&: %)
Nd
Nd ] +8B $c+C =+8:O+ ! ,) 7.$&&!
XC C 86 1 L+ *`5 2=+8:O+ $& Q8 V%5` 3G8 7+ $\1 HD+C . + +
qG q 8? 7+
5G 3G8 * + 8( ; NP 1 T B c *%9) c M+ &P 1
) L
5G
.(Erkal ,2004 , p.12) $) B, 8( $` *%9) c @ 4 +8L+ r G =+8:O+
B $%
,<!
B : 8U ! 1 $%
r G q 8? 7+ @$& Q8 =+8:O+ J
$ $c $& Q8 8U+ 2@$& Q8 ; P+8:O+
O *+
C C XC8 1 +7 1
,&3P
f1 !
qG ;$ 1 w
L+ *`5 @8L ' /:L+ *%&v 2 8%U +8D
5G . @ 4 +8L+
@8L ' /:L+ 7+ - =8:K ! , 0 8( ; NP 1 .(Erkal ,2004, p.13) $B 1 =+8:O+
+8 7 T$B $6+ O c+ V`9 1 8%(1 MQ
j b)
+ =+8:O+ 7+
5G ' C
Nd 1 m%5
2@$& Q8 =+8:O+ 7+
L S 7+ }%1
? 8de @ .) 1 2 L S 7+ }%1 @8L ' /:L+
cC
. L+ + B @8L ' /:L+ ; Nd+ $&v 86 2$6 , } +E + =+8:O+ qG
C =+8:O+ V%5` 3G8
@ 4 +8L+ r G C =+8:O+ qG ! /U M+ , 4%:)
3G8 1 C C C 3G8 * + V%5` 7+
- C :B+ V5` } ) M 8! =+8:O+ $& Q8 ,?
. B+ $&6+ O *%9) c } ) j b) C * + 2 Nd
%31 D 7+ @ +
O81
, 1 7$.
-& ' "#
,: 5G j b) t K:)+ C *%%\ M 7
! L+ , P k 35c 7+ @$& Q8 ; P+8:O+
8d+
=+8:O+ qG j b) 5P+ 2^8? S 7+ . B, c+ + B
%\kC 1 L &
j$P C -,P 5:c+ & E6 C H/) )7+
,1984,) p.159
%)
9 + ; P>?+ 1 , fP+
-=+8:O+ X7 + 1 s N + j$P 7+ ,B ) ;>`9
L & @$& Q8 ; P+8:O+ @+81 2=+8:O+ qG N:P+ ;$ 1
5G
L&
L & j$P 1 ]N 8 ! ;>`9 * + 7+ ,` .(W. Leuzzi
1 ] +8B $& Q8 %6 n%K9
=+8:O+ qG 8de ,: 5G @ 6 L %L
%D ;>`9 7+ 2 L+ =+8:O+ qG j b) '$B
5P+ 7+ MQ &:L+ 1 ! B, ,B ) 2'$B ' 81 !
1388 $% 1
!" 39
M+ &P 1 @ 4
52
+8L+ j b)
5P+ $&v 86 28( ^8? 7+ 1.$ Q , V5P 1
! •)Q 7+ 8 i%\k ,: 5G ; Wc @ % 1 7+ , C
\) 5
B, Z8f =+8:O+ qG j b) *%9) c
V`9 * + VG @+81 J O VG'+ z%6 . 8%U, 8b) 2$&!, *% { =+8:O+ qG j b)
; P+8:O+ 7+
5G L & = ) '$&&! *%%\
86 J O ] +8B C +$) cC
1 $ 1 J O ] +8B
2
5G
L & = ) *%%\ @+81 X>
. 1 $6+ O @$& Q8
: (W. Leuzzi ,1984, p.160)
B c
87;P k
~ L+
5G V1 D 6 ) L 7+ S j+$! • L+81 =+8:O+ = k -1
qG ,: 5G @ 6j b) 7+ S 86
5G V1 D ; P k
1 c 3G8 * +
.$B 1, +
O81
%56+ 7+ @ 4 +8L+ C =+8:O+
~$ Q ,
m: %L C 7+ S 86
5G @ fP+ ] +8B J
O
L$1 ) (v
, !
5G -2
D *5w: 3G8 * +
. L+ !_
~ B, m6+8 ,: 5G v -3
•)Q C
V:
L+ j b) C 7+ S 86
; P+8:O+ 81+81
J KB+ j 5 81+81
5G C853D C ' C$. '$&&! nK9 = k
@ 4 +8L+ '$) + 7+
+ =+8:O+ qG
*+
5G j$P . L+ c V1 D 3G8 * +
.(M . Maurer, 2002, p.535)
L+ • `\ ,L$&W
. +
~ C , *%1 7+ ) (v
8N:\ ] +8B C
5G ' C
? 1 c
L+ +
O81
%56+ 7+
5G -4
5 D *+
. L+ ,: 5G j b) C 7+ S 86
•)Q
5G M$)
2$B 1, %56+ Eh G @$& Q8 ; P+8:O+ = k
•)Q r V + P 7+ 8b)^80
2$ 5), @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G j b) t K:)+ 1 j+$D+ C+ =8:K MQ
! L+ ,:%\kC
m%5
2' 8! +$%-
L =+8:O+ M 56 1 V :
$&! j+$D+ =+8:O+ qG j b) q 8? 7+
5G
; % . '+ 7+ ! @$\1 =8:K M % * +
! C =+8:O+
Nd 1
N ) 8%U,
ˆ :) ` 8 + @>!C M ) ! . B, ‡ \ 1 84& = k * + T( M . Maurer, 2002, p.537)
Z8f 2$) B, c+ MQ 1 @ 4 +8L+ C =+8:O+ qG '$) + ! + ,:%\kC *%&v , 5:G+
:(W. Leuzz ,1984,p.169) L+ ' 8!
.
=8…:K 1 MQ @+7+
%) †%.0 @ 4 +8L+ 7+ j$ ' /:L+ • L+ 81 jC =8:K =+8:O+ qG -1
!@
.
.)+ qG 1 CQ,
L 1 @$& Q8 =+8:O+ 1 s 18 ; P>?+ @ 9 + 7+ \ c ! ,\ & .1
%) M7+ 81 ,&:N f1+ S
C 81+81 -@$& Q8 ; P+8:O+ @ 6,U$%•%-
3P 1 - B, ' +
53
O 063 P
Q
;
1 0
65 !
Q a5
+8L+ 7+ '$&&! ' /:L+ ^8? 7+ M 1 @8L = k C $&B 1, qG @+ + ^8? C 86 -2
=8:K =+8:O+ qG N:P+ ( )
$B 1 '$B :O &B l d J KB+ @+81 =+8:O+ '+ O) @ 4
+ + }P+8:O+ 7+ ' /:L+ 1 !
, KB qG)
.$6 , +8D 8%d{ . + jC
cC , KB qG @ 4 +8L+ '$) + @+81 -3
+
L+ 8N:\ 8( J KB+ j 5 81+81
.($&!
+8L E%) =+8:O+ D C C$0 7+ VND '$B ' + @ 67 4 1
' /:L+ - C+ =8:K 35c 7+ J KB+ 56 81+81
W)Q
‡ \ *+ !
jC =8:K =+8:O+ qG , C $6
+
jC =8:K 1 , fP+ =+8:O+ qG -4
. L+ 8N:\ -@ 4 +8L+ 7+ '$&&!
cC ,5! @C P C 6 ) 5) !
. L+ '$B ‡ \ VG @+81 , + W&9%- $&v 86 2(W.
!
%) , ! *%: K) C+ `& + C =+8:O+
L+ *`5
/U $ 1
4\
Leuzz ,1984,p.169)$B
5! 1
1 '$B VG
cC 7+ =>?+ 81 ,&N jC =8:K •8 81 @+'$P
! $&&!, W&9%- m6 @+'$P .(Bennett,p.742) $&&!, &:L+ 2$B 1 ' + j 4)+ + =+8:O+ MQ
2 7+ 8Y1 =+8:O+ qG '$) + 1 @7 %: + qG @ 4 +8L+ '$) +
L+ 8:W1 V`9 VG @+81
1
5G+E
4 + MC$1 3%LC * $1 C
B + P Z8? 7+ ,B ) ;>`9 8%U
.(Jorda,p.593)
1
Z8B * $1 '$)C8- 0>O .
' /:L+ *% 8%L
!8B ,P &
8! v h ! @ 7 +$
qG ) k z%6 ! , G
1 u 3)+ 2 30 * +
1
+ + =+8:O+ 7+ ' /:L+
L+ u 3)+ @+ P 2 C+ 8` C 8b) 7+ + P * 8 $ $c
: L+
@ v h ! 7+ 8&U+C z 1 j ) 1 , KB 1964 E%h -
% 1 +$\ 8&U+C .$B 1 X81 MC$1 ! $&! $%
$\: @ 6X /L C 8! H 7
$6
`& + @ 41
+7 1
i3U u
+ ^ 0
@+81
L & ,9!C
8!
}!C @+ + i3U @ 6u 7+ @ 7
L+ O
1E !8B 7+ 8&U+C 1965 L . 8!
1965 8N:!+ , C $&! $% + '$B ' + X /L @ 6u
. B_U
2 1 '$) L8)
N ) j$ qG @ P + 1 21966
'$B
Nd 1 } $%
@< ! @+81 ,P+8:O+
Nd , ` 8 + =+8:O+ qG
) W€+
L$1 + ,D G 2=+8:O+ M 56 J O 1965
'$B Nd , %3()+ ) W€+
qG 2 1 i3U j+
!8B 81+81 }P+8:O+ qG 5P+ $0 u 3)+ ! ,) 7 . CQ
.$B j>P+ 8N:\ 8%I 28&U+C i3U @ 6u
7+ , 5P j$ ' /:L+ &:L+ 1
) 6 UQ8%I , 5P ' /:L+ S j$ ' /:L+ 2
8de
f1 C
P8L 1 8&U+C +8 7 T' N) ,/K
1.Dunlop Holding Lltd. v. Ram Golf Corp (1976).
G * 8:W1
!_ =+8:O+
! 8! $% { 8 + * + 81 ' U +
,) W&- @+' /:L+
!_ ' /:L+ , C 2' 1
1388 $% 1
1
!" 39
q%D , %5%B
54
%!8 !
%\D+C * + mI
1 . L+ ' 8! k8P +7 1 1 + }/3U @ 6u
' /:L+ 2 N) n%K9 C *%%\ V1 D * MQ
1 =+8:O+ qG
c
f1+
NL C 8! , j 5P
86 , KB ]L
2i3U u
}!C
% ) =+8:O+ MQ 7+ + ,\ & 2, 5P ) 6 UQ8%I
.(Jorda,p.593)$B, M 1 $ $c 8 &P M+$
3P
1 jC =8:K =+8:O+ `& + 81 + ,! $ M+ &P 1 + @‰ * + M+8 / 7+ ,O81
.(W. Leuzz ,1984,p.170)$)+' CQ t G 1 2$B $6+ O
f1+ @ 4 +8L+ 7+ j$ ' /:L+
,&3P ? 1 ! $B 1 , %5%B %!8
. =+8:O+ ! ,) 7 2,/%0 *%&v v 8U+
7+ @8L ' /:L+ 1 , C $L , 8b) 1 †%.0 2 L+ : 8U +8D ' /:L+
C '$B :OC8
.(W. Leuzz ,1984,p.169)
7+ ' /:L+ jE3:
=+8:O+ ! ,) 7 2 8! q $
,1 %:L V1 D =8:K @+81 Ec
B,5) ' + @8
G+80 1 ' U + u 3)+
2$& Q8 S
%wD
! z%6 @+81 $ N) ' (:L MQ 7+ ' /:L+ H & 2$B 1 ,6 (:L
MQ 7+ ,B )
. ! B ' + @8 $& Q8 1 , c VD+$G $ 1 <$:L+ * + .$B 1
MQ M \/:& 7+ ,` o 80 @ 4 +8L+ 7+ '$&&! ' /:L+ C $B 1 '$B @ 4 @< ! >
o ND $& Q8
(Gillman V. Stern (1940))
C ' + +8D ' /:L+
`31 2
(W. Leuzz, 1984,p.170)
$B 1 @$& Q8 =+8:O+
%) , 5P @+ ' /:L+ 2 "@8L ' /:L+" ! + m`G *%&v ' U +
@8L ' /:L+ * +81 &1 C
' (:L J O
M %1 M ) D 8% /
*53%U '$)C8-
'$ Q L$1 =+8:O+ 2@ 1 S9 OC ' (:L 7+ • 6 ]L
*53%U '$)C8- ,k D . L+ :O+$&%) N:P+ 7+ + *53%U ]L
? 1 ['$)C8- * +
@8L
%) [ C+] =8:K 2 :OC8
+ =+8:O+ ! j$ ' /:L+ Q !
+7 1
,&3P
]+
!_ ' (:L
? 1 + ' (:L MQ
L+ * + [l.1 V1 D] = k
j$
!_
! , !" : 8!
OL
.
W& .... L+ ,x d nKB
$B 1 d ,:L 1 C ) ' 1 ;+ 8 C M ) D ' C$.
2' 8`) 9 + , 5P })+ @+81
*%1 7+ NL M ) D ' C$.
9 + C) " (W. Leuzz, 1984,p.171) L+ ' N) ? * + !
. ( L+ '$9) M 1 $ $c 8 &P *:
2 L+ ' 8!
+ ,\ & j$ ' /:L+ 7+ ! , ! *%%\
2@‰ C M %
1E E 5
! ,) 7 % 8 * $1 . L+ Z8? V1 D 2@ 4 +8L+ 81 ! , 5P '$&&! ' /:L+ ,&\
P ! /U M+ ,5) 2$&!, F/G @ 4 8L M+ &P 1 + X+ @$& Q8 =+8:O+ 2 C+ =8:K
=+8:O+ qG '$&&! 8N:\ 8%I
'$&&!
(@$& Q8 ) =+8:O+ qG 86 4%:)
f1+ ' /:L+ * +81 &1 $)+'$B H/:& =+8:O+ MQ 7+ j 8
T(W. Leuzz, 1984,p.170)
. 1 @ 4 8L S '$&6 V%`9 2'$)C8- * +
L+ : 8U V`B 2jC =8:K
i3U u }!C , %5%B
%!8 .1
55
O 063 P
(W. Leuzz,
Q
;
1 0
65 !
Q a5
$:/%1 N:P+ 7+ 2@8( ]L @ 4 +8L+ j$ ' /:L+ fL+C 1 $ N) @$\1
1984,p.170)
C 2@ 4 +8L+ 7+ j$ '$&&! ' /:L+ C jC =8:K
`& + jC C
%\kC 1
N ) jC
8` C
L+ r G ,O81 @+ + @ 4 +8L+ '$) + `& + }K1 *%: K) . + }K1
2$& Q8 M 1 @8L C ,) W&- 1 c
1 -=+8:O+ qG '$) + -=8:K
r G J
.(W. Leuzz, 1984,p.172)
O
B, 8b) W€+
@ 4 +8L+ '$) + r G 1 N ) ` 8 + '$.: ;< + + $ *%)+ D C ,L L+ M ) D
}%1 ' /:L+ + $ =+8:O+ qG M ) D 2$B 1 :B+$) cC ,\) ! , 0 .$&: 6 ! L
86 ]L +
!_ $& Q8 @+81 =+8:O+ qG q 8? 7+
qG '$) + ` 8 + + $ =+8:O+ qG M ) D
5G
! 7+ $\1 7+
.(W. Leuzz, 1984,p.172)
L S 7+
$&!, = &5 , KB
, G z%6 C $&&! H& =+8:O+ XC8 C ' /:L+ 2 O L 7+ + M+8(
+ , 7 4 + =+8:O+
@8L ' /:L+ ,:G 2' /:L+ = ) 86 2* +81 &1 .$&!,5) 4 + @ 4 +8L+ j$ 81 ! @+81 +
r G • L+ 81 o 80 $ N) '$9)
0 =+8:O+ qG 2HD+C
. B, H& M ) D * + ]L
L+ :OC8 C ' 8! ' /:L+ 2 :O L 2=+8:O+ qG @ fP+ 7+ VND + @$& Q8
(Reissue Patent)
'$B 89:& o+ $4 =+8:O+ D C S '$B
! , KB
0 =+8:O+ D C . B C$.
=+8:O+ qG 7+ , P + 2(@ 4 +8L+ 81 ! qG) '$B Vh G qG ! ,
0
] C
L+
1
'$&&! ' /:L+ 2 % 8 * $1 . B, % C+ C ,30+ =+8:O+ qG $&`) y ) + '$B 89:& ' 1C
2 B, 6 X+@$& Q8 =+8:O+ 1
.(W. Leuzz, 1984,p.172)
N ) , 5P $P+ D 7+ ,B ) r G 1 @ 4 +8L+ 7+
C , *%1 7+ $B N) @8L =+8:O+ ! ,\D r G * + :N +
@ 4 +8L+ '$) + 2'$B Nd =+8:O+ M+ &P 1 8( @ 8 ]L o ND \: ! @$& Q8
!_ $& Q8 7+ ,&3P f1 =+8:O+ D C C$0 81 j$ ! , ! 7+ 8:9%1 , G z%6 $ N)
)+ + @ 6'$)C8-
2
, P M+
! $6 , M 9) Z kC 1
‚+ Q .(W. Leuzz,
1984,p.172)
(Agawam v. Dordan (1868))
j+ UQ C
$B 1 :B+ 2' 8! ' /:L+
(Evans V. Jordan (1815) )
4 + j$
'$&&! ' /:L+ @+81 + , G z%6 =+8:O+ D C C$0 81 j$ , 5P ' /:L+
(W. Leuzz,1984, p.172) .$B 1 J O M ) D c
1 =+8:O+ D C C$0 ! $&v 86 2$&!,5)
…1 x @+81) '$B j>P+ 8N:\ 8%I 2, fP+ =+8:O+ qG ,3 < 1 ! ,\D+
…0 2=8…:K ]…L ,… >P+ V… < M …1 8de 8%I ; Nd+ 7+
o< 5\ 2"'$B
- C (M 1 $ $c s8B M+$
0 + $4 =+8:O+ D C" .1
C j$ ' /:L+ ; Nd+
3P
. 8U,
` 8 + '$.: ;< + , P M+
.2
1388 $% 1
!" 39
56
.$&!, @ +$ 8? ' U$ * + 7+ 1C$ + 8 $ $c '$)C8-
j$ , 5P ' /:L+ 2'$)C8- L * +
5&) 4 + 2 8! MQ
Nd 1 j+$D+ ! @$\1 =8:K 81+81
@ &:L+ V1 D qG z%6 =+8:O+ 7+
.(W. Leuzz, 1984,p.173)
M 1 @8L 8U+ !
B, :/U =+8:O+ qG N:P+ 81 8de M 1 @8L = k
z%6 2V! S M+ &P 1 j 8 ! $:/%1 r / + , G
* +81 &1 2$&B 1 ' 8N) @+'8W1 MQ 7+
2=+8:O+ qG N:P+ '$&&!
, G =8:K
@$\1 V :
:B+$) @ 4
1sN +
=+8:O+ C ' 1 E% Q %
+8L+
59 $& Q8 7+ ,P>?+
f1+ j$ ' /:L+ 1 =8:K 2$B l.1 C+ 8` C
.(Robbins, p.574)
1 8` C * + .$B 1 M
! ?M 56
B,5) c+
K: H/) 1 8:9%1 j L 8` C $L , 8b) 1
C $6 , @ 4 +8L+ 7+ j$ '$&&! ' /:L+ E41 +8 + j 5 81+81
5P+ V1 D C 8N:\
(W.LEUZZ
B, :B+_U &! V!
@ 4 +8L+ 7+ '$&&! ' /:L+ 3%LC * $1
* + @ 4 +8L+ 7+ '$&&! ' /:L+ 1 % KB r G g . 7+ ,6 U$ *%&v (.,19984,p.172
; 0 1 o>ND + $& Q8 C+ V0+
+8 7 2 B H/:& , fP+ =+8:O+ qG 7+ $6 , + M ` +
7 4 2V5P * + ‡ P M+ &P 1 C
L+ ' 8! F/G j 5P @+81 •8:L V1 D 8%I C @8L
$& Q8 7+ ' /:L+ 1 , NP 1 C $&!,
2=+8:O+ 1 f1+
7 %: <+ qG O+ 8- MC$1
.(W.LEUZZ ,19984,p.173) $6 , + +
M P8:K qG 7+ @ 4 +8L+ 7+ '$&&! ' /:L+ `& + 28 mW MQ 7+ o< 5:G+ C MQ 81 'C>P
2=+8:O+ @8%U `1 7+ l d J KB+ 7+
\) 5 C M 8! jC8. @+81 (=+8:O+ qG M U$) + )
L 17 -,) 7 ' C S @+81 $& Q8
5\:L+ 7+ + ND
3%LC * $1 C
B, H/:&
.(W.LEUZZ ,19984,p.174)$&!, C$. - ` 8 +
$P+ D q 8? 7+ @ 4 +8L+ M+ &P 1 ! '$9) Nd @$& Q8 ; P+8:O+ +$\ 1 c
M%
, C8\ t K:)+ 2 8` C * + ! $&!, *BC 2$) B,
5G ( ` 8 + ) < * !
. L+ M
K:
m`G 7+ $ D 1 ;8 R 8` C C 4%:) * + 2, ` 8 + M )+$D G 7+ ,O81 8b) 1 +
j b) 1 N ) '$) + 7 1 ,3 P M+ &P 1 o 80 8` C * + +8 7 T$6 , M 9) + ,L L+ M ) D
=+8:O+ qG M ) D % C+ @ 9 + 7+ = /:)+ 7+ + j 5P 2 % 8 * $1 C $&!, V5P =+8:O+ qG
(W.LEUZZ
$&!, jC8. C
% ) ,1 2$&! q 9 + M 8! =+8:O+
: 8U 8b)
3I+ ! @ .) 1 $& Q8 7+ ' /:L+ jC+$ @+81 @ 4 +8L+ '$&&! ' /:L+ qG (,19984,p.173
! @C P C 6'$)C8-
+ ,5!
5G 2'$B W&9%- " ) / & " 8` C C 4%:) M+ &P 1
1. Raido Position Finding Corp v. Bendix Corp. (1963).
57
O 063 P
*+|
qG
Q
;
1 0
65 !
Q a5
2'C>P 1 . L+ ' + J :O+ X O 1 2 : 8U +8D ;C wD C @8%Um%5
5P+ 1 ! , ! 7+ 8:9%1 r G @ 4 +8L+ 81 ! 1 $ 1 +8v !
o \D+C 8U+ .(W.LEUZZ ,19984,p.172)
MQ
2$B 1 :B+
cC E 5 2' 8!
=+8:O+ qG
L+
KL = k
B ' + 2$6 , L 7+ + ' /:L+ M ` + =+8:O+
j$ ' /:L+ 7+ + ,:\/& ! , ! *%%\
5P+ 1 ! , 8? +8 7 . 8U, 81 @ 4 +8L+ 81 ! M 7 1 C7+8 /! ; 0
$&! @ + 81'8W1 =+8:O+ 7+
' 8! X> $6 ,
L 7+ + =+8:O+ 7+ ' /:L+ C
O M`+
qG j b) ^+$6+ 2C * + C B =+8:O+ 7+ j 5P ' /:L+ C % C+ @ 9 + NL 3%LC * $1 C
L+ *`5 (@ 4 +8L+ '$) + 7+ 8%I j$ '$&&! ' /:L+) @ 8 *%&v S . L+ =+8:O+
C q% . '+
+ ,R N C ' 8! j+$D+ =+8:O+ @7 L @ 4 C ' N)+ $%
3G8 =C8B 1
C =+8:O+ @ 9 + ^$6 1) 1(R & D) \L
^80 (@
.)+ qG 7+ @ +
O81 ‡ P
, G z%6
1E 8 ! ,:DC +8v ,f +8B *%&v
.(W.LEUZZ ,19984,p.173)
.$B 1 ' 8!
j+$D+ MQ Nd 1 N ) 8 C7 ! =+8:O+ qG '$) + ) q =8:K 81+81 }P+8:O+ 1 N )
'$) + 2 L+ ' 8! fO }&6a 1 =+8:O+ ! $B 1 @8/) *% C =8:K 8U+ ,:G 2 +$) (' 8!
~$B 1 :B+ + =+8:O+ 7+ ' /:L+ qG $ 1 j$ '$&&! ' /:L+ C @ 4 +8L+
X> $5P
"
f1 C
L+ '$B H/:& $& Q8 7+ !
L+ @ 8
2
W& @ 4 +8L+ 81 !
C+ 1 M+ ,5) 2 % 8 * $1 T$&! F/G j 5P @+81 9 + 7+ + }P+8:O+ ' 8!
(W.LEUZZ . + + -=+8:O+ D C C$0 7+
- -=+8:O+ 7+ ' /:L+ Wc 2" +C+EL
@8L 2 % KB r G 1 &:L+ 1 C @ 4 +8L+ '$) + H/) 1 $ N) 6' U + .(,19984,p.173
1 j+$D+ @C H/) 1 C : 8U '$ ) + MQ 7+ ' /:L+ 7+ \ c M 1 jC8. C =+8:O+ *:B+
(M. Besen, 1991
$& 5) jC =8:K =+8:O+ qG
()
59 =+8:O+ 7+ ' /:L+ 81 ,&N @‰ C$0
.(p.20
2 % KB ^8\ M+ &P 1 @ 4 +8L+ 81 ! qG cC @+81 %c W& <o 5:G+
=+8:O+ qG j b) q 8? 7+
5G
! C @8%(%- '$WP 7+ $& Q8 =8:K ! L+ , c
@+81
c
@8%(%-
3%LC W& M+ &P 1 + @ 4 +8L+ q 8? 7+
L+ '$ %)81
! ,) %k : @+81 W& ) <$:L+ * + . L+ ' 8! t K:)+ }P+8:O+ 7+
`31 2 B,
' 1
5G 2C * + 7+ C
5P+ 2$)+' N) q
=+8:O+ qG m: %L
5G
M 9P+8:O+ qG @ 6 ) k
, % . 2@ 4 +8L+ m: %L t K:)+ 7+ VND `& + 81 ,&N *BC @+ 1 L ! , c
1.Research and Development.
2'$B j 5P ' /:L+ H) 8L M+ &P 1 =+8:O+ F/G 1 !
.$B 1 :B+
L+ , KB W& @C ! :
! 1
Wc * $1 8 W& ; NP .2
cC =+8:O+ 7+ E%) @8( M U '$&&! ' /:L+
L+ *`5 )8U C
1388 $% 1
!" 39
58
2$6 , M 9) + $& Q8 M 1
Nd V1 D8%I ; % . 4%:) C '$B j 4)+ $& Q8 M 1
.(M. Besen, 1991 , p.21)
Nd V1 D
B,
5P+ E%)
j 4)+ j L 8` C M 1 L & C , f& @ :L+
1E <$:L+ L+ *`5 v 8U+
@+81 ,:08 W)Q * 8 mW . + cC MQ X8 _- @+81 @$c H)+ 2* + cC 1 2$B 1 : 8U
7+ C 8%U, ; 0 $& Q8 M 8!
D C @7C 8U+ !
Nd @+81 i%/O ,B> MQ q 8? 7+ !
L+ ' /:L+‚ L
B , t K:)+ $% + * + 1 @ 4 +8L+ q 8? 7+
5G
- MQ
@
1 $&: M+ &P 1 % KB 1 s 18 r G 2$B 0 @8L $& Q8 MQ @+81 ,P+8:O+
$)+$1 =8:K nKB 8U+ * + 81 'C>P .$B 1 ' /:L+ V1 D @C @+81 C $ Q @ 4 +8L+ 81 !
r G 1 &:L+ 2@8( @+81 ' 0 =+8:O+ qG 7+ ' /:L+ @+81
'E%()+
j$P ; 0
1) =+8:O+ qG
! @8%(%- M 8c
(M. Besen,
$6+ O }6 ! ;$B 1 ($B 1 M>! @ 6 & E6 jE3:
.
M$B q
%
1 $6+ O ' /:L+ V1 D
!
% KB
!, c
'p C
( 1991 , p.21
2 B ' + @ 4 +8L+ '$) + % KB 1 s N + , G cC 1 m`G 8U+ j 4)+8L
2 )k
Nd 1 s 18 Vh C & E6 VŠ5. 7+ VND @$& Q8 =+8:O+ M 1 Nd V1 D *%%\
1
‚ L
N ) M 8! ' N:B+
+
,&\ 2$B N) *BC C nK9 m%5
08 2* +81 &1 .(M. Besen, 1991 , p.22) +
qG ; Nd+
(M. Besen, 1991 , p.22)
J
O
'p C 1
cC 8:9%1 |8. C 'E%()+ 2 =+8:O+
^ )+ V + P C 6 3P 7+ S 86 1
8( ; NP 1 T(M. Besen, 1991, p.22)
=+8:O+ =8:K @8%Um%5
!@ +
+
N ) ' /:L+
+8D 8 81 Hk
!_ ] +8B , KB
. L+ 8 *%(&L ' /:L+ ‚ L 08 <$:L+ /!
+ s N + * 8:9%1 8` C * + Tj Wv 8` C
q 9 @p +8:L+ 7+ 8` C * + .$&! ,
Nd
4+ @ 4
+8L+ 81
+
! M+ &P 1 2@$& Q8
C j L 8` C %NB ,3%O %\kC * + . B, ,B ) M B; P+8:O+ Nd 1 M P8:K
! @$G T$ Q, cC 1 jC =8:K =+8:O+ qG
7+ - ! L+ ,3O+$ %\kC
,P+8:O+ ^8? C 86 E%) 4& +
(W.LEUZZ
.$&: 6 MQ 1
. B @8%Um%5
*% 8? ? 18 r G J
O
$ 1
N ) qG ,P$ C $)+ :O L C ' 8! ,G+8? + M `
$ 1'U + 2
8N9%- 1 , G *%&v @ fP+ Q C
N ) 8:9%1 qG 2@$\1 =8:K @ 4
~ ) 8! $6+ O S5! , 5P H &
'$&&! ' /:L+) C+ =8:K 1
W)Q .$ Q V5P 1
+ =+8:O+ 1
N ) ^ )+
G *+
,19984,p.174)
+8L+ j$ 81 ! ,&\ 2^8? j+$! ! 8%(1 m%5
5P+ 1 ! $)8 _-,5) M )+$D G 7+ @ % 1
\) 5 jC =8:K ]L =+8:O+ 7+ 8:9%1 C @$\1 ' /:L+ 7+ (@ 4 +8L+
59
O 063 P
() @8L 1 C
Q
;
1 0
65 !
L+ :O L C ,G+8? + =+8:O+ C+ =8:K $&!, M %1 ! +
=+8:O+ qG @$\1 =8:K 1 C * + 7+ C '$B MQ 1
Q a5
<$:L+ * +
N ) j 8 =>?+ j$P
NL MQ *:B+
%\kC C 86 HD+C .$&)+ , ' 7 t :B % 1 @8%U 4%:) 7+ ,B ) + L+ '$B fP+
@$& '8W1 7+ + j 5P HD+C
C+ =8:K * + %\kC C 86 . + cC C+ =8:K S
' 8! jC8. 2=+8:O+ MQ *:B+
() M W&- q 8? 7+ 2,) 7 ' C S @+81 =+8:O+ 7+ = /:)+ C
qG '$) + 7+ 7 4 M+$ ; 0
( C+) =8:K * + 2VO+$
%\kC
HD+C
. L+
=+8:O+ qG '$) +
jC =8:K 81+81 =+8:O+ XC8 ' /:L+ 2 O L qG 7+ 2=+8:O+
C+ =8:K HD+C +8 7 B , jC8. ( B, :O &B =8:K *% C+ M ) D 8b) 7+ ! , !)
.(W.LEUZZ ,19984,p.174 ) L+ +
c+
,) ` j 4)+8L 1 $ 1 2@ 4 +8L+ '$&&! ' /:L+
+8L+ '$) +
%\kC 1 9
W.LEUZZ )
- 81
B, Z8f
B Z8f
O81 @8:5! ,(:
, C+ =8:K 28( @ L 7+
L+ *`5 f1+ * +
C+ =8:K M+ &P 1 !
B 7+
! , <$:L+ . B
L+ @8( nKB 86 C @ 4
(,19984,p.174
fL+ 1 ! , KB '7+$)+ M 56 1 $ 1 @ 4 +8L+ '$) + j 4)+8L $L , 8b) 1
2$6 , L 7+ }P+8:O+ 1 N ) + , G ) U 86 2=+8:O+ qG '$) + 1 }D G VO+$
'8W1 =+8:O+ qG m: %L 7+ ' 8! X> 8%O+ nKB ! , G
+8 7 T$B 1 t 3f )
,1 %:L
Nd
1 @ 4 +8L+ 81 ! 2 1$&! $%/ H &0 4 + 1 q 9 2 3%LC * $1 C $&! @ + 81
!_ =+8:O+ ! '$B lP 1 @$\1 =8:K ! ,) 7 ) =+8:O+ H & 7+ @8L C , W&
+C+EL @ 4 +8L+ 7+ j$ '$&&! ' /:L+ ! $L ,5) 8b) 1 * +81 &1 . L+ ' +
+ + 2( B
.$B 1 2' 1 Z8f C+ =8:K M+ &P 1 ! @8( , KB 7+ 8:W1 %\kC
1 =+8:O+ qG ! $&!, † 8 Z kC 1 ` 8 + + $ =+8:O+ qG M ) D , 8? 7+
, &x:L+ z%6 C $6 , + =+8:O+ XC8
M ) D 2@8%Um%5
6' U +
' /:L+ 2 O L 7+ M+8(
\) 5 qG 2=8:K
`& + 8( 2 L+ '$9) V D @ 4 +8L+ '$&&! ' /:L+ @+81
(W.LEUZZ
$B 1 @ 4 +8L+ '$) + H/) 1 ! $&&! 8%N\ @8( .) 1 +
!_
(Palmer V. Dudzik 85 - '$)C8- ^ &%:L+ ' U + 8b) W€+ 1 <$:L+ * + .(,19984,p.174
:$&!, M+ &P *%&v
*%1 $)+ , 2 $&N1
C t K:)+ 2=+8:O+
! 1 + MQ
Nd @+81 k
O 8b) W€+
' U + . B, .(1973
L+ ' 8! V $N + }P+8:O+ =8:K
! ,) 7 "
@8L ; 0 1 MQ F/G @+81 X> ;C /: @ 68%
@+81 MQ X8 _- ! •)Q
. B+ $6+ K) 8:9%1 ' /:L+ @+81 ,) ` + C+ nKB C ' 5) j+$D+ =+8:O+
!
Nd 1
1E s8B .$&! @8%Um%5
N ) jC =8:K 3G8 * +
+8 7 .1
1388 $% 1
!" 39
60
+ 8fO * + 2$&!, t K:)+ +
C+ XC C+ ,:DC !
qG C $&! j+$D+ =+8:O+ D C
! C MQ
Nd 1
L+ * + 2
N ) $B 1
%) t 3f '+ O }6Cp-
D =+8:O+ M 56 jC =8:K !
@ ! M W&- * 8:! ! $&5 $6 @ 6 L %L 8b& 7+ . 8 _-, 2$&! V%5. C+ 81 + }
.)+
(W.LEUZZ ,19984,p.174 )" L+ , f& C )< P 4%:) * + 2 B , W)Q 1 ^ f\ =+8:O+
c+
@$& Q8 =+8:O+ 1 =8:K
2 +$)
! ,) 7 2$L , 8b) 1 l.N * + M -
cC =+8:O+ qG m: %L 7+ ' /:L+ M ` + C
B, , 3
Nd V1 D8%I !
B,
! ,) 7 + . B+ $6+ K)
5G b& 1 @ 4 +8L+ m: %L 1 VL Ec @+' v
5G @ 6m: %L M % t K:)+ M ` + 1 C + %:O+ + Nd V1 D @$& Q8 =+8:O+ =8:K
2 6m: %L 7+ S 86
\ C +E 8 L 7+ ‹
bG> V1 D @8%d{ =+8:O+ qG m: %L
2 L+ c+
=+8:O+ qG C @ 4 +8L+
=8:K @+81 '$B m6+8 @
.)+ ,) ) D
5G
L+ H 8L M &v '7C8 + @ C & ;+8%%R Œ&6Q 28( @ L 7+ . B+ $6+ O @C m%5
81
i9! V1 D 2;< . 1 N ) '$B 5P+ • `\ ,L$&W q 8? 7+ @$& Q8 ; P+8:O+ !
+8L+ q 8? 7+
5G 1 q + ,3RB @ 6@p +8:L+ L+ *`5 v 8U+ T L+ , L &B C
.$&B 1 @ 4
56
:$ Q, 81 *%&v :/U }%… 5G
%31 D ,1 O 1 @ 4 +8L+ M+ &P 1
5B V1 D + C ; P k
+8…D @8…` @ …6 …%` r … G ; P k i
@ …4 +8L+ j b)
(,& ; P>?+)
, C T$B @ 4 +8L+ 7+
5G
5G ; C8k J
f 7+
1 ,6 ()
! @8d+ M+ &P 1 + @ 4 +8L+ 7+
. = k
O
.$6 , M 9) + 8%U,
; W1 9 @+' - $&v 86
, 6$ 8 lP 1 2=+8:O+ qG j b) C
…c @ …6;C …/ C ,: …5G j b) C 7+ S 86 ,W%c ,) N 1 ;<+eL * + 1 L C … - …! $…B nK9… C ' …B+ ( 8!, m6+8 + =8:K @+81 t K:)+ M ` + !) W)Q M %
C @ …4 r>…O+ @ …6 %\ F…/G C ) / …& 1 D 1 c
@ 4 +8L+ j b) • L+
C …)+8`:N ; +$…D+ …1 =8…:K q 9… … - 81 =+8:O+ qG j b) ! , G
. L+ :9U + :L+ ; % . j 4)+
@ 4 +8L+ C =+8:O+ qG ,: 5G @ 6j b) 7+ S 86
T$B 1, ,3RB
Wc @ +_U
5G C853D C &N
8L
;C /
] +8…B @ 6;C / V% 1) j b) C 7+ S 86 M % t K:)+ M ` + 81 'C>P ! 8! *BC
F…/G ; C8…k …1 …c 1) =+8:O+ V%5` $& Q8 ,? 2*%9) c M+ &P 1 ( 5G = ) C
61
O 063 P
Q
;
1 0
65 !
Q a5
Z8f =+8:O+ qG j b) V5` M+ &P 1 @ 4 +8L+ j b) ( Nd V1 D 8%I ; P>?+ M 1 @8L
… 5G m…`G
@ 4 +8L+ q 8? 7+ ; P+8:O+ 7+
5G @ +8D81
% 8 * $1 . 8U,
.$B 1,5) M P8:K 7+ , k+
8 9
: ,
1. Abramowitz, Michael,2003, Perfecting Patent Prize, Thomson, First Edition,.
2. Bennett, "the Trade Secret Owner Versus Patentee of Same Invention: A Conflict?,
Journal of the Patent Office Society , Vol. 57.
3. Bell, John; Sophie, Boyron,1998, Principles of French Law, Oxford University Press,
NewYork,.
4. Besen, Stanley M: An Introduction to the Law and Economies of Intellectual Property,
the Journal of Economic Perspective, Vol.5, No.1.
5. Blair Rogerd D; Thomas F.Cotter, 2005 , Intellectual Property = Economic and Legal
Dimensions of Rights and Remedies, Cambridge University Press.
6. Cornish, W. R, 2002, Intellectual Property, Third Edition, Sweet & Maxwell.
7. Duncan, Curley, 2004, Intellectual property, Oxford University Press.
8. Eastaway, Nigel , 2004, Intellectual property, Thomson, London.
9. Friedman, David D; William M. Landes, 1991, Some Economics of Trade Secret Law,
The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, No. 1.
10. Hettinger, Edwin C, 1989, Justifying Intellectual Property, Philosophy and Public
Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 1.
11. Jorda, "the Rights of the First Inventor – Trade Secret User as Against Those of the
Second Inventor – Patentee," Journal of the Patent Office Society, Vol. 61.
12. Kitch, Edmund W,1980: The Law and Economics of Rights in Valuable Information,
The Journal of Legal Studies,Vol.9, No.4.
13. ——: The Nature and Function of the Patent System, Journal of Law and Economics ,
Vol. 20.
14. Leuzzi, Paul W, 1984: Process Invention=Trade secret or Protection, Journal of Patent
Off ice Society, Vol. 66, No. 3.
15. Maurer, Stephen M, 2002: The Independent Invention Defense in Intellectual
Property, Economia , Vol.61.
16. Nisvan. Erkal, 2004: On the Interaction between Patent and Trade Secret
Policy, Journal of Legal Studies.
17. Paine, Lynn Sharp, 1999: Trade Secrets and Justification of Intellectual Property,
"Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 3.
18. Robbins, "The Rights of the First Inventor – Trade Secret User as Against Those of
the Second Inventor – Patentee," Journal of Patent Office Society , Vol. 61.
19. Stim, Richard, 2006: Patent, Copyright, Trademark, Nolo, United States.
20. Thurow, L; Needed ,1997:A New System of Intellectual Property Rights, Harvard
Business Review.
21. Vaver, David, 1999: Intellectual Property Today , Of Myths And Paradoxes, Canadian
Bar Review,Vol.69.
22. Verma, Surinder Kaur ,2004, "Protection of Trade Secrets under TRIPS Agreement ,
and Developing Countries", The Journal of World Intellectual property, Vol.1.
23. Black's Law Dictionary, Eight Edition
1388 $% 1
!" 39
62
:7
& $ * &+ *
,*
- *. / -$ *
- *7 & < *9 - $5F
,*
*+$ J / » .3 1
"0 6
» .74 1
K !<
05B 'f
:
/ :1
!"#$ % & $ '
B C1385 > ( «4
$5
6 789$ : ;<$
B C1386 > ( « "" %$& - I - $ 1 J+ K : "" %$&
.3 1
B C1387 > ( «4
$5 M N
,
/0
a5 K5 B
(»
1 23
+ G , 8# & H
M N O H :4
- / $5