Richmond-Petersburg, VA
National Compensation Survey
August 1997
________________________________________________________________________________________________
U.S. Department of Labor
Alexis M. Herman, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner
May 1998
Bulletin 3090-32
Preface
T
For additional information regarding this survey, please
contact the BLS Philadelphia Regional Office at (215) 5961154. You may also write to the Bureau of Labor Statistics
at: Division of Compensation Data Analysis and Planning,
2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Room 4175, Washington,
DC 20212-0001, or call (202) 606-6220, or send e-mail to
ocltinfo@bls.gov.
The data contained in this bulletin are also available at
the BLS Internet site (https://www.bls.gov/ocs/#data ).
Data are in three formats: an ASCII file containing the
published table formats; an ASCII file containing positional
columns of data for manipulation as a data base or spreadsheet; and a Portable Document Format (PDF) containing
the entire bulletin.
Material in this bulletin is in the public domain and,
with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202)
606-7828; TDD phone: (202) 606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
his bulletin provides results of an August 1997 survey
of occupational pay in the Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Data shown in this
bulletin were collected as part of the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) new program known as the National Compensation Survey (NCS).
The survey could not have been conducted without the
cooperation of the many private firms and government jurisdictions that provided pay data included in this bulletin.
The Bureau thanks these respondents for their cooperation.
Survey data were collected and reviewed by Bureau of
Labor Statistics field economists under the direction of
John W. Filemyr, Assistant Regional Commissioner for
Operations of the Philadelphia Regional Office. The Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, in cooperation with the Office of Field Operations and the Office
of Technology and Survey Processing in the BLS National
Office, designed the survey, processed the data, and analyzed the survey results.
iii
Contents
Page
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................
Wages in the Richmond-Petersburg, VA, MSA .........................................................................................
1
2
Tables:
A-1. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, all workers, all industries ...........................................
A-2. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, all workers, private industry and
State and local government...........................................................................................................
A-3. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers,
all industries .................................................................................................................................
A-4. Weekly and annual earnings and hours for selected occupations,
full-time workers only, all industries ............................................................................................
B-1. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and levels, all industries,
private industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers ............................
B-2. Mean hourly earnings for selected occupations and levels, all industries,
private industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers ............................
C-1. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and selected characteristics,
all industries .................................................................................................................................
C-2. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and industry division,
private industry, all workers .........................................................................................................
C-3. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and establishment employment size,
private industry, all workers .........................................................................................................
C-4. Number of workers represented by occupational group ...............................................................
4
7
10
13
15
19
22
23
24
25
Appendix A:
Technical Note .....................................................................................................................................
Appendix table 1. Number of establishments studied......................................................................
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors......................................................................................
Appendix table 3. Average work levels ...........................................................................................
v
26
30
31
34
Introduction
T
erations. Such instances are noted in the bulletin table
footnotes.
NCS more extensive than OCS
The wage data in this bulletin differ from those in previous Occupational Compensation Surveys by providing
broader coverage of occupations and establishments within
the survey area.
Occupations surveyed for this bulletin were selected
using probability techniques from a list of all those present
in each establishment. Previous OCS bulletins were limited to a preselected list of occupations, which represented
a small subset of all occupations in the economy. Information in the new bulletin is published for a variety of occupation-based data. This new approach includes data on
broad occupational classifications such as white-collar
workers, major occupational groups such as sales workers,
and individual occupations such as cashiers.
In tables containing work levels within occupational series, the work levels are derived from generic standards that
apply to all occupational groups. The job levels in the
OCS bulletins were based on narrowly-defined descriptions
that were not comparable across specific occupations.
Occupational data in this bulletin are also tabulated for
other classifications such as industry group, full-time versus part-time workers, union versus nonunion status, time
versus incentive status, and establishment employment size.
Not all of these series were generated by the OCS program.
The establishments surveyed for this bulletin were limited to those with 50 or more employees. Eventually, NCS
will be expanded to cover those now-excluded establishments. Then, virtually all workers in the civilian economy
will be surveyed, excluding only agriculture, private households, and employees of the Federal Government.
his survey of occupational pay was conducted in the
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, Metropolitan Statistical
Area (MSA). The MSA includes the cities of Colonial
Heights, Hopewell, Petersburg, and Richmond; and the
counties of Charles City, Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, Goochland, Hanover, Henrico, New Kent, Powhatan, and Prince
George, VA.
This bulletin consists primarily of tables whose data are
analyzed in the initial textual section. Tabulations provide
information on earnings of workers in a variety of occupations and at a wide range of work levels. Also contained in
this bulletin is information on the program, a technical note
describing survey procedures, and several appendixes with
detailed information on occupational classifications and the
generic leveling methodology.
NCS design and products
The Bureau of Labor Statistic’s (BLS) new National
Compensation Survey (NCS) is designed to provide data on
the levels and rates of change of occupational wages and
employee benefits for localities, broad geographic regions,
and the nation as a whole. One output of the NCS will be
the Employment Cost Index, a quarterly measure of the
change in employer costs for wages and benefits. This
bulletin is limited to data on wages and salaries. These
data are similar to those released under the Occupational
Compensation Survey (OCS), which has been discontinued.
Due to the limited amount of time available to initiate
this first phase of the new program, a number of companies
were unable to provide complete data before the publication deadline. As a result, some surveys have a high nonresponse rate for the all industries or the private industry it-
1
Wages in the
Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
Metropolitan Statistical Area
S
Survey results show that private industry workers in
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, earned $14.74 per hour, while
surveyed State and local government workers averaged
$16.62. Table A-2 reports the average hourly rate for
white-collar occupations as $17.25 in private industry and
$18.25 in State and local government. Blue-collar occupations showed an average hourly rate of $13.73 in private
industry and $12.35 in State and local government. Service
occupations within private industry averaged $6.76 per
hour while those found in State and local government averaged $11.63.
traight-time wages in the Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
Metropolitan Statistical Area averaged $15.27 per hour
during August 1997. White-collar workers had an average
wage of $17.60 per hour. Blue-collar workers averaged
$13.62 per hour, while service workers had average earnings of $8.51 per hour. (All comparisons in this analysis
cover hourly rates for both full- and part-time workers, unless otherwise noted.)
Chart 1. Average hourly wage rates by occupational
group, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
Chart 2. Average hourly rates for private industry and
State and local government, Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
August 1997
Dollars per hour
$ 20
Dollars per hour
$
20
15
Private
industry
State and
local
government
10
15
5
10
0
Whitecollar
Bluecollar
Service
workers
5
Within each of these occupational groups, average
hourly wages for individual occupations varied. For example, white-collar occupations included accountants and
auditors at $20.03 per hour, registered nurses at $18.84,
and secretaries at $12.62. Among occupations in the bluecollar category, truck drivers averaged $10.93 per hour
while stock handlers and baggers averaged $9.20. Finally,
service occupations included janitors and cleaners at $7.02
per hour and waiters and waitresses at $4.37 per hour (excluding tips). Table A-1 presents earnings data for 82 detailed occupations; data for other detailed occupations surveyed could not be reported separately due to concerns
about the confidentiality of survey respondents and the reliability of the data.
0
White-collar
Blue-collar
Service
Table A-3 presents data for workers considered by the
survey respondents to be either full-time or part-time. Average wages for full-time workers, all occupations, were
$16.19 per hour, compared with an average of $8.11 per
hour for part-time workers.
Data for specific work levels within major occupational
groups are reported in table B-1. Occasionally, wage estimates for lower levels of work within major occupational
groups are greater than estimates for higher levels. This
can occur due to the mix of specific occupations (and industries) represented by the broad group as well as by the
variability of the estimate. Some levels within a group may
2
sions within private industry. In the private sector, hourly
wages averaged $17.30 in all goods-producing industries,
$12.87 in construction, and $18.28 in transportation and
public utilities. Data for other industry divisions did not
meet publication criteria.
In Richmond-Petersburg, VA, a total of 300,181 workers were represented by the survey, with 177,119 classified
in white-collar occupations, or 59 percent. Table C-4 reports that blue-collar occupations included 74,142 workers,
or 25 percent, and service occupations employed 48,919
workers, or 16 percent.
not be published because no workers were identified at that
level or because there were not enough data to guarantee
confidentiality and reliability.
Work levels for all major groups span several levels,
with professional specialty occupations and executive, administrative, and managerial occupations typically starting
and ending at higher work levels than the other groups.
Published data for executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ranged from level 5 to level 13. As illustrated in Chart 3, the average hourly rate was $21.62 for
level 10, $26.62 for level 11, $31.98 for level 12, and
$37.81 for level 13.
Chart 4. Distribution of workers represented by
occupational group, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August
1997
Chart 3. Average hourly rates by work level for
executive, administrative, and managerial occupations,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
Percent
60
Dollars per hour
$40
50
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
10
11
12
13
Whitecollar
Bluecollar
Service
workers
Level
Data are also presented in appendix table 1 on the number of establishments studied by industry group and employment size. The relative standard errors of published
mean hourly earnings for all industries, private industry,
and State and local government are available in appendix
table 2. The average work levels for published occupational groups and selected occupations are presented in appendix table 3.
Surveyed union workers had an average hourly rate of
$16.55, as reported in table C-1. Wages for nonunion
workers averaged $15.14. Time workers, whose wages
were based solely on an hourly rate or a salary, averaged
$15.28 per hour, while incentive workers, those whose
wages were at least partially based on productivity payments, averaged $14.87.
Table C-2 shows wage data for specific industry divi-
3
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
All industries
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
All occupations ....................................................................... $15.27
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
15.45
10
25
Median
50
75
90
$6.50
6.75
$9.00
9.37
$13.17
13.45
$19.23
19.31
$26.40
26.51
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .........................
17.60
18.23
7.85
8.61
10.58
11.28
15.14
16.05
21.95
22.60
31.07
31.73
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .......................
Mechanical engineers ...........................................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .....................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...........
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts ..........................................................
Natural scientists ......................................................
Health related occupations .......................................
Registered nurses ................................................
Physical therapists ................................................
Teachers, college and university ..............................
Teachers, except college and university ..................
Elementary school teachers .................................
Secondary school teachers ..................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...........................
Librarians ..............................................................
Social scientists and urban planners ........................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ..................
Social workers ......................................................
Lawyers and judges ..................................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and
professionals, N.E.C. ..........................................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Radiological technicians .......................................
Licensed practical nurses .....................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .......
Computer programmers .......................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Executives, administrators, and managers ...............
Administrators and officials, public administration
Financial managers ..............................................
Managers., marketing, advertising and public
relations ..........................................................
Administrators, education and related fields .........
Managers, medicine and health ...........................
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..................
Management related occupations ............................
Accountants and auditors .....................................
Other financial officers ..........................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists .......................................................
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............
Sales occupations ............................................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ............................
Insurance sales occupations ................................
Sales occupations, other business services .........
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale .................................................
Cashiers ...............................................................
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .......................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical .....
Supervisors, general office ...................................
Computer operators ..............................................
Secretaries ...........................................................
Receptionists ........................................................
Information clerks, N.E.C. .....................................
21.60
23.38
26.54
29.27
26.53
24.63
24.78
12.45
15.03
18.27
26.44
17.31
16.07
15.71
16.00
17.96
20.99
27.69
21.39
18.20
17.19
20.08
21.95
26.44
29.37
25.63
22.82
22.60
25.96
28.03
31.29
31.73
31.25
29.32
30.42
33.13
34.40
35.00
32.09
38.51
35.97
37.79
23.24
21.03
20.74
18.84
25.46
32.85
21.76
22.79
23.02
19.58
19.58
–
14.53
14.41
–
17.18
16.43
14.30
13.93
18.06
24.31
15.80
16.86
16.59
15.75
15.75
–
9.81
9.81
–
20.28
18.78
16.52
15.76
19.13
24.42
17.97
19.49
18.81
17.51
17.51
–
11.67
11.67
–
22.82
21.46
19.72
18.78
24.04
33.74
21.47
22.14
23.42
19.50
19.50
–
14.53
14.38
–
23.56
23.27
22.43
20.83
30.64
36.93
26.02
26.51
26.51
22.21
22.21
–
16.93
16.94
–
31.19
26.70
30.08
23.19
30.64
42.63
29.25
28.71
29.45
24.48
24.48
–
19.50
19.50
–
16.72
15.09
17.04
16.14
12.01
11.91
19.78
24.51
28.66
25.00
25.77
11.96
9.75
9.25
14.75
10.04
6.57
15.63
13.55
16.48
18.14
14.90
13.37
11.67
12.25
14.75
10.87
8.48
16.98
16.37
21.42
18.14
19.39
15.98
13.75
16.90
15.46
11.95
12.14
18.13
21.91
25.64
23.81
24.06
19.11
17.36
20.88
17.29
13.30
14.90
22.05
30.32
33.46
32.06
27.73
24.52
22.05
25.85
18.00
14.09
16.25
25.00
38.03
39.61
34.49
39.90
23.20
26.17
23.04
31.91
19.06
20.03
16.83
16.77
19.63
16.04
16.35
12.25
14.66
12.36
21.91
21.46
16.04
21.53
14.42
15.94
13.40
21.91
24.12
23.08
29.62
16.88
18.46
15.38
26.60
32.33
28.72
36.56
21.06
22.71
19.52
35.21
32.33
28.72
50.48
29.31
29.31
22.81
28.70
17.21
13.00
18.20
25.46
11.41
14.09
12.25
5.65
8.25
15.38
8.17
17.31
12.93
6.75
12.12
19.23
8.17
37.36
16.59
9.35
17.90
21.61
10.73
39.90
19.18
15.75
20.19
28.85
12.50
45.48
27.96
23.45
28.13
39.42
18.51
27.22
6.32
13.76
11.27
14.76
10.91
12.62
9.55
9.89
11.13
5.20
8.50
7.27
11.89
7.50
8.05
7.93
5.25
11.66
5.25
8.50
8.63
12.82
7.50
10.67
8.55
5.65
23.93
6.00
12.08
10.86
15.42
10.00
13.15
9.48
11.29
31.78
7.00
14.50
13.36
16.15
14.59
14.70
10.63
12.79
56.25
9.00
23.45
15.61
16.44
14.59
14.96
11.06
12.98
See footnotes at end of table.
4
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997 — Continued
All industries
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Administrative support occupations, including clerical
(-Continued)
Order clerks .......................................................... $12.57
Library clerks ........................................................
7.39
Records clerks, N.E.C. .........................................
11.41
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ......
10.81
Dispatchers ...........................................................
12.94
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...................
8.19
Stock and inventory clerks ....................................
8.97
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ..
17.25
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ......
11.28
Bill and account collectors ....................................
11.61
General office clerks .............................................
10.10
Data entry keyers .................................................
9.12
Teachers’ aides ....................................................
9.69
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. .........
11.46
10
25
Median
50
75
90
$8.25
4.75
8.86
8.20
9.57
6.00
7.62
10.26
8.00
6.30
7.00
7.00
6.47
7.16
$10.15
4.83
10.23
9.43
10.47
6.25
8.16
12.00
8.63
9.63
8.06
7.93
7.95
8.99
$12.65
6.38
11.28
10.52
11.62
7.50
9.00
15.57
11.76
12.02
9.63
9.69
9.37
11.54
$16.23
10.29
12.58
12.02
14.77
8.50
9.50
22.46
13.12
12.95
11.50
10.12
12.06
13.59
$17.08
11.80
13.15
13.98
19.03
11.58
10.98
25.38
13.60
15.20
14.59
10.77
12.23
16.15
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers .................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .......
Industrial machinery repairers ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ..........................
Electricians ...........................................................
Supervisors, production occupations ....................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Printing press operators .......................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators ..................
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ...........
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ..
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Supervisors, motor vehicle operators ...................
Truck drivers .........................................................
Bus drivers ............................................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ..
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ......
Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and
laborers, N.E.C. ..............................................
Production helpers ................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. .......
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............
Hand packers and packagers ...............................
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ...................
13.62
16.43
21.56
14.42
19.91
13.80
16.92
24.02
14.01
15.01
12.09
16.94
12.85
11.71
13.65
10.93
12.53
13.58
10.20
7.25
9.75
14.00
11.00
12.26
8.50
12.63
15.00
7.69
8.89
6.00
9.75
9.40
7.65
11.24
8.25
7.38
9.49
5.75
9.50
12.31
14.38
13.63
15.39
10.50
15.00
19.23
10.80
13.24
11.89
12.82
10.39
9.12
11.24
9.00
9.33
11.31
7.00
12.81
16.00
21.79
14.63
21.25
14.70
18.25
22.81
13.25
15.61
13.01
17.77
11.10
11.24
12.00
10.00
12.79
12.66
8.98
16.60
20.02
28.70
16.10
26.14
16.70
18.25
29.66
17.22
17.13
13.01
20.20
17.19
13.52
14.58
12.08
15.99
15.19
12.45
21.25
24.76
29.66
17.00
26.14
21.08
19.43
31.48
20.20
18.63
15.19
24.36
17.36
16.00
18.61
15.50
15.99
20.73
15.79
13.25
10.37
9.20
11.21
9.01
9.87
9.38
9.71
6.25
5.35
6.50
5.77
5.45
6.40
9.71
7.50
5.65
8.58
6.00
6.84
7.14
10.60
10.30
7.36
11.10
6.00
10.98
8.35
12.56
12.72
11.71
13.70
10.21
11.65
10.30
17.10
16.05
13.50
16.20
17.19
12.80
13.93
Service occupations ...........................................................
Protective service occupations .................................
Police and detectives, public service ....................
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement
officers ............................................................
Food service occupations .........................................
Waiters and waitresses ........................................
Cooks ...................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. .................
8.51
13.29
15.63
5.15
7.10
12.36
5.75
9.63
13.89
7.37
12.36
15.73
10.14
16.16
16.94
14.04
19.64
19.50
12.97
6.39
4.37
9.56
7.34
6.48
11.00
2.13
2.13
6.30
5.50
5.15
11.00
5.15
2.13
7.50
6.00
5.15
12.02
6.25
2.77
9.00
7.00
5.57
15.70
8.00
7.50
12.00
8.00
7.00
16.41
10.00
8.17
14.42
10.00
9.25
See footnotes at end of table.
5
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997 — Continued
All industries
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
Service occupations (-Continued)
Health service occupations .......................................
Health aides, except nursing ................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ...............
Cleaning and building service occupations ..............
Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers
Maids and housemen ...........................................
Janitors and cleaners ...........................................
Personal service occupations ...................................
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for
overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips.
The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and
dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. The 10th,
25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles designate position in the
earnings distribution. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the
workers receive the same as or more than the rate shown, and half
receive the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 25th
percentile, one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less than
the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth earn the same as
or more than the rate shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow
the same logic.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees
$7.13
8.97
6.82
7.20
10.16
6.01
7.02
8.58
10
25
Median
50
75
90
$5.30
6.36
5.25
5.15
7.00
5.25
5.15
5.50
$5.65
7.50
5.50
5.36
7.60
5.30
5.25
6.59
$6.70
8.82
6.50
6.69
8.90
5.75
6.56
7.77
$8.01
9.51
7.60
8.10
12.01
6.69
8.06
10.36
$9.51
12.75
8.81
10.50
15.00
7.45
9.63
12.03
are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time
in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time
schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did
not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
6
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
Private industry
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
10
All occupations ..................................................... $14.74
All occupations excluding sales .......................... 14.94
White-collar occupations .................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .......
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..............................................
Professional specialty occupations .............
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .....
Mechanical engineers .........................
Engineers, N.E.C. ...............................
Mathematical and computer scientists ...
Computer systems analysts and
scientists .......................................
Natural scientists ....................................
Health related occupations .....................
Registered nurses ..............................
Teachers, college and university ............
Teachers, except college and university
Elementary school teachers ...............
Secondary school teachers ................
Librarians, archivists, and curators .........
Librarians ............................................
Social scientists and urban planners ......
Social, recreation, and religious workers
Social workers ....................................
Lawyers and judges ................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes,
and professionals, N.E.C. .................
Technical occupations ................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians ....................................
Radiological technicians .....................
Licensed practical nurses ...................
Health technologists and technicians,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Computer programmers .....................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ..............................................
Executives, administrators, and
managers ..........................................
Administrators and officials, public
administration ...............................
Financial managers ............................
Managers., marketing, advertising
and public relations .......................
Administrators, education and related
fields .............................................
Managers, medicine and health .........
Managers and administrators, N.E.C.
Management related occupations ..........
Accountants and auditors ...................
Other financial officers ........................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists ......................
Management related occupations,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Sales occupations ..........................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ..........
Insurance sales occupations ..............
Sales occupations, other business
services ........................................
Sales representatives, mining,
manufacturing, and wholesale ......
Cashiers .............................................
State and local government
$6.00
6.25
25
Median
50
$8.21 $12.56
8.50 12.83
Percentiles
Mean
75
90
10
$18.23
18.25
$25.67
26.14
$16.62
16.62
25
Median
50
75
90
$8.38 $10.76 $14.70 $20.83 $28.04
8.38 10.76 14.70 20.88 28.04
17.25
18.21
7.25
8.08
9.71
10.72
14.59
15.70
21.84
22.89
31.55
32.59
18.25
18.27
9.56
9.57
12.23
12.23
16.43
16.43
22.23
22.23
30.64
30.64
21.22
23.48
28.48
29.27
26.53
27.34
11.32
13.60
19.23
26.44
17.31
17.19
14.94
17.50
25.24
27.69
21.39
19.95
19.50
22.50
28.37
29.37
25.63
25.00
26.07
28.65
32.09
31.73
31.25
34.22
33.37
34.88
36.59
32.09
38.51
41.11
21.92
23.30
–
–
–
–
13.45
15.79
–
–
–
–
16.43
18.36
–
–
–
–
20.53
21.95
–
–
–
–
25.90
27.79
–
–
–
–
32.87
33.77
–
–
–
–
28.01
22.62
19.68
18.35
–
11.29
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.19
12.41
13.89
13.58
–
9.40
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
19.95
19.23
15.83
15.40
–
9.40
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
25.00
24.62
19.00
18.47
–
9.40
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
35.97
25.76
21.29
20.50
–
13.33
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
41.83
28.65
25.36
22.25
–
16.99
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
22.65
–
–
22.85
23.06
23.16
19.93
19.93
–
14.62
14.62
–
–
–
15.27
–
–
17.06
17.06
16.59
14.83
14.83
–
10.29
10.29
–
–
–
17.75
–
–
18.89
19.64
18.93
17.82
17.82
–
12.02
12.02
–
–
–
21.26
–
–
22.23
22.50
23.43
19.56
19.56
–
14.72
14.72
–
–
–
27.78
–
–
26.51
26.64
26.71
22.44
22.44
–
16.94
16.94
–
–
–
31.38
–
–
29.33
29.33
29.73
24.48
24.48
–
18.61
18.61
–
18.04
15.62
10.77
9.53
13.37
11.91
18.16
14.75
24.15
18.00
24.52
22.82
–
14.26
–
10.29
–
11.25
–
13.15
–
15.03
–
20.88
12.46
16.02
11.95
8.70
14.03
10.00
9.25
14.75
10.87
12.20
15.46
11.83
15.86
17.25
13.18
16.75
18.01
14.09
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.06
20.30
6.57
16.98
7.26
16.98
11.15
18.22
14.90
22.05
16.25
25.79
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
25.51
14.36
16.59
21.91
32.12
38.46
20.82
10.39
14.70
20.68
26.64
32.33
29.74
15.87
21.53
26.60
35.66
44.47
24.85
18.14
20.53
22.95
28.99
32.33
–
25.77
–
14.90
–
19.39
–
24.06
–
27.73
–
39.90
25.60
–
18.14
–
18.14
–
23.81
–
32.06
–
34.49
–
23.20
16.77
21.91
21.91
26.60
35.21
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
22.56
32.27
20.08
20.37
15.04
–
16.04
16.35
13.01
14.66
12.36
–
16.04
21.63
15.38
16.11
12.73
–
23.08
31.22
17.95
18.99
15.38
–
28.72
36.73
21.92
23.13
15.87
–
28.72
50.48
29.49
29.31
19.52
25.57
–
–
14.96
17.82
–
19.63
–
–
10.06
13.94
–
21.46
–
–
10.52
15.14
–
22.95
–
–
14.06
16.16
–
32.33
–
–
16.35
17.31
–
32.33
–
–
22.26
27.64
–
28.70
14.09
17.31
37.36
39.90
45.48
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.35
13.01
18.20
25.46
12.25
5.65
8.25
15.38
13.22
6.75
12.12
19.23
16.88
9.34
17.90
21.61
19.18
16.21
20.19
28.85
27.96
23.45
28.13
39.42
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.41
8.17
8.17
10.73
12.50
18.51
–
–
–
–
–
–
27.22
6.23
11.13
5.20
11.66
5.25
23.93
6.00
31.78
6.80
56.25
8.00
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
See footnotes at end of table.
7
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997 — Continued
Private industry
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
10
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Sales occupations (-Continued)
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. ..... $13.76
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical ...................................................... 11.20
Supervisors, general office ................. 14.68
Secretaries ......................................... 12.15
Receptionists ......................................
9.55
Information clerks, N.E.C. ...................
9.89
Order clerks ........................................ 12.57
Records clerks, N.E.C. ....................... 11.19
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing
clerks ............................................ 10.28
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks
8.19
Stock and inventory clerks ..................
8.75
Insurance adjusters, examiners, &
investigators ................................. 17.25
Investigators and adjusters except
insurance ...................................... 11.02
Bill and account collectors .................. 11.35
General office clerks ........................... 10.48
Data entry keyers ...............................
9.12
Teachers’ aides ..................................
–
Administrative support occupations,
N.E.C. ........................................... 11.78
Blue-collar occupations ...................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ..............................................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers
Bus, truck, and stationary engine
mechanics ....................................
Industrial machinery repairers ............
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ........
Supervisors, production occupations ..
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors .................................................
Printing press operators .....................
Slicing and cutting machine operators
Miscellaneous machine operators,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Production inspectors, checkers and
examiners .....................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ..............................................
Supervisors, motor vehicle operators
Truck drivers .......................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment
operators ......................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers .....................................................
Supervisors, handlers, equipment
cleaners, and laborers, N.E.C. .....
Production helpers ..............................
Stock handlers and baggers ...............
Freight, stock, and material handlers,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Vehicle washers and equipment
cleaners ........................................
Hand packers and packagers .............
Laborers except construction, N.E.C.
Service occupations .........................................
Protective service occupations ...............
Police and detectives, public service ..
State and local government
25
Median
50
Percentiles
Mean
75
90
$14.50
$23.45
10
25
Median
50
75
90
–
–
–
–
–
–
$8.50
$8.50 $12.08
7.00
11.49
8.00
7.93
5.25
8.25
9.02
8.25
12.35
10.02
8.55
5.65
10.15
9.94
10.50
16.12
11.64
9.48
11.29
12.65
10.95
13.24
16.15
14.42
10.63
12.79
16.23
12.33
16.49
16.44
17.57
11.06
12.98
17.08
13.32
$11.39
–
12.92
–
–
–
–
$7.70
–
9.46
–
–
–
–
7.50
6.00
7.51
9.00
6.25
8.33
9.94
7.50
9.00
11.54
8.50
9.50
13.36
11.58
9.68
11.62
–
–
8.76
–
–
9.63
–
–
10.26
12.00
15.57
22.46
25.38
–
–
8.00
6.20
6.50
7.00
–
8.63
7.50
7.75
7.93
–
10.92
12.02
9.71
9.69
–
13.12
12.95
14.00
10.12
–
13.59
16.18
15.06
10.77
–
–
–
9.78
–
9.78
6.00
9.85
12.07
13.72
15.77
13.73
7.10
9.25
12.98
16.76
16.76
21.96
9.25
14.00
12.26
14.38
16.30
22.79
14.81
20.00
13.79
24.02
13.00
11.96
8.00
15.00
13.63
15.39
10.50
19.23
14.01
15.01
12.09
7.69
8.89
6.00
16.94
$9.28 $11.28 $13.45 $14.70
–
–
–
–
11.71 13.78 14.70 14.70
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.37
–
–
13.37
–
–
15.18
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7.37
–
6.90
–
–
8.38
–
7.98
–
–
9.63
–
9.37
–
–
10.76
–
12.06
–
–
11.96
–
12.23
11.06
7.27
8.09
10.24
13.08
17.82
21.28
12.35
7.69
9.71
12.31
14.61
16.43
20.76
28.94
26.14
29.66
14.02
–
11.00
–
12.31
–
14.06
–
16.29
–
17.95
–
14.90
21.25
15.00
22.81
16.10
26.14
16.70
29.66
17.20
26.14
21.08
31.48
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.80
13.24
11.89
13.25
15.61
13.01
17.22
17.13
13.01
20.20
18.63
15.19
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.75
12.82
17.77
20.20
24.36
–
–
–
–
–
–
12.85
9.40
10.39
11.10
17.19
17.36
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.87
13.65
10.87
7.90
11.24
8.25
9.25
11.24
8.96
11.24
12.00
10.00
13.71
14.58
12.08
16.36
18.61
15.50
10.57
–
–
7.13
–
–
8.46
–
–
10.43
–
–
12.31
–
–
13.60
–
–
13.58
9.49
11.31
12.66
15.19
20.73
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.21
5.65
6.84
8.75
12.56
16.05
10.09
7.16
9.48
9.71
10.26
13.71
15.63
10.37
9.20
10.05
6.25
5.35
10.07
7.50
5.65
12.56
10.30
7.36
12.56
12.72
11.71
22.84
16.05
13.50
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.21
6.50
8.58
11.10
13.70
16.20
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.01
9.87
9.38
5.77
5.45
6.40
6.00
6.84
7.14
6.00
10.98
8.35
10.21
11.65
10.30
17.19
12.80
13.93
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.76
8.54
–
4.85
6.00
–
5.35
6.50
–
6.28
7.98
–
7.86
9.25
–
9.95
13.50
–
11.63
15.00
15.63
7.05
10.50
12.36
8.06
11.00
13.89
10.52
13.89
15.73
13.75
16.94
16.94
17.61
21.42
19.50
See footnotes at end of table.
8
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997 — Continued
Private industry
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
Service occupations (-Continued)
Protective service occupations
(-Continued)
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law
enforcement officers .....................
Food service occupations .......................
Waiters and waitresses ......................
Cooks .................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ......
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C.
Health service occupations .....................
Health aides, except nursing ..............
Nursing aides, orderlies and
attendants .....................................
Cleaning and building service
occupations ......................................
Supervisors, cleaning & building
service workers .............................
Maids and housemen .........................
Janitors and cleaners .........................
Personal service occupations .................
State and local government
Percentiles
Mean
10
25
Median
50
75
90
–
$6.27
4.37
9.62
7.18
6.22
6.89
8.97
–
$2.13
2.13
6.30
5.50
5.15
5.25
6.36
–
$5.05
2.13
7.50
6.00
5.15
5.50
7.50
–
$6.00
2.77
9.00
6.75
5.50
6.43
8.82
–
$8.00
7.50
12.00
8.00
7.00
7.58
9.51
–
$10.00
8.17
14.42
10.00
9.25
9.27
12.75
6.45
5.15
5.50
6.05
7.00
8.00
–
–
–
–
–
6.75
5.15
5.25
5.90
7.45
9.63
8.11
5.74
6.80
8.05
8.65
10.60
10.16
6.01
6.10
6.62
7.00
5.25
5.15
4.75
7.60
5.30
5.20
5.59
8.90
5.75
5.50
6.25
12.01
6.69
6.50
7.25
15.00
7.45
7.90
9.11
–
–
8.11
9.90
–
–
5.74
7.37
–
–
6.80
7.53
–
–
8.05
9.84
–
–
8.65
11.50
–
–
10.60
12.58
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded
are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The
mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours. The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles designate
position in the earnings distribution. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the
workers receive the same as or more than the rate shown, and half receive the same as
or less than the rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the workers earn the
same as or less than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth earn the same as
or more than the rate shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees are classified as
working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be
10
25
Median
50
75
90
$12.97 $11.00 $11.00 $12.02 $15.70 $16.41
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover
all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." IN THIS
SURVEY, THE NONRESPONSE RATE FOR PRIVATE INDUSTRY EXCEEDED REGULAR SURVEY STANDARDS FOR PUBLICATION. ACCORDINGLY, USERS SHOULD
INTERPRET THESE RESULTS WITH THIS LIMITATION IN MIND.
9
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
August 1997
All industries
Full-time
Occupation3
Percentiles
Mean
10
All occupations ..................................................... $16.19
All occupations excluding sales .......................... 16.29
White-collar occupations .................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .......
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..............................................
Professional specialty occupations .............
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .....
Mechanical engineers .........................
Engineers, N.E.C. ...............................
Mathematical and computer scientists ...
Computer systems analysts and
scientists .......................................
Operations and systems researchers
and analysts .................................
Natural scientists ....................................
Health related occupations .....................
Registered nurses ..............................
Teachers, college and university ............
Teachers, except college and university
Elementary school teachers ...............
Secondary school teachers ................
Librarians, archivists, and curators .........
Librarians ............................................
Social scientists and urban planners ......
Social, recreation, and religious workers
Social workers ....................................
Lawyers and judges ................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes,
and professionals, N.E.C. .................
Technical occupations ................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians ....................................
Radiological technicians .....................
Licensed practical nurses ...................
Health technologists and technicians,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Computer programmers .....................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ..............................................
Executives, administrators, and
managers ..........................................
Administrators and officials, public
administration ...............................
Financial managers ............................
Managers., marketing, advertising
and public relations .......................
Administrators, education and related
fields .............................................
Managers, medicine and health .........
Managers and administrators, N.E.C.
Management related occupations ..........
Accountants and auditors ...................
Other financial officers ........................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists ......................
Management related occupations,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Sales occupations ..........................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ..........
Insurance sales occupations ..............
Part-time
25
Median
50
$7.51 $10.03 $14.04
7.70 10.24 14.09
Percentiles
Mean
75
90
$20.02
20.20
$27.26
27.40
10
25
Median
50
$8.11
8.37
$5.15
5.15
$5.50
5.50
$6.50
6.84
75
90
$8.50 $14.70
9.00 14.99
18.41
18.84
8.73
9.40
11.44
12.00
16.15
16.59
22.82
23.27
31.92
32.09
10.07
11.36
5.50
6.20
6.25
7.00
7.55
9.00
12.21
14.70
16.43
18.37
21.82
23.60
26.54
29.27
26.53
25.61
12.50
15.07
18.27
26.44
17.31
16.42
16.07
18.20
20.99
27.69
21.39
19.20
20.49
21.95
26.44
29.37
25.63
23.77
26.40
28.04
31.29
31.73
31.25
30.45
33.13
34.40
35.00
32.09
38.51
37.79
18.00
19.71
–
–
–
–
8.38
12.64
–
–
–
–
14.50
16.07
–
–
–
–
16.43
17.53
–
–
–
–
20.14
21.59
–
–
–
–
30.00
30.00
–
–
–
–
25.98
15.71
18.78
25.00
30.65
38.59
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.24
21.03
20.31
18.69
33.31
21.87
22.84
23.05
19.77
19.77
–
14.28
14.13
–
17.18
16.43
14.30
13.93
24.42
15.91
16.98
16.59
16.16
16.16
–
9.81
9.81
–
20.28
18.78
16.59
15.76
25.00
18.10
19.55
18.81
17.51
17.51
–
11.67
11.67
–
22.82
21.46
19.70
18.74
34.40
21.56
22.30
23.43
19.50
19.50
–
14.38
14.38
–
23.56
23.27
22.25
20.85
36.93
26.02
26.51
26.57
22.21
22.21
–
16.83
16.09
–
31.19
26.70
28.25
22.74
42.63
29.25
29.02
29.62
24.48
24.48
–
18.26
18.53
–
–
–
23.89
19.89
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.00
14.00
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16.23
16.22
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
20.00
19.00
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
30.00
20.59
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
36.83
30.00
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16.92
15.32
11.96
10.33
13.37
11.95
15.98
14.04
19.11
17.47
24.52
22.09
–
10.59
–
7.00
–
8.38
–
8.76
–
14.00
–
15.25
17.04
16.21
11.95
9.25
14.75
10.00
12.25
14.75
10.89
16.90
15.98
11.87
20.88
17.29
13.22
25.85
18.01
14.09
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.87
19.78
6.57
15.63
8.48
16.98
12.14
18.13
14.89
22.05
16.25
25.00
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
24.55
13.75
16.41
21.91
30.49
38.13
–
–
–
–
–
–
28.76
16.77
21.46
25.65
33.78
39.61
–
–
–
–
–
–
25.00
25.77
18.14
14.90
18.14
19.39
23.81
24.06
32.06
27.73
34.49
39.90
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.20
16.77
21.91
21.91
26.60
35.21
–
–
–
–
–
–
26.17
23.04
32.17
19.06
20.03
16.83
19.63
16.04
16.48
12.25
14.66
12.36
21.46
16.04
21.63
14.42
15.94
13.40
24.12
23.08
29.62
16.88
18.46
15.38
32.33
28.72
36.56
21.06
22.71
19.52
32.33
28.72
50.48
29.31
29.31
22.81
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
28.70
14.09
17.31
37.36
39.90
45.48
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.21
14.74
18.28
25.46
12.25
6.50
8.28
15.38
12.93
8.00
12.12
19.23
16.59
11.76
17.90
21.61
19.18
19.23
20.19
28.85
27.96
25.24
28.13
39.42
–
6.38
–
–
–
5.15
–
–
–
5.40
–
–
–
6.03
–
–
–
7.00
–
–
–
8.00
–
–
See footnotes at end of table.
10
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
August 1997 — Continued
All industries
Full-time
Occupation3
Percentiles
Mean
10
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Sales occupations (-Continued)
Sales occupations, other business
services ........................................ $11.41
Sales representatives, mining,
manufacturing, and wholesale ...... 27.22
Sales workers, other commodities ......
–
Cashiers .............................................
6.81
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical ...................................................... 11.71
Supervisors, general office ................. 14.76
Computer operators ............................ 10.91
Secretaries ......................................... 12.73
Receptionists ......................................
9.54
Order clerks ........................................ 14.33
Records clerks, N.E.C. ....................... 11.48
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing
clerks ............................................ 10.97
Dispatchers ......................................... 12.98
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks
8.41
Stock and inventory clerks ..................
9.00
Insurance adjusters, examiners, &
investigators ................................. 17.25
Investigators and adjusters except
insurance ...................................... 11.28
Bill and account collectors .................. 11.61
General office clerks ........................... 10.56
Data entry keyers ...............................
9.65
Teachers’ aides ..................................
9.59
Administrative support occupations,
N.E.C. ........................................... 12.53
Blue-collar occupations ...................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ..............................................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers
Bus, truck, and stationary engine
mechanics ....................................
Industrial machinery repairers ............
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ........
Electricians .........................................
Supervisors, production occupations ..
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors .................................................
Printing press operators .....................
Slicing and cutting machine operators
Miscellaneous machine operators,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Production inspectors, checkers and
examiners .....................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ..............................................
Supervisors, motor vehicle operators
Truck drivers .......................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment
operators ......................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers .....................................................
Supervisors, handlers, equipment
cleaners, and laborers, N.E.C. .....
Production helpers ..............................
Stock handlers and baggers ...............
Part-time
25
Median
50
Percentiles
Mean
75
90
$12.50
$18.51
10
25
Median
50
75
90
–
–
–
–
–
–
$8.17
$8.17 $10.73
11.13
–
5.25
11.66
–
5.60
23.93
–
6.50
31.78
–
7.31
56.25
–
9.00
–
$7.04
5.95
–
$5.75
5.15
–
$6.06
5.20
–
$6.50
5.67
–
$7.30
6.25
–
$8.88
7.30
7.93
11.89
7.50
9.20
7.93
10.75
9.02
9.28
12.82
7.50
11.00
8.55
12.65
10.35
11.21
15.42
10.00
12.86
9.48
13.62
11.36
13.55
16.15
14.59
14.37
10.63
16.98
12.70
16.15
16.44
14.59
15.94
11.06
17.08
13.15
8.75
–
–
12.04
–
–
–
6.00
–
–
6.80
–
–
–
6.76
–
–
7.31
–
–
–
7.55
–
–
14.70
–
–
–
10.15
–
–
14.70
–
–
–
14.70
–
–
14.70
–
–
–
8.41
10.01
6.00
7.62
9.50
10.47
6.50
8.33
10.70
11.62
7.50
9.00
12.20
15.40
8.50
9.50
14.06
19.03
11.58
10.98
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.26
12.00
15.57
22.46
25.38
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.00
6.30
7.70
7.93
6.79
8.63
9.63
8.61
8.87
7.86
11.76
12.02
9.84
9.93
9.28
13.12
12.95
11.96
10.26
12.06
13.60
15.20
14.83
10.77
12.06
–
–
7.93
7.34
–
–
–
6.00
6.20
–
–
–
6.50
6.50
–
–
–
7.16
7.00
–
–
–
9.00
8.00
–
–
–
11.44
9.00
–
9.14
10.46
12.23
14.01
16.93
6.78
5.15
6.00
7.00
7.50
7.55
13.97
7.54
10.00
13.01
16.76
21.28
6.92
5.25
5.50
6.25
7.50
9.02
16.43
21.56
9.75
14.00
12.31
14.38
16.00
21.79
20.02
28.70
24.76
29.66
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.42
19.91
13.80
16.92
24.02
11.00
12.26
8.50
12.63
15.00
13.63
15.39
10.50
15.00
19.23
14.63
21.25
14.70
18.25
22.81
16.10
26.14
16.70
18.25
29.66
17.00
26.14
21.08
19.43
31.48
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.01
15.01
12.09
7.75
8.89
6.00
10.80
13.24
11.89
13.25
15.61
13.01
17.22
17.13
13.01
20.20
18.63
15.19
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16.94
9.75
12.82
17.77
20.20
24.36
–
–
–
–
–
–
12.85
9.40
10.39
11.10
17.19
17.36
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.87
13.65
11.01
7.75
11.24
8.53
9.45
11.24
9.10
11.25
12.00
10.00
13.60
14.58
12.10
16.42
18.61
15.50
9.25
–
–
6.75
–
–
7.50
–
–
8.00
–
–
10.43
–
–
13.72
–
–
13.58
9.49
11.31
12.66
15.19
20.73
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.94
6.40
7.88
10.00
12.72
16.21
6.41
5.20
5.35
5.83
6.84
7.75
13.25
10.37
12.55
9.71
6.25
7.36
9.71
7.50
8.82
10.60
10.30
11.71
12.56
12.72
13.32
17.10
16.05
21.90
–
–
5.94
–
–
5.15
–
–
5.35
–
–
5.65
–
–
6.25
–
–
7.50
See footnotes at end of table.
11
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
August 1997 — Continued
All industries
Full-time
Occupation3
Percentiles
Mean
10
Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers (-Continued)
Freight, stock, and material handlers,
N.E.C. ........................................... $11.43
Vehicle washers and equipment
cleaners ........................................
9.25
Hand packers and packagers ............. 11.61
Laborers except construction, N.E.C.
9.78
Service occupations .........................................
Protective service occupations ...............
Police and detectives, public service ..
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law
enforcement officers .....................
Food service occupations .......................
Waiters and waitresses ......................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ......
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C.
Health service occupations .....................
Health aides, except nursing ..............
Nursing aides, orderlies and
attendants .....................................
Cleaning and building service
occupations ......................................
Supervisors, cleaning & building
service workers .............................
Maids and housemen .........................
Janitors and cleaners .........................
Personal service occupations .................
Part-time
25
Median
50
Percentiles
Mean
75
90
$13.70
$14.75
10
25
$9.51
$5.30
$5.50
Median
50
75
90
$7.88
$8.65 $11.85
5.77
10.64
6.50
6.00
10.98
7.50
7.00
11.58
8.75
16.36
11.79
10.92
17.19
12.80
13.93
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.67
13.49
15.63
5.70
7.50
12.36
6.73
10.04
13.89
8.33
12.48
15.73
11.50
16.31
16.94
15.33
20.27
19.50
5.83
7.26
–
2.13
5.70
–
5.15
6.45
–
5.50
7.10
–
6.68
7.15
–
8.00
7.75
–
12.97
7.43
–
7.93
7.62
7.70
8.54
11.00
3.14
–
6.00
5.15
6.00
6.20
11.00
5.55
–
6.03
5.88
6.50
7.16
12.02
7.05
–
7.65
7.19
7.37
8.73
15.70
9.24
–
9.84
9.25
8.65
9.45
16.41
12.02
–
10.00
9.41
9.84
10.71
–
5.47
3.78
6.55
5.82
6.18
–
–
2.13
2.13
5.50
5.15
5.15
–
–
2.13
2.13
5.50
5.15
5.30
–
–
5.50
2.13
6.25
5.25
5.50
–
–
7.00
7.50
7.15
6.25
6.25
–
–
8.50
8.00
8.00
7.00
8.01
–
7.48
6.00
6.47
7.32
8.06
9.63
5.88
5.15
5.25
5.50
6.00
7.77
7.78
5.30
6.00
7.36
8.38
11.19
5.66
5.05
5.15
5.25
5.86
7.00
11.10
6.03
7.75
9.34
7.50
5.25
5.51
7.00
8.15
5.30
6.41
7.37
12.00
5.75
7.49
9.63
12.01
6.69
8.45
11.00
15.00
7.45
10.24
12.58
–
–
5.46
6.47
–
–
5.05
5.25
–
–
5.15
5.51
–
–
5.25
6.00
–
–
5.50
6.63
–
–
6.25
7.69
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded
are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The
mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours. The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles designate
position in the earnings distribution. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the
workers receive the same as or more than the rate shown, and half receive the same as
or less than the rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the workers earn the
same as or less than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth earn the same as
or more than the rate shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based
$6.00 $16.20 $17.88
on the definition used by each establishment.
Therefore, a worker with a
35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the
minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover
all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
12
Table A-4. Weekly and annual earnings1 and hours for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, all industries,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
All industries
Occupation3
Mean
weekly
hours4
Weekly earnings
Mean
Median
Mean
annual
hours
Annual earnings
Mean
Median
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
40.2
40.2
$651
654
$562
562
2,043
2,038
$33,065
33,200
$28,787
29,016
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .........................
40.2
40.1
740
756
639
651
2,038
2,031
37,519
38,255
32,195
32,994
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .......................
Mechanical engineers ...........................................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .....................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...........
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts ..........................................................
Natural scientists ......................................................
Health related occupations .......................................
Registered nurses ................................................
Teachers, college and university ..............................
Teachers, except college and university ..................
Elementary school teachers .................................
Secondary school teachers ..................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...........................
Librarians ..............................................................
Social scientists and urban planners ........................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ..................
Social workers ......................................................
Lawyers and judges ..................................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and
professionals, N.E.C. ..........................................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Radiological technicians .......................................
Licensed practical nurses .....................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .......
Computer programmers .......................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Executives, administrators, and managers ...............
Administrators and officials, public administration
Financial managers ..............................................
Managers., marketing, advertising and public
relations ..........................................................
Administrators, education and related fields .........
Managers, medicine and health ...........................
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..................
Management related occupations ............................
Accountants and auditors .....................................
Other financial officers ..........................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists .......................................................
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............
Sales occupations ............................................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ............................
Insurance sales occupations ................................
Sales occupations, other business services .........
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale .................................................
Cashiers ...............................................................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical .....
Supervisors, general office ...................................
Computer operators ..............................................
Secretaries ...........................................................
Receptionists ........................................................
Order clerks ..........................................................
Records clerks, N.E.C. .........................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ......
Dispatchers ...........................................................
40.4
40.5
39.9
40.4
40.0
40.6
40.9
881
956
1,060
1,182
1,061
1,039
1,062
803
878
1,058
1,179
1,025
956
1,028
1,993
1,971
2,077
2,101
2,080
2,109
2,125
43,482
46,517
55,119
61,488
55,183
54,014
55,203
40,518
42,497
54,995
61,308
53,310
49,691
53,477
39.0
40.0
39.7
39.8
47.9
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.2
38.2
–
39.7
39.7
–
907
842
806
744
1,594
829
874
889
755
755
–
567
561
–
913
858
782
744
1,687
820
844
889
744
744
–
575
562
–
2,030
2,082
2,025
2,071
2,057
1,607
1,583
1,616
1,792
1,792
–
2,065
2,065
–
47,185
43,786
41,124
38,713
68,509
35,148
36,162
37,244
35,421
35,421
–
29,500
29,172
–
47,466
44,637
40,373
38,670
66,204
34,423
34,574
36,196
34,145
34,145
–
29,910
29,203
–
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.8
41.8
39.7
44.4
675
612
681
648
478
475
795
1,003
1,202
993
1,144
639
559
676
639
475
486
769
871
1,096
952
984
2,073
2,078
2,080
2,080
2,080
2,080
2,091
2,109
2,150
2,066
2,307
35,080
31,847
35,437
33,719
24,848
24,690
41,362
51,780
61,839
51,656
59,465
33,238
29,078
35,152
33,238
24,690
25,251
39,998
45,302
56,966
49,525
51,147
44.7
39.6
39.8
41.5
39.6
40.0
39.3
1,037
1,037
917
1,336
755
801
662
1,096
935
923
1,222
675
740
615
2,325
1,992
2,070
2,159
2,057
2,080
2,045
53,938
52,146
47,676
69,455
39,194
41,675
34,420
56,966
45,758
48,006
63,551
35,110
38,501
31,990
40.0
39.2
40.7
42.2
40.5
40.0
1,148
674
600
771
1,032
456
1,494
646
469
716
810
429
2,080
2,022
2,106
2,194
2,107
2,080
59,683
34,799
31,040
40,109
53,652
23,735
77,709
33,404
24,378
37,232
42,140
22,318
41.2
36.5
39.4
39.6
40.0
39.6
39.9
39.5
39.4
39.3
41.6
1,121
249
462
584
436
504
381
566
452
432
540
1,081
240
442
606
400
514
379
523
448
421
451
2,141
1,813
2,027
2,058
2,080
2,044
2,073
2,055
2,048
2,045
2,163
58,300
12,340
23,745
30,363
22,695
26,016
19,787
29,434
23,513
22,444
28,079
56,219
12,480
22,880
31,493
20,800
26,749
19,718
27,206
23,296
21,882
23,462
See footnotes at end of table.
13
Table A-4. Weekly and annual earnings1 and hours for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, all industries,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997 — Continued
All industries
Occupation3
Mean
Median
Mean
annual
hours
39.8
40.0
38.8
39.2
39.7
39.7
38.7
34.8
39.3
$335
360
669
442
461
419
374
333
492
$300
360
581
460
481
394
385
328
490
2,071
2,080
2,017
2,040
2,063
2,062
2,012
1,426
2,008
$17,409
18,718
34,800
23,005
23,947
21,771
19,423
13,667
25,151
$15,600
18,720
30,225
23,927
25,002
20,467
20,007
13,443
25,276
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers .................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .......
Industrial machinery repairers ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ..........................
Electricians ...........................................................
Supervisors, production occupations ....................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Printing press operators .......................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators ..................
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ...........
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ..
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Supervisors, motor vehicle operators ...................
Truck drivers .........................................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ..
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ......
Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and
laborers, N.E.C. ..............................................
Production helpers ................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. .......
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............
Hand packers and packagers ...............................
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ...................
40.3
40.2
39.8
41.0
40.1
40.0
40.0
40.4
39.9
39.1
40.0
40.0
39.8
41.4
44.8
43.3
40.4
40.2
563
660
859
591
798
552
677
971
560
586
484
677
511
491
611
477
549
440
530
645
872
576
850
588
730
912
530
624
520
711
444
477
562
412
506
400
2,056
2,074
2,071
2,130
2,084
2,078
2,080
2,101
2,077
2,032
2,080
2,080
2,069
1,961
2,327
2,051
2,102
2,065
28,717
34,082
44,647
30,706
41,491
28,690
35,190
50,484
29,106
30,486
25,148
35,226
26,592
23,284
31,775
22,588
28,548
22,596
27,394
33,280
45,323
29,952
44,200
30,576
37,960
47,445
27,560
32,469
27,061
36,962
23,088
23,400
29,224
20,800
26,333
20,550
40.9
39.6
40.0
39.8
41.3
40.2
40.0
542
411
502
455
382
467
391
480
412
468
474
280
463
350
2,127
2,061
2,080
2,069
2,149
2,090
2,025
28,171
21,363
26,112
23,659
19,874
24,258
19,804
24,960
21,403
24,357
24,648
14,560
24,086
18,200
Service occupations ...........................................................
Protective service occupations .................................
Police and detectives, public service ....................
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement
officers ............................................................
Food service occupations .........................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. .................
Health service occupations .......................................
Health aides, except nursing ................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ...............
Cleaning and building service occupations ..............
Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers
Maids and housemen ...........................................
Janitors and cleaners ...........................................
Personal service occupations ...................................
39.9
41.0
39.2
386
553
613
330
525
584
2,033
2,040
2,036
19,658
27,515
31,815
16,952
26,146
30,368
40.0
39.4
40.0
35.0
39.4
40.0
39.3
39.7
39.9
38.6
40.0
39.4
519
293
317
267
304
342
294
309
443
233
310
368
481
286
306
260
295
349
282
294
480
230
300
385
2,080
1,969
2,080
1,512
2,050
2,080
2,043
2,052
2,073
2,006
2,062
2,048
26,975
14,640
16,496
11,519
15,783
17,765
15,289
15,956
23,015
12,108
15,972
19,118
25,002
14,269
15,912
9,959
15,330
18,158
14,685
15,246
24,960
11,960
15,392
20,030
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Administrative support occupations, including clerical
(-Continued)
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...................
Stock and inventory clerks ....................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ..
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ......
Bill and account collectors ....................................
General office clerks .............................................
Data entry keyers .................................................
Teachers’ aides ....................................................
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. .........
Mean
weekly
hours4
1 Earnings are the straight-time wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay.
Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction
bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and
dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. The median designates
position--one-half of the workers receive the same as or more, and one-half
receive the same as or less than the rate shown.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time
schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time
employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where
Weekly earnings
Annual earnings
Mean
Median
a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used
to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified
into one of nine major occupational groups.
4 Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a
week, exclusive of overtime.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere
classified."
14
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,
State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
All workers 4
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
$15.27
15.45
$14.74
14.94
$16.62
16.62
$16.19
16.29
$8.11
8.37
White-collar occupations ...................................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .........................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
17.60
6.06
7.59
8.58
10.34
13.06
13.64
15.18
17.84
21.54
22.85
26.45
32.57
36.52
26.53
18.23
8.17
8.85
10.89
12.45
13.87
14.95
18.04
21.54
22.84
26.44
31.42
36.52
26.58
17.25
6.06
7.49
8.43
10.22
13.92
13.57
16.24
17.54
21.76
22.97
28.70
34.60
39.43
28.59
18.21
8.40
8.74
10.91
12.98
13.96
15.94
17.75
21.79
22.96
28.73
32.61
39.43
28.66
18.25
–
7.86
9.21
10.83
11.96
13.75
13.46
18.49
21.30
22.61
23.05
30.35
–
–
18.27
7.74
9.21
10.83
11.96
13.75
13.46
18.49
21.30
22.61
23.05
30.35
–
–
18.41
–
8.31
8.83
10.76
13.14
13.64
15.13
17.87
21.49
22.85
26.36
32.57
36.52
28.46
18.84
8.79
9.03
11.23
12.49
13.91
14.89
18.11
21.50
22.84
26.36
31.42
36.52
28.46
10.07
6.03
6.50
7.88
7.58
11.21
13.65
17.21
17.55
23.31
–
–
–
–
7.76
11.36
7.00
8.24
8.15
11.62
13.65
17.21
17.55
23.31
–
–
–
–
7.77
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .......................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .....................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Natural scientists ......................................................
Health related occupations .......................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Teachers, college and university ..............................
Teachers, except college and university ..................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...........................
Social scientists and urban planners ........................
Social, religious, and recreation workers ..................
Lawyers and judges ..................................................
21.60
23.38
13.54
14.47
17.29
19.16
21.58
22.68
26.11
30.90
35.99
25.83
26.54
21.62
31.84
24.63
18.31
26.62
21.03
20.74
17.87
18.58
21.12
32.85
21.76
20.85
22.85
19.58
–
14.53
–
21.22
23.48
–
–
17.76
20.59
21.47
23.17
29.69
33.93
–
26.53
28.48
23.21
31.84
27.34
18.31
26.91
22.62
19.68
17.89
18.80
21.98
–
11.29
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.92
23.30
–
–
14.64
18.55
21.62
21.81
22.95
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
22.65
–
–
–
–
22.85
–
23.03
19.93
–
14.62
–
21.82
23.60
13.88
13.93
17.20
19.57
21.51
22.68
25.94
30.90
35.99
26.14
26.54
21.62
31.84
25.61
18.31
26.62
21.03
20.31
17.69
18.70
20.55
33.31
21.87
20.85
22.86
19.77
–
14.28
–
18.00
19.71
–
–
18.21
–
23.31
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.89
19.31
–
24.40
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Occupational group3 and level
See footnotes at end of table.
15
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,
State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
— Continued
All workers 4
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and
professionals, N.E.C. ..........................................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
Executives, administrators, and managers ...............
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
Management related occupations ............................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Sales occupations ............................................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical .....
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
$16.72
15.09
10.19
12.24
17.08
14.44
18.97
24.51
14.21
13.41
14.38
15.90
22.06
21.62
26.62
31.98
37.81
31.02
28.66
15.29
25.12
27.02
30.22
37.81
31.83
19.06
13.72
14.39
14.27
16.68
19.49
25.05
13.00
5.94
6.20
7.13
8.67
16.23
19.92
17.03
21.41
11.27
8.17
8.85
10.94
12.15
13.40
13.86
19.97
$18.04
15.62
10.68
12.50
17.61
15.26
19.63
25.51
14.34
13.40
15.07
15.90
22.36
–
27.99
32.13
42.71
32.06
29.74
15.29
25.88
29.11
29.50
42.71
–
20.08
13.84
14.42
15.39
16.68
19.32
25.00
13.01
5.94
5.99
7.13
8.67
16.23
19.92
17.03
21.41
11.20
8.40
8.74
10.92
12.67
13.16
14.76
20.34
–
$14.26
–
–
–
13.73
–
20.82
–
–
13.45
–
19.83
–
23.25
–
–
–
24.85
–
–
23.16
–
–
–
14.96
–
–
12.87
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.39
7.74
9.21
10.98
11.69
–
–
–
$16.92
15.32
10.76
12.14
17.22
14.48
18.97
24.55
14.21
13.54
14.38
15.90
22.06
21.62
26.62
31.98
37.81
31.15
28.76
15.29
25.12
27.02
30.22
37.81
–
19.06
13.72
14.39
14.27
16.68
19.49
25.05
14.74
–
6.77
7.30
9.18
16.55
19.92
17.03
21.41
11.71
8.79
9.02
11.26
12.19
13.40
13.86
19.97
–
$10.59
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.38
5.89
–
6.91
–
–
–
–
–
8.75
7.00
8.27
8.10
–
–
–
–
Blue-collar occupations .........................................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Level 4 ..............................................................
13.62
7.49
9.11
10.77
12.39
13.67
14.74
16.67
18.18
25.76
16.43
10.47
13.73
7.48
9.12
10.76
12.50
13.73
15.17
17.07
18.32
25.76
16.76
10.47
12.35
–
–
–
–
–
11.93
14.69
–
–
14.02
–
13.97
7.75
10.19
11.01
12.45
13.70
14.74
16.67
18.18
25.76
16.43
10.47
6.92
–
6.26
8.30
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Occupational group3 and level
See footnotes at end of table.
16
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,
State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
— Continued
All workers 4
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations
(-Continued)
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .....
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
$12.36
14.63
17.15
18.69
25.31
14.01
6.89
9.70
13.65
14.61
15.79
15.44
14.28
11.71
9.72
12.56
11.74
14.42
10.20
7.85
9.14
9.35
10.11
15.11
13.45
$12.52
15.36
17.74
18.87
25.31
14.01
6.89
9.70
13.65
14.61
15.79
15.44
14.28
11.87
9.52
13.09
11.76
14.42
10.21
7.86
9.14
9.35
10.13
15.11
–
–
–
$14.66
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.57
–
–
–
–
10.09
–
–
–
–
–
–
$12.36
14.63
17.15
18.69
25.31
14.01
6.89
9.75
13.65
14.61
15.79
15.44
14.28
11.87
9.52
12.75
11.79
14.42
10.94
8.49
10.75
9.67
10.15
15.11
13.45
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$9.25
–
–
–
–
6.41
–
6.00
7.65
–
–
–
Service occupations ...........................................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Protective service occupations ...............................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Food service occupations ........................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
8.51
5.80
6.12
7.77
8.00
12.98
12.17
13.67
13.29
14.39
12.46
16.11
6.39
5.58
4.64
8.00
6.76
5.60
5.81
7.33
7.86
–
–
13.30
8.54
–
–
–
6.27
5.45
4.39
7.97
11.63
6.94
–
8.55
–
13.63
12.26
13.80
15.00
14.52
12.26
16.12
–
–
–
–
9.67
6.25
6.97
8.24
7.95
13.17
12.19
13.66
13.49
14.39
12.46
16.12
7.43
5.85
5.84
–
5.83
5.38
4.89
6.96
8.19
–
–
–
7.26
–
–
–
5.47
5.40
3.73
7.81
Occupational group3 and level
See footnotes at end of table.
17
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,
State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
— Continued
All workers 4
Occupational group3 and level
Service occupations (-Continued)
Health service occupations .....................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Cleaning and building service occupations ............
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Personal service occupations .................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the
number of workers, weighted by hours.
2 Each occupation for which wage data are collected in an
establishment is evaluated based on 10 factors, including knowledge,
complexity, work environment, etc. Points are assigned based on the
occupation’s ranking within each factor. The points are summed to
determine the overall level of the occupation. See technical note for
more information.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational groups.
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
$7.13
5.80
7.67
7.48
7.20
6.17
6.87
6.77
8.58
8.04
$6.89
5.80
7.19
7.48
6.75
5.91
6.11
6.77
6.62
6.89
–
–
–
–
$8.11
–
–
–
9.90
–
$7.70
–
8.15
7.25
7.78
6.81
7.02
–
9.34
–
$6.18
–
–
–
5.66
–
–
–
6.47
6.42
4 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees
are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time
schedule.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did
not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." IN THIS SURVEY, THE NONRESPONSE RATE FOR PRIVATE INDUSTRY EXCEEDED REGULAR SURVEY STANDARDS FOR PUBLICATION.
ACCORDINGLY, USERS SHOULD INTERPRET THESE RESULTS
WITH THIS LIMITATION IN MIND.
18
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private
industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
August 1997
All workers4
Occupation3 and level
White-collar occupations:
Professional specialty and technical occupations:
Professional specialty occupations:
Mechanical engineers ...........................................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...........
Level 11 ............................................................
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts ..........................................................
Registered nurses ................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Physical therapists ................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Elementary school teachers .................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Secondary school teachers ..................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Librarians ..............................................................
Social workers ......................................................
Technical occupations:
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Radiological technicians .......................................
Licensed practical nurses .....................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .......
Computer programmers .......................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations:
Administrators and officials, public administration
Financial managers ..............................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Managers., marketing, advertising and public
relations ..........................................................
Administrators, education and related fields .........
Managers, medicine and health ...........................
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Accountants and auditors .....................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Other financial officers ..........................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists .......................................................
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............
Level 9 ..............................................................
Sales occupations:
Supervisors, sales occupations ............................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Insurance sales occupations ................................
Sales occupations, other business services .........
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale .................................................
Sales workers, other commodities ........................
Cashiers ...............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .......................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical:
Supervisors, general office ...................................
Computer operators ..............................................
Secretaries ...........................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
19
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
$29.27
26.53
24.78
26.62
$29.27
26.53
28.01
26.91
–
–
–
–
$29.27
26.53
25.98
26.62
–
–
–
–
23.24
18.84
17.87
18.90
19.03
25.46
25.46
22.79
23.12
23.02
23.05
19.58
14.41
–
18.35
17.89
18.86
19.94
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$23.06
23.20
23.16
–
19.93
14.62
23.24
18.69
17.69
18.91
18.66
–
–
22.84
23.12
23.05
23.10
19.77
14.13
–
$19.89
19.31
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.04
16.14
12.01
11.91
19.78
12.46
16.02
11.95
11.06
20.30
–
–
–
–
–
17.04
16.21
11.95
11.87
19.78
–
–
–
–
–
25.00
25.77
27.32
–
25.77
27.32
25.60
–
–
25.00
25.77
27.32
–
–
–
23.20
26.17
23.04
31.91
15.55
26.28
29.52
43.96
20.03
15.97
20.42
24.51
16.83
23.20
–
22.56
32.27
15.55
26.97
29.52
43.96
20.37
16.21
20.81
24.42
15.04
–
25.57
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.82
–
–
–
–
23.20
26.17
23.04
32.17
15.55
26.28
29.52
43.96
20.03
15.97
20.42
24.51
16.83
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
28.70
17.21
18.71
28.70
17.35
18.71
–
–
–
28.70
17.21
18.71
–
–
–
18.20
15.88
25.46
11.41
18.20
15.88
25.46
11.41
–
–
–
–
18.28
15.88
25.46
11.41
–
–
–
–
27.22
–
6.32
6.91
13.76
27.22
–
6.23
6.91
13.76
–
–
–
–
–
27.22
–
6.81
–
–
–
7.04
5.95
–
–
14.76
10.91
12.62
8.41
14.68
–
12.15
–
14.76
10.91
12.73
–
–
–
12.04
–
–
–
12.92
–
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private
industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
August 1997 — Continued
All workers4
Occupation3 and level
White-collar occupations: (-Continued)
Administrative support occupations, including clerical:
(-Continued)
Secretaries (-Continued)
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Receptionists ........................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Information clerks, N.E.C. .....................................
Order clerks ..........................................................
Library clerks ........................................................
Records clerks, N.E.C. .........................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ......
Level 4 ..............................................................
Dispatchers ...........................................................
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Stock and inventory clerks ....................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ..
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ......
Bill and account collectors ....................................
General office clerks .............................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Data entry keyers .................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Teachers’ aides ....................................................
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. .........
Level 6 ..............................................................
Blue-collar occupations:
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations:
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers .................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .......
Industrial machinery repairers ..............................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ..........................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Electricians ...........................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Supervisors, production occupations ....................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:
Printing press operators .......................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators ..................
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ...........
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ..
Transportation and material moving occupations:
Supervisors, motor vehicle operators ...................
Truck drivers .........................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Bus drivers ............................................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ..
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:
Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and
laborers, N.E.C. ..............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
20
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
$11.27
12.47
14.00
9.55
9.52
9.89
12.57
7.39
11.41
9.79
10.81
9.63
12.94
8.19
6.88
8.97
8.52
17.25
11.28
11.61
10.10
8.82
9.06
10.86
9.12
8.12
9.69
11.46
13.58
$10.70
–
–
9.55
9.52
9.89
12.57
–
11.19
–
10.28
9.63
–
8.19
6.88
8.75
–
17.25
11.02
11.35
10.48
9.64
9.03
11.33
9.12
8.12
–
11.78
13.58
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$11.62
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.78
–
–
–
–
–
9.78
11.06
–
$11.53
12.47
13.78
9.54
9.29
–
14.33
–
11.48
9.83
10.97
9.87
12.98
8.41
–
9.00
–
17.25
11.28
11.61
10.56
–
9.20
11.83
9.65
–
9.59
12.53
13.58
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$7.93
–
–
–
7.34
–
–
6.78
–
21.56
14.42
19.91
22.27
13.80
15.82
16.92
16.92
24.02
16.91
25.90
21.96
14.81
20.00
22.27
13.79
–
–
–
24.02
16.91
25.90
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.56
14.42
19.91
22.27
13.80
15.82
16.92
16.92
24.02
16.91
25.90
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.01
12.09
16.94
17.75
18.80
12.85
15.01
12.09
16.94
17.75
18.80
12.85
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.01
12.09
16.94
17.75
18.80
12.85
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.65
10.93
11.15
12.53
13.58
12.11
14.26
13.65
10.87
11.14
–
13.58
12.11
14.26
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.65
11.01
11.20
–
13.58
12.11
14.26
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.25
15.63
–
13.25
–
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private
industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Richmond-Petersburg, VA,
August 1997 — Continued
All workers4
Occupation3 and level
Blue-collar occupations: (-Continued)
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:
(-Continued)
Production helpers ................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. .......
Level 1 ..............................................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............
Hand packers and packagers ...............................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ...................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Service occupations:
Protective service occupations:
Police and detectives, public service ....................
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement
officers ............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Food service occupations:
Waiters and waitresses ........................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Cooks ...................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. .................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Health service occupations:
Health aides, except nursing ................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ...............
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Cleaning and building service occupations:
Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers
Maids and housemen ...........................................
Janitors and cleaners ...........................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the
number of workers, weighted by hours.
2 Each occupation for which wage data are collected in an
establishment is evaluated based on 10 factors, including knowledge,
complexity, work environment, etc. Points are assigned based on the
occupation’s ranking within each factor. The points are summed to
determine the overall level of the occupation. See technical note for
more information.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational groups.
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
$10.37
11.61
9.20
8.44
11.21
6.33
9.01
9.87
10.79
9.38
8.74
11.22
8.78
$10.37
11.61
9.20
8.44
11.21
6.33
9.01
9.87
10.79
9.38
8.74
11.22
8.78
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$10.37
11.61
12.55
9.52
11.43
–
9.25
11.61
–
9.78
8.84
–
8.98
–
–
$5.94
6.80
9.51
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.63
–
$15.63
15.63
–
12.97
12.97
–
–
12.97
12.97
12.97
12.97
–
–
4.37
5.48
9.56
7.34
7.53
6.48
5.72
4.37
5.48
9.62
7.18
–
6.22
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7.93
–
7.62
–
3.78
–
–
6.55
–
5.82
–
8.97
9.58
6.82
5.79
7.71
6.46
8.97
9.58
6.45
5.79
7.22
6.46
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.54
–
7.48
–
8.24
–
–
–
5.88
–
–
–
10.16
6.01
7.02
6.22
7.28
10.16
6.01
6.10
5.93
–
11.10
6.03
7.75
7.01
–
–
–
5.46
–
–
–
–
8.11
–
–
4 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees
are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time
schedule.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did
not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." IN THIS SURVEY, THE NONRESPONSE RATE FOR PRIVATE INDUSTRY EXCEEDED REGULAR SURVEY STANDARDS FOR PUBLICATION.
ACCORDINGLY, USERS SHOULD INTERPRET THESE RESULTS
WITH THIS LIMITATION IN MIND.
21
Table C-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and selected characteristics, all industries,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
Occupational group2
Full-time
workers3
Part-time
workers3
Union4
Nonunion4
Time5
Incentive5
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
$16.19
16.29
$8.11
8.37
$16.55
16.55
$15.14
15.33
$15.28
15.49
$14.87
11.49
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar excluding sales .............................................
18.41
18.84
10.07
11.36
16.05
16.05
17.64
18.29
17.58
18.22
18.72
–
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Sales occupations ............................................................
Administrative support including clerical occupations ......
21.82
23.60
15.32
24.55
14.74
11.71
18.00
19.71
10.59
–
6.38
8.75
–
–
–
–
–
15.24
21.61
23.38
14.90
24.53
13.00
11.05
21.58
23.36
15.09
24.52
12.25
11.27
–
–
–
–
18.02
–
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .....
13.97
16.43
14.01
11.87
10.94
6.92
–
–
9.25
6.41
16.68
19.35
16.05
14.50
14.02
12.26
15.29
11.76
10.83
9.36
13.72
16.54
14.01
11.89
10.24
10.08
–
–
10.34
–
Service occupations ...........................................................
9.67
5.83
–
8.51
8.52
–
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard
pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations,
holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by
totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers,
weighted by hours.
2 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is
used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are
classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
3 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time
schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time
employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm,
where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
4 Union workers are those whose wages are determined through
collective bargaining.
5 Time workers’ wages are based solely on an hourly rate or salary;
incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partially based on
productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production
bonuses.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not
elsewhere classified."
22
Table C-2. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and industry division, private industry, all workers2,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
Goods-producing industries4
Occupational group3
All private
industries
Service-producing industries5
Total
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Total
TransWholeportsale
ation
and
and
retail
public
trade
utilities
Finance,
insurance,
and
real
estate
Services
All occupations ...........................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ................................................
$14.74
14.94
$17.30
17.31
–
–
$12.87
13.05
–
–
–
–
$18.28
18.40
–
–
–
–
–
–
White-collar occupations .......................................................
White-collar excluding sales .................................................
17.25
18.21
23.48
23.95
–
–
13.08
15.09
–
–
–
–
20.32
20.71
–
–
–
–
–
–
Professional specialty and technical occupations ................
Professional specialty occupations ...................................
Technical occupations ......................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations .......
Sales occupations ................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical occupations .........
21.22
23.48
15.62
25.51
13.01
11.20
26.52
28.35
17.31
30.02
17.06
12.53
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.01
26.47
–
14.63
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Blue-collar occupations .........................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..............
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................
Transportation and material moving occupations .................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .........
13.73
16.76
14.01
11.87
10.21
15.00
17.41
14.48
12.23
11.80
–
–
–
–
–
12.98
14.13
–
10.84
7.88
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.45
17.90
–
12.63
16.06
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Service occupations ...............................................................
6.76
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded
are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The
mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees are classified as
working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be
considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover
all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
4 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing.
5 Service-producing industries include transportation and public utilities; wholesale
and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." IN THIS
SURVEY, THE NONRESPONSE RATE FOR PRIVATE INDUSTRY EXCEEDED REGULAR SURVEY STANDARDS FOR PUBLICATION. ACCORDINGLY, USERS SHOULD
INTERPRET THESE RESULTS WITH THIS LIMITATION IN MIND.
23
Table C-3. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and establishment employment size, private
industry, all workers2, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
100 workers or more
All private
industry
workers
50 - 99
workers
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
$14.74
14.94
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar excluding sales .............................................
Occupational group3
Total
100 - 499
workers
500
workers or
more
$13.38
12.90
$15.11
15.43
$13.59
13.77
$17.24
17.62
17.25
18.21
16.41
16.66
17.47
18.54
16.44
17.63
18.68
19.47
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Sales occupations ............................................................
Administrative support, including clerical occupations .....
21.22
23.48
15.62
25.51
13.01
11.20
15.96
16.57
–
24.00
15.84
10.40
21.81
24.34
15.77
26.01
11.55
11.38
20.14
22.63
15.58
24.11
12.02
11.77
23.24
25.60
16.02
28.23
–
10.96
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .....
13.73
16.76
14.01
11.87
10.21
11.53
13.60
11.32
10.36
8.50
14.29
18.03
14.29
12.04
10.78
12.71
15.97
11.97
11.13
10.60
16.53
20.93
16.22
15.75
11.06
Service occupations ...........................................................
6.76
6.49
6.85
6.46
8.12
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the
number of workers, weighted by hours.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees
are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time
schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did
not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." IN THIS SURVEY, THE NONRESPONSE RATE FOR PRIVATE INDUSTRY EXCEEDED REGULAR SURVEY STANDARDS FOR PUBLICATION.
ACCORDINGLY, USERS SHOULD INTERPRET THESE RESULTS
WITH THIS LIMITATION IN MIND.
24
Table C-4. Number of workers1 represented by occupational group,
Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
All workers
Occupational group2
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local government
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
300,181
277,206
214,421
191,756
85,760
85,450
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar excluding sales .............................................
177,119
154,144
112,701
90,035
64,419
64,109
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Sales occupations ............................................................
Administrative support including clerical occupations ......
64,411
51,419
12,993
29,232
22,975
60,501
27,868
19,922
7,945
22,679
22,665
39,489
36,543
31,496
5,047
6,553
–
21,012
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .....
74,142
25,710
16,720
11,972
19,740
67,487
22,641
16,720
9,720
18,406
6,655
3,069
–
2,252
1,335
Service occupations ...........................................................
48,919
34,234
14,685
1 Both full-time and part-time workers were included in
the survey. Employees are classified as working either a
full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition
used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a
35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time
employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time
in another establishment, where a 40-hour week is the
minimum full-time schedule.
2 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian
economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of
nine major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that
data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational
groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not
elsewhere classified." IN THIS SURVEY, THE NONRESPONSE RATE FOR PRIVATE INDUSTRY EXCEEDED
REGULAR SURVEY STANDARDS FOR PUBLICATION.
ACCORDINGLY, USERS SHOULD INTERPRET THESE
RESULTS WITH THIS LIMITATION IN MIND.
25
Appendix A: Technical Note
of-business and out-of-scope establishments were removed,
and addresses, employment levels, industry classification,
and other information were updated.
This section provides basic information on the procedures and concepts used to produce the data contained in
this bulletin. It is divided into three parts: Planning for the
survey; data collection; and processing and analyzing the
data. While this section answers some questions commonly
asked by data users, it is not a comprehensive description
of all the steps required to produce the data.
Sample design
The sample for this survey area was selected using a
two stage stratified design with probability proportional to
employment sampling at each stage. The first stage of
sample selection was a probability sample of establishments. The sample of establishments was drawn by first
stratifying the sampling frame by industry and ownership.
The number of sample establishments allocated to each
stratum is approximately proportional to the stratum employment. Each sampled establishment is selected within a
stratum with a probability proportional to its employment.
Use of this technique means that the larger an establishment’s employment, the greater its chance of selection.
Weights were applied to each establishment when the data
were tabulated so that it represents similar units (by industry and employment size) in the economy which were not
selected for collection. See appendix table 1 for a count of
establishments in the survey by employment size. The second stage of sample selection, detailed below, was a probability sample of occupations within a sampled establishment.
Planning for the survey
The overall design of the survey, which was based on
the type of data to be produced, had to be developed before
data collection could begin.
Survey scope
This survey of the Richmond-Petersburg, VA, Metropolitan Statistical Area covered establishments employing
50 workers or more in goods-producing industries (mining,
construction and manufacturing); service-producing industries (transportation, communications, electric, gas, and
sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services industries); and State
and local governments. Agriculture, private households,
and the Federal Government were excluded from the scope
of the survey. For purposes of this survey an establishment
was an economic unit which produces goods or services, a
central administrative office, or an auxiliary unit providing
support services to a company. For private industries in
this survey, the establishment was usually at a single physical location. For State and local governments, an establishment was defined as all locations of a government entity.
The Richmond-Petersburg, VA, Metropolitan Statistical
Area includes the cities of Colonial Heights, Hopewell,
Petersburg, and Richmond; and the counties of Charles
City, Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, Goochland, Hanover, Henrico, New Kent, Powhatan, and Prince George, VA.
Data collection
The collection of data from survey respondents required
detailed procedures. Collection was the responsibility of
the field economists, working out of the Regional Office,
who visited each establishment surveyed.
Occupational selection and classification
Identification of the occupations for which wage data
were to be collected was a multi-step process:
1. Probability-proportional-to-size selection of establishment jobs.
2. Classification of jobs into occupations based on the
Census of Population system.
3. Characterization of jobs as full-time v. part-time,
union v. nonunion, and time v. incentive.
4. Determination of the level of work of each job.
Sampling frame
The list of establishments from which the survey sample
was selected (sampling frame) was developed from the
State unemployment insurance reports for the RichmondPetersburg, VA, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The reference month for the public sector is June 1994. Due to the
volatility of industries within the private sector, sampling
frames were developed using the most recent month of reference available at the time the sample was selected. The
reference month for the private sector is December 1995.
The sampling frame was reviewed prior to the survey and,
when necessary, missing establishments were added, out-
For each occupation, wage data were collected for those
workers who met all the criteria identified in the last three
steps. Special procedures were developed for jobs for
which a correct classification or level could not be determined.
26
depending on whether any part of pay was directly based
on the actual production of the worker, rather than solely
on hours worked. Finally, the worker was identified as
being in a union job or a nonunion job. See the “Definition
of Terms” section on the following page for more detail.
In step one, the jobs to be sampled were selected at each
establishment by the BLS field economist during a personal
visit. A complete list of employees was used for sampling,
with each selected worker representing a job within the establishment.
As with the selection of establishments, the selection of
a job was based on probability proportional to its size in
the establishment. The greater the number of people
working in a job in the establishment, the greater its chance
of selection.
The number of jobs collected in each establishment was
based on an establishment’s employment size as shown in
the following schedule:
Number of employees
50-99
100-249
250-999
1000-2,499
2,500+
Generic leveling through point factor analysis
In the last step before wage data were collected, the
work level of each selected job was determined using a
“generic leveling” process. Generic leveling ranks and
compares all occupations randomly selected in an establishment using the same criteria. This is a major departure
from the method used in the past in the Bureau’s Occupational Compensation Surveys which studied specifically defined occupations with leveling definitions unique to each
occupation.
For this survey, the level of each occupation in an establishment was determined by an analysis of each of 10
leveling factors. Nine of these factors are drawn from the
U.S. Government Office of Personnel Management’s Factor Evaluation System, which is the underlying structure for
evaluation of General Schedule Federal employees. The
tenth factor, supervisory duties, attempts to account for the
effect of supervisory duties. It is considered experimental.
The 10 factors are:
Number of selected jobs
8
10
12
16
20
The second step of the process entailed classifying the
selected jobs into occupations based on their duties. The
National Compensation Survey occupational classification
system is based on the 1990 Census of Population. A selected job may fall into any one of about 480 occupational
classifications, from accountant to wood lathe operator. In
cases where a job’s duties overlapped two or more census
classification codes, the duties used to set the wage level
were used to classify the job. Classification by primary
duties was the fallback.
Each occupational classification is an element of a
broader classification known as a major occupational group
(MOG). Occupations can fall into any of the following
MOG’s:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Professional specialty and technical
Executive, administrative, and managerial
Sales
Administrative support including clerical
Precision production, craft, and repair
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
Transportation and material moving
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers
Service occupations
Knowledge
Supervision received
Guidelines
Complexity
Scope and effect
Personal contacts
Purpose of contacts
Physical demands
Work environment
Supervisory duties
Each factor contains a number of levels and each level
has an associated written description and point value. The
number and range of points differ among the factors. For
each factor, an occupation was assigned a level based on
which written description best matched the job. Within
each occupation, the points for 9 factors (supervisory duties
was excluded) were recorded and totaled. The total determines the overall level of the occupation. Appendix table 3
presents average work levels for published occupational
groups and selected occupations. A description of the levels for each factor is shown in appendix C.
Tabulations of levels of work for occupations in the
survey follow the Federal Government’s white-collar General Schedule. Point ranges for each of the 15 levels are
shown in appendix D. It also includes an example of a leveled job and a guide to help data users evaluate jobs in their
firm.
Wage data collected in prior surveys using the new generic leveling method were evaluated by BLS researchers
A complete list of all individual occupations, classified
by the MOG to which they belong, is contained in appendix
B.
In step three, certain other job characteristics of the
chosen worker were identified. First, the worker was identified as holding either a full-time or part-time job, based
on the establishment’s definition of those terms. Then the
worker was classified as having a time versus incentive job,
27
Definition of terms
using regression techniques. For each of the major occupational groups, wages were compared to the 10 generic
level factors (and levels within those factors). The analysis
showed that several of the generic level factors, most notably knowledge and supervision received, had strong explanatory power for wages. That is, as the levels within a
given factor increased, the wages also increased. Detailed
research continues in the area. The results of this research
will be published by BLS in the future.
Full-time worker. Any employee that the employer considers to be full time.
Incentive worker. Any employee whose earnings are tied,
at least in part, to commissions, piece rates, production bonuses, or other incentives based on production or sales.
Level. A ranking of an occupation based on the requirements of the position. (See the description in the technical
note and the example for more details on the leveling process.)
Collection period
The survey was collected from May 1997 through February 1998. The average payroll reference month was
August 1997. For each establishment in the survey, the
data reflect the establishment’s practices on the day of collection.
Nonunion worker. An employee in an occupation not
meeting the conditions for union coverage (see below).
Earnings
Earnings were defined as regular payments from the
employer to the employee as compensation for straighttime hourly work, or for any salaried work performed. The
following components were included as part of earnings:
·
·
·
·
·
·
Part-time worker. Any employee that the employer considers to be part-time.
Straight-time. Time worked at the standard rate of pay for
the job.
Incentive pay, including commissions, production
bonuses, and piece rates
Cost-of-living allowances
Hazard pay
Payments of income deferred due to participation
in a salary reduction plan
Deadhead pay, defined as pay given to transportation workers returning in a vehicle without freight
or passengers
On-call pay
Time-based worker. Any employee whose earnings are
tied to an hourly rate or salary, and not to a specific level of
production.
Union worker. Any employee is in a union occupation
when all of the following conditions are met:
·
·
The following forms of payments were not considered
part of straight-time earnings:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Shift differentials, defined as extra payment for
working a schedule that varies from the norm, such
as night or weekend work
Premium pay for overtime, holidays, and weekends
Bonuses not directly tied to production (e.g.,
Christmas bonuses, profit-sharing bonuses)
Uniform and tool allowances
Free room and board
Payments made by third parties (e.g., tips, bonuses
given by manufacturers to department store salespeople, referral incentives in real estate)
A labor organization is recognized as the bargaining
agent for all workers in the occupation.
Wage and salary rates are determined through collective bargaining or negotiations.
Settlement terms, which must include earnings provisions and may include benefit provisions, are embodied in a signed mutually binding collective bargaining
agreement.
Processing and analyzing the data
Data were processed and analyzed at the Bureau’s National Office following collection.
Weighting and nonresponse
Sample weights were calculated for each establishment/occupation in the survey. These weights reflected the
relative size of the occupation within the establishment and
of the establishment within the sample universe. Weights
were used to aggregate the individual establishment/occupations into the various data series. Of the establishments surveyed, 28.5 percent (representing 84,778
employees) refused to supply information. If data were not
provided by a sample member, the weights of responding
sample members in the same or similar “cells” were adjusted to account for the missing data. This technique assumes that the mean value of the nonrespondents equals the
In order to calculate earnings for various time periods
(hourly, weekly, and annual), data on work schedules were
also collected. For hourly workers, scheduled hours
worked per day and per week, exclusive of overtime, were
recorded. Annual weeks worked were determined. Because
salaried workers, exempt from overtime provisions, often
work beyond the assigned work schedule, their typical
number of hours actually worked was collected.
28
Sampling errors occur because observations come only
from a sample and not from an entire population. The
sample used for this survey is one of a number of possible
samples of the same size that could have been selected using the sample design. Estimates derived from the different
samples would differ from each other.
A measure of the variation among these differing estimates is called the standard error or sampling error. It indicates the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average result of all
possible samples. The relative standard error (RSE) is the
standard error divided by the estimate. Appendix table 2
contains RSE data for selected series in this bulletin. RSE
data for all series in this bulletin are available on the Internet web site and by request to the BLS National Office.
The standard error can be used to calculate a “confidence interval” around a sample estimate. As an example,
suppose table A-1 shows that mean hourly earnings for all
workers was $12.79 per hour, and appendix table 2 shows a
relative standard error of 3.6 percent for this estimate. At
the 90-percent level, the confidence interval for this estimate is $13.55 to $12.03 ($12.79 plus and minus 1.645
times 3.6 percent times $12.79). If all possible samples
were selected to estimate the population value, the interval
from each sample would include the true population value
approximately 90 percent of the time.
Nonsampling errors also affect survey results. They
can stem from many sources, such as inability to obtain information for some establishments, difficulties with survey
definitions, inability of the respondents to provide correct
information, or mistakes in recording or coding the data
obtained. A Technical Reinterview Program done in all
survey areas will be used in the development of a formal
quality assessment process to help compute nonsampling
error. Although they were not specifically measured, the
nonsampling errors were expected to be minimal due to the
extensive training of the field economists who gathered the
survey data by personal visit, computer edits of the data,
and detailed data review.
mean value of the respondents at some detailed “cell” level.
Responding and nonresponding establishments were classified into these cells according to industry and employment
size. Responding and nonresponding occupations within responding establishments were classified into cells which
were additionally defined by major occupation group and
job level.
Establishments which were determined to be out of
business or outside the scope of the survey (4.5 percent of
the total sample) had their weights changed to zero. If only
partial data were given by a sample establishment or occupation, or data were missing, the response was treated as a
refusal.
Estimation
The wage series in the tables are computed by combining the wages for individual establishment/occupations.
Before being combined, individual wage rates are weighted
by: number of workers; the sample weight adjusted for nonresponding establishments and other factors; and the occupation work schedule, varying depending on whether
hourly, weekly, or annual rates are being calculated.
Not all series that were calculated met the criteria for
publication. Before any series was published, it was reviewed to make sure that the number of observations underlying it was sufficient. This review prevented publishing a series that could have revealed information about a
specific establishment.
The number of workers estimates represent the total in
all establishments within the scope of the study and not the
number actually surveyed. Because occupational structures
among establishments differ, estimates of the number of
workers obtained from the sample of establishments serve
only to indicate the relative importance of the occupational
groups studied.
Data reliability
The data in this bulletin are estimates from a scientifically selected probability sample. There are two types of
errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey,
sampling and nonsampling.
29
Appendix table 1. Number of establishments studied by industry division and establishment employment size,
and number of establishments represented, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
Number of establishments studied
Industry
All industries .........................................................
Private industry .................................................
Goods-producing industries ..........................
Mining .......................................................
Construction .............................................
Manufacturing ...........................................
Service-producing industries ........................
Tranportation and public utilities ...............
Wholesale and retail trade ........................
Finance, insurance and real estate ..........
Services ....................................................
State and local government ..............................
Number of
establishments represented
100 workers or more
Total studied
1,619
1,561
319
5
110
204
1,241
89
452
343
357
58
220
194
56
3
12
41
138
18
46
16
58
26
50 - 99
workers
68
66
20
3
7
10
46
3
22
5
16
2
Total
152
128
36
–
5
31
92
15
24
11
42
24
100 - 499
workers
104
93
25
–
5
20
68
11
19
8
30
11
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Overall industry and industry groups may include data for categories not shown separately.
30
500 workers
or more
48
35
11
–
–
11
24
4
5
3
12
13
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected
occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all
workers2, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
(in percent)
Occupation3
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
2.1%
2.2
2.4%
2.4
4.3%
4.3
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .........................
2.6
2.6
3.0
2.9
4.8
4.8
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .......................
Mechanical engineers ...........................................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .....................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...........
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts ..........................................................
Natural scientists ......................................................
Health related occupations .......................................
Registered nurses ................................................
Physical therapists ................................................
Teachers, college and university ..............................
Teachers, except college and university ..................
Elementary school teachers .................................
Secondary school teachers ..................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...........................
Librarians ..............................................................
Social scientists and urban planners ........................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ..................
Social workers ......................................................
Lawyers and judges ..................................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and
professionals, N.E.C. ..........................................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Radiological technicians .......................................
Licensed practical nurses .....................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .......
Computer programmers .......................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Executives, administrators, and managers ...............
Administrators and officials, public administration
Financial managers ..............................................
Managers., marketing, advertising and public
relations ..........................................................
Administrators, education and related fields .........
Managers, medicine and health ...........................
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..................
Management related occupations ............................
Accountants and auditors .....................................
Other financial officers ..........................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists .......................................................
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............
Sales occupations ............................................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ............................
Insurance sales occupations ................................
Sales occupations, other business services .........
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale .................................................
Cashiers ...............................................................
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .......................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical .....
Supervisors, general office ...................................
Computer operators ..............................................
Secretaries ...........................................................
Receptionists ........................................................
3.4
3.3
6.6
1.0
10.0
8.0
9.4
3.3
3.5
4.6
1.0
10.0
7.6
8.9
5.5
5.2
–
–
–
–
–
7.2
6.2
3.2
2.9
8.5
7.3
4.0
1.9
3.7
2.6
2.6
–
6.1
6.4
–
–
8.7
3.2
2.8
–
–
11.4
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
5.8
–
–
–
1.7
1.8
3.7
2.4
2.4
–
7.2
7.2
–
8.5
4.4
13.2
2.4
1.6
9.4
6.9
3.7
4.1
11.0
6.6
7.9
4.5
10.3
2.5
1.7
11.0
6.8
3.3
4.3
–
6.6
–
8.1
–
–
–
–
–
10.7
7.3
12.0
–
8.3
10.6
9.3
6.5
6.4
4.6
6.3
8.3
–
10.8
6.5
5.7
5.2
6.8
–
10.3
–
–
12.3
8.1
–
18.2
7.1
9.2
11.5
5.6
11.2
18.2
7.2
9.2
11.5
5.6
11.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
30.5
4.0
22.5
2.3
3.1
12.9
3.1
2.6
30.5
4.0
22.5
3.0
3.9
–
4.9
2.6
–
–
–
3.2
–
–
3.5
–
See footnotes at end of table.
31
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected
occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all
workers2, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997 — Continued
(in percent)
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
14.0%
9.8
18.0
4.0
4.1
9.1
9.2
3.1
19.3
4.5
9.1
4.6
4.3
3.4
5.4
14.0%
9.8
–
3.9
3.8
–
9.2
2.2
19.3
5.2
14.3
8.0
4.3
–
7.5
–
–
–
–
6.6%
–
–
–
–
–
–
3.8
–
3.4
7.7
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers .................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .......
Industrial machinery repairers ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ..........................
Electricians ...........................................................
Supervisors, production occupations ....................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Printing press operators .......................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators ..................
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ...........
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ..
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Supervisors, motor vehicle operators ...................
Truck drivers .........................................................
Bus drivers ............................................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ..
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ......
Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and
laborers, N.E.C. ..............................................
Production helpers ................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. .......
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............
Hand packers and packagers ...............................
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ...................
2.4
3.2
12.0
5.0
8.1
4.2
6.3
6.3
3.1
6.8
11.1
5.2
9.5
3.9
9.6
4.8
10.9
7.7
4.3
2.5
3.5
12.6
4.0
8.2
4.9
–
6.3
3.1
6.8
11.1
5.2
9.5
4.4
9.6
5.2
–
7.7
4.7
5.6
3.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
4.6
–
–
–
–
5.7
10.3
11.3
11.4
7.9
19.5
5.5
7.0
15.4
11.3
11.4
7.9
19.5
5.5
7.0
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Service occupations ...........................................................
Protective service occupations .................................
Police and detectives, public service ....................
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement
officers ............................................................
Food service occupations .........................................
Waiters and waitresses ........................................
Cooks ...................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. .................
Health service occupations .......................................
Health aides, except nursing ................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ...............
Cleaning and building service occupations ..............
Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers
Maids and housemen ...........................................
Janitors and cleaners ...........................................
3.5
6.2
3.7
2.9
5.2
–
4.6
6.4
3.8
0.2
5.8
20.5
9.8
4.8
8.4
4.0
4.2
4.1
4.2
8.3
1.3
4.9
–
6.1
20.5
10.1
5.3
9.5
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.7
8.3
1.3
4.5
0.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
4.2
–
–
4.2
Occupation3
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Administrative support occupations, including clerical
(-Continued)
Information clerks, N.E.C. .....................................
Order clerks ..........................................................
Library clerks ........................................................
Records clerks, N.E.C. .........................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ......
Dispatchers ...........................................................
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...................
Stock and inventory clerks ....................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ..
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ......
Bill and account collectors ....................................
General office clerks .............................................
Data entry keyers .................................................
Teachers’ aides ....................................................
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. .........
See footnotes at end of table.
32
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected
occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all
workers2, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997 — Continued
(in percent)
Occupation3
Service occupations (-Continued)
Personal service occupations ...................................
1 The relative standard error is the standard error
expressed as a percent of the estimate. Hourly
earnings for these occupations are presented in Tables
A-1 and A-2. Reliable relative standard errors could
not be determined for all occupations.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time
workers. Employees are classified as working either a
full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition
used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with
a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified
as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is
the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
10.1%
3.3%
10.8%
individual occupations is used to cover all workers in
the civilian economy. Individual occupations are
classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or
that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall
occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately.
N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." IN THIS
SURVEY, THE NONRESPONSE RATE FOR PRIVATE INDUSTRY EXCEEDED REGULAR SURVEY
STANDARDS FOR PUBLICATION. ACCORDINGLY,
USERS SHOULD INTERPRET THESE RESULTS
WITH THIS LIMITATION IN MIND.
33
Appendix table 3. Average work levels for selected occupations, all workers,
full-time and part-time workers, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997
All
Full-time Part-time
workers workers workers
Occupation1
All occupations .................................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ......................................................
6
6
6
6
4
4
White-collar occupations .............................................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales ...................................
7
7
7
8
5
5
Professional specialty and technical occupations ......................
Professional specialty occupations .........................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .................................
Mechanical engineers .....................................................
Engineers, N.E.C. ...........................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists ...............................
Computer systems analysts and scientists .....................
Operations and systems researchers and analysts ........
Natural scientists ................................................................
Health related occupations .................................................
Registered nurses ..........................................................
Physical therapists ..........................................................
Teachers, college and university ........................................
Teachers, except college and university ............................
Elementary school teachers ...........................................
Secondary school teachers ............................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators .....................................
Librarians ........................................................................
Social scientists and urban planners ..................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ............................
Social workers ................................................................
Lawyers and judges ............................................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and professionals,
N.E.C. ...........................................................................
Technical occupations ............................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ...........
Radiological technicians .................................................
Licensed practical nurses ...............................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .................
Computer programmers .................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations .............
Executives, administrators, and managers .........................
Administrators and officials, public administration ..........
Financial managers ........................................................
Managers., marketing, advertising and public relations
Administrators, education and related fields ...................
Managers, medicine and health .....................................
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ............................
Management related occupations ......................................
Accountants and auditors ...............................................
Other financial officers ....................................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists ........
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ......................
Sales occupations ......................................................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ......................................
Insurance sales occupations ..........................................
Sales occupations, other business services ...................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and
wholesale ..................................................................
Sales workers, other commodities ..................................
Cashiers .........................................................................
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .................................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical ...............
Supervisors, general office .............................................
Computer operators ........................................................
Secretaries .....................................................................
Receptionists ..................................................................
Information clerks, N.E.C. ...............................................
Order clerks ....................................................................
Library clerks ..................................................................
Records clerks, N.E.C. ...................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ................
Dispatchers .....................................................................
9
10
10
11
9
10
10
10
10
9
8
9
12
9
9
9
8
8
–
8
7
–
9
10
10
11
9
10
10
10
10
9
8
–
12
9
9
9
8
8
–
7
7
–
8
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
6
7
8
6
6
6
9
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
8
9
8
10
7
5
7
8
6
6
7
8
7
6
6
9
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
8
9
8
10
7
6
7
8
6
–
5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
–
–
–
10
–
2
6
4
7
4
5
3
3
4
2
6
5
5
10
–
3
–
5
7
4
5
4
–
5
–
6
5
5
–
4
2
–
4
–
–
5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
See footnotes at end of table.
34
Appendix table 3. Average work levels for selected occupations, all workers,
full-time and part-time workers, Richmond-Petersburg, VA, August 1997 —
Continued
All
Full-time Part-time
workers workers workers
Occupation1
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Administrative support occupations, including clerical
(-Continued)
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks .............................
Stock and inventory clerks ..............................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ............
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ................
Bill and account collectors ..............................................
General office clerks .......................................................
Data entry keyers ...........................................................
Teachers’ aides ..............................................................
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. ...................
4
3
7
4
5
4
3
4
5
4
3
7
4
5
4
3
3
5
–
–
–
–
–
4
3
–
2
Blue-collar occupations ...............................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ....................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers ...........................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .................
Industrial machinery repairers ........................................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ....................................
Electricians .....................................................................
Supervisors, production occupations ..............................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ........................
Printing press operators .................................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators ............................
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. .....................
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ............
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................
Supervisors, motor vehicle operators .............................
Truck drivers ...................................................................
Bus drivers ......................................................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ............
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................
Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and
laborers, N.E.C. ........................................................
Production helpers ..........................................................
Stock handlers and baggers ...........................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. .................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ......................
Hand packers and packagers .........................................
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. .............................
5
6
8
7
6
6
7
8
4
6
5
4
4
4
7
4
4
4
3
5
6
8
7
6
6
7
8
4
6
5
4
4
4
7
4
–
4
3
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
–
–
–
–
2
7
3
3
3
2
2
2
7
3
4
4
2
3
2
–
–
2
2
–
–
–
Service occupations .....................................................................
Protective service occupations ...........................................
Police and detectives, public service ..............................
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers ......
Food service occupations ...................................................
Waiters and waitresses ..................................................
Cooks .............................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ..................................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. ...........................
Health service occupations .................................................
Health aides, except nursing ..........................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants .........................
Cleaning and building service occupations ........................
Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers ..........
Maids and housemen .....................................................
Janitors and cleaners .....................................................
Personal service occupations .............................................
3
5
6
6
2
2
4
3
2
3
4
3
2
5
2
2
4
4
5
6
6
3
–
–
3
2
4
5
3
3
6
2
2
5
2
3
–
–
2
2
–
2
2
3
–
3
2
–
–
2
3
1 A classification system including about 480
individual occupations is used to cover all workers in
the civilian economy. Individual occupations are
classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
The occupations titled authors, musicians, actors,
painters, photographers, dancers, artists, athletes, and
legislators cannot be assigned a work level.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or
that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall
occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately.
N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
35

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Industrial Safety Market

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Lubin School of Business

Personal Protective Equipment Market