Progress
in
Bright
for Industry,
Industry,
Progress
Ion
Progress in
in Bright
Bright Ion
Ion Beams
Beams for
for
Progress
Beams
for Industry,
Industry,
Medicine
at
LBNL
and
Fusion
at
LBNL
Medicine and
and Fusion
Fusion at
Medicine
at LBNL
LBNL
Joe W. Kwan
Joe
Joe W.
W. Kwan
Kwan
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence
National
Laboratory
Berkeley
National
1 Cyclotron
Berkeley,
CALaboratory
94546 USA
Lawrence Road,
Berkeley
National
Laboratory
11 Cyclotron
Berkeley,
CA
94546 USA
USA
Road,
Berkeley,
CA
Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94546
94546
USA
Abstract. Recent progresses at LBNL in developing ion beams for industry, radiation therapy and inertia! fusion
Abstract.
Recent
progresses
at
ion
for
therapy
and
fusion
Abstract.
Recent
progresses
at
LBNL
developing
beams
for industry,
industry,
radiationcapture
therapytherapy
and inertial
inertial
fusion
applications
discussed.
The
ion beam
lithography,
boron radiation
neutron
(BNCT),
and
Abstract. were
Recent
progresses
at highlights
LBNL in
in include
developing
ion beams
beams
for
industry,
radiation
therapy
and
inertial
fusion
applications
were
discussed.
The
ion
beam
lithography,
boron
neutron
capture
therapy
(BNCT),
applications
were
discussed.
The
highlights
include
lithography,
boron
neutron
capture
therapy
(BNCT),
and
heavy
ion fusion
(HIF)
drivers using
multiple linacs.
applications
were
discussed.
The highlights
include ion beam lithography, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), and
and
heavy
ion
fusion
(HIF)
drivers
using
heavy
heavyion
ionfusion
fusion(HIF)
(HIF) drivers
drivers using
using multiple
multiple linacs.
linacs.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Accelerator
research
atatLBNL,
inin the
Accelerator
Accelerator
research
LBNL,
Accelerator
Accelerator
research
at
Accelerator
research
at LBNL,
LBNL,
in athe
theportfolio
Accelerator
and
Fusion
Research
Division,
has
of
and
Fusion
Research
Division,
of
and
Fusion
Research
Division,
has
a
portfolio
and
Fusion
Research
Division,
has
a
portfolio
of
diverse
applications
including
areas
outside
high
diverse
applications
including
high
diverse
applications
including
areas
outside
diverse
applications
including
areas
outside
high
energy
and
nuclear
physics
such
asas semi-conductor
energy
and
nuclear
physics
such
semi-conductor
energy
nuclear
physics
such
as
energy and
and
nuclear
physicsand
such
as semi-conductor
semi-conductor
industry,
radiation
therapy
fusion.
This
paper
industry,
radiation
therapy
and
fusion.
This
industry,
radiation
therapy
and
fusion.
This
paper
industry,
radiation
therapy
and
fusion.
This paper
paper
briefly
reports
the
recent
progress
in
the
development
briefly
reports
the
recent
progress
in
the
development
briefly
reports
the
recent
progress
in
the
development
briefly
reports
the
recent
progress
in
the
development
ofofion
beam
lithography,
neutron
capture
radiation
ion
beam
lithography,
neutron
capture
radiation
of
beam
lithography,
neutron
capture
of ion
ion and
beam
lithography,
neutron
capture radiation
radiation
therapy,
heavy
ion
driven
inertial
fusion.
therapy,
and
heavy
ion
driven
inertial
fusion.
therapy,
and
heavy
ion
driven
inertial
fusion.
therapy, and heavy ion driven inertial fusion.
SEMI-CONDUCTOR
INDUSTRY
SEMI-CONDUCTOR
INDUSTRY
SEMI-CONDUCTOR
SEMI-CONDUCTOR INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
ItItItisisiswell
wellknown
knownthat
thation
ionbeams
beams are
are useful
useful for
for ion
ion
It is well
well known
known that
that ion
ion beams
beams are
are useful for ion
implantation
in
the
semi-conductor
industry.
For
this
implantation
in
the
semi-conductor
industry.
For
this
implantation
in
the
semi-conductor
industry.
For
this
implantation in the semi-conductor industry.
purpose,
purpose,LBNL
LBNLhas
hasdeveloped
developedion
ionsources
sources such
such as
as the
the
purpose,
purpose, LBNL
LBNL has
has developed
developed ion
ion sources
sources such as the
multi-cusp
gas
plasma
sources
and
the
Metal
Vapor
multi-cusp
gas
plasma
sources
and
the
Metal
Vapor
multi-cusp
multi-cusp gas
gas plasma
plasma sources
sources and
and the
the Metal Vapor
VacuumArc
Arc(MEWA)
(MEVVA)sources.
sources. Another
Another application
application
Vacuum
Vacuum
Vacuum Arc
Arc (MEVVA)
(MEVVA) sources.
sources. Another
Another application
that
is
under
development
is
the
ion
projection
that
is
under
development
is
the
ion
that
projection
that isis under
under development
development is
is the
the ion
ion projection
lithography
system.
lithography
system.
lithography
lithographysystem.
system.
Hydrogen
or Helium
gas
Hydrogen
or Helium
beam
Stencil
Wafer
Nevertheless, constant ion bombardment on the
Nevertheless,
Nevertheless, constant
constant ion
ion bombardment
bombardment on
on the
the
Nevertheless,
ion
bombardment
on
the
stencil
mask limits
limitsconstant
its lifetime,
lifetime,
thus
affecting both
both
the
stencil
mask
its
thus
affecting
the
stencil
mask
limits
its
lifetime,
thus
affecting
both
the
stencil
mask
limits
its
lifetime,
thus
affecting
both
the
replacement
cost
and
downtime.
A
maskless
microreplacement
replacement cost
cost and
and downtime.
downtime. A
A maskless
masklessmicromicroreplacement
cost
and
downtime.
A
maskless
microbeam
reduction
lithography
system,
asshown
shownin
in Fig.
beam
reduction
lithography
system,
as
beam
reduction
lithography
system,
as
shown
in
Fig.
beam
reduction
lithography
system,
as shown
in Fig.
Fig.
2,
can
improve
the
situation
[1].
Here
the
exposure
2,
can
improve
the
situation[1].
Here
the
exposure
2,
can
improve
the
situation[1].
Here
the
exposure
2, can improve
the at
exposure
pattern
is due
due to
tothe
the situation[1].
aperture plate
plateHere
located
the ion
pattern
the
pattern is
is due
due to
to the
the aperture
aperture plate
plate located
locatedat
theion
ion
pattern
is
the
aperture
located
atat
the
ion
source.
The
goal
is
to
produce
an
array
of
microsource.
source. The
The goal
goal is
is to
to produce
produce an
an array
array of
of micromicrosource.
The
goal
is
to
produce
an
array
of
microbeams
with the
the ability
ability to
to switch
switch on
on eachmicro-beam
micro-beam
beams
beams with
with the
the ability
ability to
to switch
switch on
on each
each micro-beam
micro-beam
beams
with
each
individually.
individually.
individually.
individually.
Figure
shows
the
concept
of
constructingmicromicroFigure
Figure 3333 shows
shows the
the concept
concept of
ofconstructing
constructing
microFigure
shows
the
concept
of
constructing
microbeam
channels
using
layers
of
insulator.
By
applying
beam
beam channels
channels using
usinglayers
layersof
ofinsulator.
insulator. By
Byapplying
applying
using
layers
of
insulator.
By
applying
Ion
IonSource
Source
Ion Source
Source
Ion
34 cm
34cm
cm
34
S
XY
XY
XY
XY
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
SS
N
N
N
Electrode
Electrode
Electrode
Lenses
Lenses
Lenses
2. Maskless
micro-beam
reduction
FIGURE
Maskless
micro-beam
reductionlithography.
lithography.
Maskless micro-beam
micro-beam reduction
reduction
lithography.
FIGURE 2.
2. Maskless
lithography.
Beam
Beam forming
formingelectrode
electrode
forming
electrode
Beam
forming
electrode
in " in
\— EinzelLens-t
Wafer
Wafer
Wafer
Switching
Switchingelectrode
electrode
Switching
electrode
Switching
electrode
Field Lens
FIGURE 1. Ion projection lithography using a stencil mask.
FIGURE
FIGURE1.1.1.Ion
Ionprojection
projectionlithography
lithographyusing
usingaaastencil
FIGURE
Ion
projection
lithography
using
stencil mask.
mask.
In a conventional lithography system, a photon
InIn
Inaaaconventional
conventionallithography
lithography system,
system, aa photon
lithography
photon
beam
is conventional
projected through
a stencilsystem,
mask to produce
beam
produce
beamisisisprojected
projectedthrough
throughaaastencil
stencilmask
mask to
beam
projected
through
stencil
mask
to
produce
images on a wafer that is covered by a layer of photoimagesonona awafer
waferthat
thatisisiscovered
coveredby
byaaalayer
layer of
images
images
that
covered
layer
of photophotoresist. onAsa wafer
the industry
advances,bythe
dimension
of
resist. As
Asthe
theindustry
industryadvances,
advances, the
the dimension
resist.
of
resist.
As
the
industry
advances,
the
dimension
of
components is now approaching the photon diffraction
componentsisisisnow
nowapproaching
approachingthe
thephoton
photondiffraction
diffraction
components
components
now
approaching
the
photon
limit of ~ 100 nm. Ion beams can potentially extend
limitofof
of~~~100
100nm.
nm. Ion
Ionbeams
beamscan
canpotentially
potentiallyextend
extend
limit
limit
100
nm.
beams
can
potentially
extend
the limit
down
to ~ Ion
5 nm.
Figure
1 shows
a schematic
the
limit
down
to
~
5
nm.
Figure
1
shows
a
schematic
the
limit
down
to
~
5
nm.
Figure
1
shows
a
schematic
the
to ~ 5 nm.
Figure 1system
showsby
a schematic
of limit
an iondown
projection
lithography
replacing
ofan
anion
ionprojection
projectionlithography
lithographysystem
system by
by replacing
replacing
ofof
an
ion
projection
replacing
the
photon
beam withlithography
an ion beam.system by
the
photonbeam
beamwith
withan
anion
ionbeam.
beam.
the
photon
the
photon
beam
with
an
ion
beam.
Insulator
Insulator
Insulator
Insulator
Insulator
FIGURE 3.
Electrical connections
Electrical
connections
Electrical connections
connections
A micro-beam channel made of insulator
FIGURE
FIGURE
micro-beam
channel made
made ofof insulator
insulator
FIGURE 3.
3. A micro-beam
micro-beam channel
insulator
layers.
layers.
layers.
layers.
CP642, High Intensity and High Brightness Hadron Beams: 20th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on
High Intensity and High Brightness Hadron Beams, edited by W. Chou, Y. Mori, D. Neuffer, and J.-F. Ostiguy
© 2002 American Institute of Physics 0-7354-0097-0/02/$ 19.00
19
thethe
appropriate
voltages,
neutron
appropriate
voltages,a micro-beam
a micro-beamcan
canbebegated
gated
neutronsource.
source. Figure
Figure55 illustrates
illustrates the
the difference
difference in
in
theeither
appropriate
voltages,
a
micro-beam
can
be
gated
neutron
source.
Figure
5
illustrates
the
difference
in in
either
on
or
off.
Separate
layers
of
electrodes
can
be
reactor-based
and
accelerator-based
neutron
the
appropriate
voltages,
a
micro-beam
can
be
gated
neutron
source.
Figure
5
illustrates
the
difference
on or off. Separate layers of electrodes can be
reactor-based and accelerator-based neutron energy
energy
either
or control
off.off.Separate
layers
of of
electrodes
be be
andand
accelerator-based
neutron
spectrum.
most
useful
for
BNCT
used
toonto
control
rows
of of
micro-beams
ininxcan
y y reactor-based
either
on
or
Separate
layers
electrodes
can
reactor-based
accelerator-based
neutron
energyis
used
rows
micro-beams
xand
and
spectrum. The
The
most
usefulenergy
energyrange
range
forenergy
BNCT
is
used
to
control
rows
of
micro-beams
in
x
and
y
spectrum.
The
most
useful
energy
range
for
BNCT
is is
directions
for
multiplexing.
between
1
keV
to
30
keV.
These
neutrons
be
used
to
control
rows
of
micro-beams
in
x
and
y
spectrum.
The
most
useful
energy
range
for
BNCT
directions for multiplexing.
between 1 keV to 30 keV. These neutrons can
can
be
directions
forfor
multiplexing.
between
1 keV
to to
30 30
keV.
These
neutrons
cancan
be Li
obtained
bombarding
2.5
MeV
directions
multiplexing.
between
1bykeV
keV.
neutrons
obtainedby
bombarding
2.5 These
MeV protons
protons on
on aabe
Li
obtained
by by
bombarding
2.5
MeV
protons
on
a
Li
target
with
a
A1/A1F
moderator.
The
necessary
obtained
bombarding
2.5
MeV
protons
on
a Li
target with a Al/AlF3 3 moderator. The necessary
RADIATION
target
with
a Al/AlF
TheThenecessary
3 moderator.
target
Al/AlF
moderator.
necessary
dosage,
totobe
aareasonable
time
RADIATIONTHERAPY
THERAPY
3 within
dosage,with
beadelivered
delivered
within
reasonable
time (~
(~ aa
RADIATION
THERAPY
RADIATION
THERAPY
dosage,
to to
be requires
delivered
within
adcreasonable
time
(~ (~
a a
dosage,
be
delivered
within
a
reasonable
time
few
hours),
a
20
mA
proton
beam.
few hours), requires a 20 mA dc proton beam.
LBNL
is is
a pioneer
LBNL
a pioneerin inradiation
radiationtherapy
therapysince
sincethe
the
hours),
requires
a 20
mAmA
dc dc
proton
beam.
hours),
requires
a 20
proton
beam.
LBNL
is
aBevatron.
pioneer
inNowadays
radiation
therapy
since
thethe fewfew
LBNL
pioneer
in
radiation
therapy
since
early
days
of is
proton
and
hadron
early
days
of aBevatron.
Nowadays
proton
and
hadron
early
days
of
Bevatron.
Nowadays
proton
and
hadron
early
days
of
Bevatron.
Nowadays
proton
and
hadron
therapies
arearecommon
Accelerator-based
Most
therapies
commonmedical
medicalfacilities
facilitiesworldwide.
worldwide.
Accelerator-basedproduction
production
Most
therapies
areto
common
medical
facilities
worldwide.
Most
Accelerator-based
production
therapies
are
common
medical
facilities
worldwide.
(LBNL)
2,5
MeV
useful
Accelerator-based
production
The
trend
is
develop
facilities
that
areare
cost-effective,
(LBNL)2020mA,
mA,
2.5
MeVppon
on
The
trend
is
to
develop
facilities
that
cost-effective,
useful
ergies
useful
(LBNL)
20 AL/A1F'?
mA,
2.5 2.5
MeV
p onp on
Li(LBNL)
moderator
The
trend
isand
to
develop
facilities
thatthat
areare
cost-effective,
energies
20
mA,
MeV
The
trend
isand
tohas
develop
facilities
cost-effective,
Liwith
with
AL/AlF
3 moderator
compact,
beam
controls.
energies
compact,
hasgood
good
beamand
anddose
dose
controls.
for
Li Li
withwith
AL/AlF
energies
3 moderator
forBNCT
BNCT
AL/AlF
3 moderator
compact,
and
has
good
beam
and
dose
controls.
compact,
andthethe
has
good
beam of
and
dose types
controls.
for for
BNCT
Figure
4 shows
size
comparison
various
BNCT
Figure
4 shows
size
comparison
of
various
typesofof
Figure
4
shows
the
size
comparison
of
various
types
of
Figure
4
shows
the
size
comparison
of
various
types
of
machines.
The
is isto tobuild
a a6-m
machines. The
Thenew
newproposal
proposal
build
6-m
machines.
is is
tofor
aMeV/u
Reactor-based
machines.
Thenew
newproposal
proposal
tobuild
build
a6-m
6-m
Reactor-based
diameter
super-conducting
cyclotron
250
diameter
super-conducting
cyclotron
for
250
MeV/u
Reactor-based
Reactor-based
(BNL)
diameter
super-conducting
cyclotron
for
250
MeV/u
(BNL)3 3MW
MW
diameter
super-conducting
cyclotron
for
250
MeV/u
(BNL)
3 MW
(q/m=l/2)
light
ionion
therapy.
(q/m=1/2)
light
therapy.
(BNL)
3 MW
(q/m=1/2)
light
ionion
therapy.
(q/m=1/2)
light
therapy.
Low
Lowenergy
energynn
Low
energy
n n
Low
energy
kill
killhealthy
healthy
killkill
healthy
healthy
cells
cellsininfront
front
cellscells
in front
in front
ofoftumor
tumor
of tumor
of tumor
FIGURE
5. Accelerator-based
Accelerator-based
neutron
sources
are superior
superior
FIGURE
neutron
sources
FIGURE
5. 5.5.
Accelerator-based
neutron
sources
are are
superior
FIGURE
toreactors
reactors
forAccelerator-based
neutron
therapy. neutron sources are superior
for
neutron
therapy.
toto
reactors
for
neutron
therapy.
to reactors for neutron therapy.
FIGURE
4. Comparing
Comparing
the
sizes
of
various
types
of
FIGURE
4. 4.
the
sizes
ofofof
various
types
ofofof
FIGURE
Comparing
thethe
sizes
various
types
FIGURE
Comparing
sizes
various
types
medical
accelerators.
medical
accelerators.
medical
accelerators.
medical
accelerators.
Another
newchallenge
challengeisis is
istototo
toproduce
produceananan
an
Another
challenge
produce
Anothernew
new
challenge
produce
accelerator-based
neutron
source
for
boron
neutron
accelerator-based
neutron
source
for
boron
neutron
accelerator-based
accelerator-basedneutron
neutronsource
sourceforforboron
boronneutron
neutron
capture
therapy
(BNCT).The
The
concept
of
BNCT
has
capture
therapy
(BNCT).
concept
ofofof
BNCT
has
capture
therapy
(BNCT).
The
concept
BNCT
has
capture
therapy
(BNCT).
The
concept
BNCT
has
been
known
for
many
years
[2],
but
the
practice
lacks
been
known
for
many
years
[2],
but
the
practice
lacks
been
known
for
many
years
[2],
but
the
practice
lacks
been known for many years [2], but the practice lacks
effective
boron-absorbing
drug
and
neutron
source
an an
effective
boron-absorbing
drug
and
neutron
source
an
effective
boron-absorbing
drug
and
neutron
source
an
effective
boron-absorbing
drug
and
neutron
source
of
the
correct
energy
spectrum.
The
basic
principle
of
of
the
correct
energy
spectrum.
The
basic
principle
ofofof
of the
correct
energy
spectrum.The
Thebasic
basicprinciple
principle
of the
correct
energy
spectrum.
BNCT
is
to
administer
the
patient
with
a
tumorBNCT
is
to
administer
the
patient
with
a
tumorBNCTis isto toadminister
administerthethepatient
patientwith
with a a tumortumorBNCT
seeking
chemical
that
contains
boron.After
After
high
seeking
chemical
that
contains
boron.
a ahigh
seeking
chemical
that
contains
boron.
After
aahigh
high
seeking
chemical
that
contains
boron.
After
concentration
of
boron
is gathered
gathered
at the
the
tumor
cells,
concentration
of
boron
is
gathered
at
the
tumor
cells,
concentration
of
boron
is
at
tumor
cells,
concentration of boron is gathered at the tumor cells,
patient
receives
neutron
radiation
dose.
Since
the
thethe
patient
receives
neutron
radiation
dose.
Since
thethe
the
patient
receives
neutron
radiation
dose.
Since
the
patient
receives
neutron
radiation
dose.
Since
the
11 11
11
B
formed
by
capturing
a
neutron
is
unstable
and
will
B
formed
by
capturing
a
neutron
is
unstable
and
will
U
B formed
by
capturing
a neutron is unstable and will
Bdecay
formed
by
7
7 capturing
4 44 a neutron is unstable and will
into
Li+ +
He
with
the
emission
of
alpha
decay
into
with
thethe
emission
of of
alpha
7 Li7Li
4+He
decay
into
He
with
emission
alpha
decay
into The
LiThe
+short-range
He
with alpha
thealpha
emission
of alpha
radiation.
short-range
can
destroy
the
radiation.
can
destroy
the
radiation. The
Theshort-range
short-rangealpha
alphacan
candestroy
destroy the
the
radiation.
tumor's
DNA
while
leaving
the
surrounding
normal
tumor's
DNA
while
leaving
thethe
surrounding
normal
tumor's
DNA
while
leaving
surrounding
normal
tumor's
DNA while
leaving
the neutrons.
surrounding
normal
cells
unharmed
by by
thethe
epithermal
This
type
cells
unharmed
by
the
epithermal
neutrons.
This
type
cells
unharmed
epithermal
neutrons.
This
type
cells
unharmed
by
the
epithermal
neutrons.
This
type
of of
treatment
is
most
effective
for
glioblastoma
brain
treatment
is
most
effective
for
glioblastoma
brain
of
treatment
is
mosteffective
effectiveforforglioblastoma
glioblastomabrain
brain
of
treatment
most
tumors
thatthat
areisare
usually
untreatable
by by
other
means.
tumors
are
usually
untreatable
by
other
means.
tumors
that
usually
untreatable
other
means.
tumors that are usually unbeatable by other means.
Recently
there
is significant
progress
in developing
Recently
there
is significant
significant
progress
in developing
developing
Recently
there
is
progress
in
Recently there
is significant
progress
ine.g.
developing
tumor-seeking
drugs
with
boron
content
BOPP.
tumor-seeking
drugs
with
boron
content
e.g.
BOPP.
tumor-seeking drugs with boron content e.g.
BOPP.
tumor-seeking
drugsBNCT
with
boron
content
e.g.
BOPP.
Hence
a successful
clinical
trail
is expected
if ifif
Hence
aa successful
BNCT
clinical
trail
is
expected
Hence
successful
BNCT
clinical
trail
is
expected
Hence
a successful
clinical
trail
expected
if
wewecancan
provide
theBNCT
with
anis
appropriate
provide
with
an
appropriate
thetreatment
treatment
with
an
appropriate
we can provide the treatment with an appropriate
FIGURE
6. 2.5
2.5
MV,
50 mA
proton
dcESQ
ESQ
accelerator
FIGURE
6. 6.6.
A
MV,
50 50
mA
proton
dc dc
ESQ
accelerator
FIGURE
2.5
MV,
proton
accelerator
FIGURE
AAA2.5
MV,
mA
proton
dc
ESQ
accelerator
for
BNCT;
also
similar
design
for
contraband
application.
forfor
BNCT;
also
similar
design
for
contraband
application.
forBNCT;
BNCT;also
alsosimilar
similar design
design for contraband application.
application.
As
spin-off
technology
from
our
fusion
research,
AsAs
a spin-off
technology
from
ourour
fusion
research,
As
spin-off
technology
fusion
research,
aaaspin-off
technology
from
fusion
research,
we
have
developed
aconceptual
conceptual
design
for2.5
a2.5
2.5
MV,
wewe
have
developed
a
conceptual
design
for
a
MV,
we
have
developed
a
design
for
a
MV,
have developed a conceptual design for a 2.5
MV,
50-100
mA
proton
dc accelerator
accelerator
[3].
Similar
to2aa22
50-100
mA
proton
dc
accelerator
[3].
Similar
to
a
50-100
mA
proton
dc
[3].
Similar
to
50-100 mA proton dc accelerator [3]. Similar to a 2
MVinjector
injectorused
used
the
fusion
program,
MV
in inin
thethe
fusion
program,
the the
MV
injector
used
fusion
MV
injector
used
in the
fusion program,
program, the
the
accelerator
uses
ESQ
focusing
to
handle
the
beam's
accelerator
uses
ESQ
focusing
to
handle
the
beam's
accelerator uses
uses ESQ
ESQ focusing
focusing to
handle
the
beam's
accelerator
to
handle
the
beam's
space
charge
force
as
well
stretching
out
the
space
charge
force
as as
well
as asas
stretching
outout
thethe
space
charge
force
well
stretching
space
charge
force
as
well
as longitudinal
stretchingelectric
out
the
accelerator
length
reduce
electric
accelerator
length
to toto
reduce
longitudinal
accelerator
length
reduce
longitudinal
electric
accelerator
length
to breakdowns).
reduce
longitudinal
electric
gradient
(for
preventing
breakdowns).
A schematic
schematic
gradient
(for(for
preventing
AA
schematic
gradient
preventing
breakdowns).
gradient
(for
preventing
breakdowns).
A
schematic
diagram
of of
this
accelerator
is shown
in Fig.
6. 6.
diagram
of this
this
accelerator
shown
in Fig.
diagram
accelerator
isisshown
diagram
of this
accelerator
is
shown in
in Fig.
Fig. 6.6.
TheThe
same
accelerator
design
cancan
be be
used
forfor
The
same
accelerator
design
can
be
used
for
same
accelerator
design
used
The same
accelerator
beMeV,
used
for
contraband
applications.
In In
that
case
acan
1.76
10 10
contraband
applications.
Indesign
that
case
1.76
MeV,
10
contraband
applications.
that
case
aa1.76
MeV,
contraband
applications.
In
that
case
a target.
1.76target.
MeV,
10
mA
proton
beam
is
directed
onto
a
carbon
The
mA
proton
beam
is
directed
onto
a
carbon
The
mA proton beam is directed onto a carbon target. The
13 13
14 14
13 beam
mA
proton
isreleases
aMeV
carbon
target.
The
reaction
C(p,γ)
N14
theonto
9.179.17
γ radiation
reaction
C(p,γ)
Ndirected
releases
the
MeV
radiation
reaction
γγradiation
13 C(p,γ)14 N releases the 9.1714MeV
14 y radiation
reaction
C(p,y)
N
releases
the
9.17
MeV
14
andand
subsequent
resonant
absorption
by by
N14will
detect
and
subsequent
resonant
absorption
by
will
detect
subsequent
resonant
absorption
NNwill
detect
and
subsequent
resonant
explosives
andand
drugs
[4].[4].
explosives
and
drugs
[4].absorption by N will detect
explosives
drugs
explosives and drugs [4].
20
INERTIAL FUSION
possible recirculation
target
Ion beams are essential to progress in fusion
INERTIAL
FUSION
INERTIAL
FUSION
research. There
are two main
approaches to fusion:
INERTIAL
FUSION
magnetic
confinement
and
inertial
confinement.
The
Ion
beams
are
essential
to
IonIonbeams
progress
inin fusion
fusion
beamsareareessential
essentialtotoprogress
progressin
fusion
most
advanced
magnetic
confinement
concept
are
the
research.
There
are
two
main
approaches
to
fusion:
research.
research.There
Therearearetwo
twomain
mainapproaches
approachestotofusion:
fusion:
tokamak,
a
device
that
has
a
toroidal
shape
with
magnetic
confinement
and
inertial
confinement.
The
magnetic
confinement
magnetic
confinementand
andinertial
inertialconfinement.
confinement. The
The
magnetic
field generated
byconfinement
field coils
in combination
most
advanced
magnetic
confinement
concept
are
most
advanced
magnetic
confinement
concept
are
the
most
advanced
magnetic
concept
arethe
the
tokamak,
aa device
that
shape
with
with
the self-field
generated
the plasma
tokamak,
that
has
toroidal
shape
with
tokamak,
adevice
device
thathas
hasaaby
atoroidal
toroidal
shapecurrent.
with
magnetic
field
generated
by
field
coils
in
Significant
progresses
have
been
made
by injecting
magnetic
field
generated
byby
field
coils
inincombination
combination
magnetic
field
generated
field
coils
combination
with
the
self-field
generated
plasma
current.
with
self-field
generated
bythe
thethe
plasma
current.
with
thethe
self-field
generated
byheat
the
plasma
current.
energetic
deuterium
beams
toby
plasma,
drive
Significant
progresses
made
by
Significant
progresses
havebeen
been
madeThese
injecting
Significant
progresses
have
been
made
bybyinjecting
injecting
current
and control
the have
density
profile.
"neutral
energetic
deuterium
beams
plasma,
energetic
deuterium
beamsto
heatthe
thetypically
plasma,drive
drive ~
energetic
deuterium
beams
totoheat
heat
the
plasma,
drive
beam
injectors"
(developed
by
LBNL)
have
current
and
control
the
density
profile.
These
"neutral
current
and
control
the
density
profile.
These
"neutral
current
controlthe
the density
profile.
"neutral
100
keVand
energy;
beam ions
are These
converted
into
beam
injectors"
(developed
by
LBNL)
have
beam
injectors"
(developed
LBNL)
typically
have~
beam
injectors"
(developed
byby
LBNL)
typically
have
~~
neutral
particles
before
entering
thetypically
tokamak.
The
100
keV
energy;
thebeam
beamions
ionsare
areconverted
convertedinto
into
100
keV
energy;
the
100
keV
energy;
the
beam
ions
are
converted
into
newneutral
generation
of before
tokamak
is larger,
thus requiring
particles
enteringthe
thetokamak.
tokamak. The
The
neutral
before
entering
neutralofparticles
particles
beforeenergy
entering
the
tokamak.
The
beams
up
to
1
MeV
to
penetrate
the
plasma.
new
generation
tokamakisisislarger,
larger,thus
thus
requiring
new
generation
of
tokamak
requiring
new
generation
ofof
tokamak
larger,
thus
requiring
beams
of
up
1 MeV
energy
penetrate
theplasma.
plasma. in
beams
of
to
MeV
energy
to
penetrate
the
beams
ofup
up
to1to1beams
MeV
energy
toto
penetrate
the
plasma.
While
ion
are
auxiliary
components
magnetic
fusion
devices,
they components
are
the main
Whileion
ionbeams
beams
auxiliary
components
While
are
in
While
ion
beams
areareauxiliary
auxiliary
components
inin
magnetic
fusion
devices,
they
are
the
main
components
in
an
inertial
fusion
machine
ion
magnetic
main
magnetic fusion
fusion devices,
devices, they
they are
are the
theusing
main
components
in
an
inertial
fusion
machine
using
ion
beam
drivers.in
ionmachine
beams can
be ion
more
components
an
inertial
using
components
inIn
ancomparison,
inertial fusion
fusion
machine
using
ion
beam
drivers.
comparison,
ion
beamscan
canthe
more
advantageous
than
laser
beams
because
of
higher
beam
drivers.
In
comparison,
ion
beams
be
beam
drivers.
InIn
comparison,
ion
beams
can
bebemore
more
advantageous
than
laser
beams
because
the
higher
advantageous
than
laser
beams
because
power
efficiency
(~30%),
higher
duty of
rate
(~higher
10 Hz)
advantageous
than
laser
beams
because
ofofthe
the
higher
power
efficiency
(~30%),
higher
duty
rate
(~
10
Hz)
power
efficiency
duty
Hz)
and
more
robust(~30%),
againsthigher
radiation
damages
power
efficiency
(~30%),
higher
duty rate
rate (~
(~ 10
10 at
Hz)the
and
more
robustagainst
againstradiation
radiationdamages
damagesatatthe
the
and
more
robust
and more
robust
against radiation damages at the
target
chamber
windows.
target
chamber
windows.
target
targetchamber
chamber windows.
windows.
TheThe
goal
of of
a heavy
is totodeliver
deliver
goal
a heavyion
ionfusion
fusion driver
driver is
The
goal
of
aa heavy
fusion
driver
isis to
The beam
goal
ofpower
heavy
ion
fusion
drivertarget
to deliver
deliver
enough
totoion
ignite
aa fusion
target
about5 5
enough
beam
power
ignite
fusion
about
enough
beam power
to
ignite
fusion
target
55
enough
power
to
ignite
fusion
target
about
mm
in diameter
(see
Fig.7
).).aa To
theabout
required
mm
inbeam
diameter
(see
Fig.7
To do
do so,
the
required
mm
in
diameter
(see
Fig.7
).
To
do
so,
the
required
mm
in
diameter
(see
Fig.7
).
To
do
so,
the
beam
energy
MJwith
withaapulse
pulse length
length ~~ 10
beam
energy
is is
~ 5~ 5MJ
10nsnsinin
beam
energy
isis ~~ 55 MJ
with
length
~~1515
10
ns
beam
energy
with apower
a pulse
pulse of
length10
10W/cm
ns in
in2.2
order
to
achieve
apeak
peak
order
to
achieve
a MJ
power
of
~ 10
W/cm
15
22 .
15
order
to
achieve
a
peak
power
of
~
10
W/cm
..a
order
to
achieve
a
peak
power
of
~
10
W/cm
Furthermore,
theenergy
energymust
must be
be deposited
deposited within
Furthermore,
the
within
a
2
Furthermore,
the
energy
must
be
deposited
within
a
Furthermore,
the
energy
must
be
deposited
within
a
2
short
penetration
range,e.g.
e.g.0.02
0.02 to
to 0.2
0.2 g/cm
the
22 of
short
penetration
range,
g/cm
of
the
short
penetration
e.g.
0.2
g/cm
the
short
penetration
range,
e.g. 0.02
0.02
towith
0.2 atomic
g/cm of
of
the
target
material.range,
For heavy
ionsto
masses
target
material.
For
heavyions
ions
withatomic
atomicmasses
masses
target
material.
For
heavy
with
target
material.
For
heavy
ions
with
atomic
masses
~ 200, the allowable kinetic energy is < 10 GeV.
~~~200,
kineticenergy
energyisisis<<<10
GeV.
200,
the
allowable
GeV.
200,the
theallowable
allowable kinetic
kinetic
energy
1010
GeV.
FIGURE 7. A typical IFE indirect-drive (hohlraum) target.
Beam
is
converted
to
x-ray radiation,
compressing
the
FIGURE
7.7. A
IFE
(hohlraum)
target.
FIGURE
typical
IFE
indirect-drive
(hohlraum)
target.
FIGURE power
7.
AAtypical
typical
IFEindirect-drive
indirect-drive
(hohlraum)
target.
target
material
to reach
high
density
andcompressing
ultimately the
high
Beam
power
is
converted
to
x-ray
radiation,
Beam
power
is
converted
to
x-ray
radiation,
compressing
the
Beam power is converted to x-ray radiation, compressing the
temperature
target
material
to
reach
high
target
materialfor
to ignition.
reach high
high
density
and
ultimately
high
target
material
to
reach
high density
densityand
andultimately
ultimately
high
temperature
for
ignition.
temperature
for
ignition.
Figure 8 is the block diagram of a typical heavy ion
temperature for ignition.
fusion
using
induction
[8]. Starting
Figure
88isisthe
block
diagram
of
heavy
ion
Figuredriver
the
block
diagramlinacs
ofaatypical
typical
heavyfrom
ion
Figure
8injector
isusing
the block
diagram
of [8].
a typical
ion
a 2 MV
may
contain
up
toStarting
100 heavy
beams
fusion
driver
using (that
induction
linacs [8].
Starting
fromat
fusion
driver
induction
linacs
from
fusion
driver
using
induction
linacs
[8].
Starting
from
~
1
A
per
beam),
the
ions
will
be
accelerated
to
~
100
MV injector
injector (that
(that may
may contain
contain up
up to
to 100
100 beams
beams atat
aa 22MV
a~~211MV
MV
injector
(that
maywill
contain
up (ESQ)
to 100tofocusing.
beams
using
electrostatic
quadrupole
per
beam),
the ions
ions
will
be accelerated
accelerated
100 at
AA per
beam),
the
be
~ 100
At
higher
ion
velocity,
magnetic
quadrupole
focusing
~MV
1
A
per
beam),
the
ions
will
be
accelerated
to
~
100
MV using
using electrostatic
electrostatic quadrupole
quadrupole (ESQ)
(ESQ) focusing.
focusing.
becomes
more
effective.
Combining
beams
at
this
MV
using
electrostatic
quadrupole
(ESQ)
focusing.
At higher
higher ion
ion velocity,
velocity, magnetic
magnetic quadrupole
quadrupole focusing
focusing
At
point may
preferred
in Combining
order
toquadrupole
optimize
theat
At
higher
ionbevelocity,
focusing
becomes
more
effective.magnetic
Combining
beams
atoverall
this
becomes
more
effective.
beams
this
cost
and
to
rematch
beams
into
the
magnetic
becomes
more
effective.
Combining
beams
at this
point
may
be
preferred
in
order
to
optimize
the
overall
point may be preferred in order to optimize the overall
quadrupole
lattices.
cost
and beto
topreferred
rematchinbeams
beams
into
the magnetic
magnetic
cost
and
rematch
the
point
may
order tointo
optimize
the overall
quadrupole
lattices.
quadrupole
lattices.
cost and to rematch beams into the magnetic
quadrupole lattices.
ion source
and
injector
ion source
ion
source
and
and
injector
injector
acceleration
acceleration
possible
recirculation
possible
with electric
with magnetic
possible recirculation
recirculation
focusing
focusing
acceleration
acceleration
with
electric
with
electric
focusing
focusing
chamber
chamber
transport final focusing
transport
acceleration
acceleration
with
magnetic
with
magnetic
focusing
focusing
bending
matching
beam combining
compression
2-3 MeV
~100 MeV
~10 GeV
~1 A/beam
~10 µs
~10 A/beam
~ 4 µs
~400 A/beam
~100 ns
matching
matching
beam
beamcombining
combining
compression
compression
final focusing
final focusing
~10 GeV
~4000 A/beam
bending
bending
~10 ns
~10GeV
GeV
~10
~100
2-3
MeV
~10
~10 GeV
GeV 1014-1015 W
~100MeV
MeV
2-3
MeV
Power amplification
to the required
is achieved
~4000
A/beam
~400
A/beam
~10
~1~1
A/beam
A/beam
~400
A/beam
~10A/beam
A/beamacceleration
A/beam
-400
A/beam
-4000
A/beam
and
longitudinal~4000
bunching.
~10
ns
~100
ns
~~44µsµs
~10
µsµs beam combining,
~10
ns
~100
ns
~10
-100ns
~10ns
by
14-1015
FIGURE
8. Block
diagram
ofWWisaisisachieved
typicalby
Power
achieved
byHeavy Ion Beam
Poweramplification
amplificationto
tothe
therequired
required 10
1014-10
-1015W
achieved
by
Power
amplification
to
the
required
10
beam
acceleration
bunching.
beamcombining,
combining,
acceleration and
longitudinal
beam
combining,
acceleration
and longitudinal
longitudinal bunching.
bunching.
Driver
for IFE.
FIGURE
Heavy Ion
Ion Beam
Beam
FIGURE8.
Block diagram
FIGURE
8.8. Block
Block
diagram of aa typical Heavy
Driver
Driverfor
forIFE.
IFE.
Driver
for
14
15
Present HIF Experiments
Presentthe
HIF
Experiments
Present
HIF
Experiments
At present
HIF
program is doing proof-ofprinciple
experiments
in
orderis to
learnproof-ofhow to build
At present
present the
the HIF
HIF program
At
doing
proof-ofAt
is doing
proof-ofhigh
current
multiple
beam
injectors,
how
to
transport
principle
experiments
in
order
to
learn
how
to
principle
principle experiments
experiments in order to learn how to build
build
space
charge
dominated
beams
through
quadrupoles,
high
current
multiple
beam
injectors,
how
to
transport
high
high current
current multiple beam injectors, how to transport
space
charge
dominated
beams
quadrupoles,
andcharge
how to
neutralized
the through
space charge
during final
space
dominated
beams
through
quadrupoles,
space
charge
dominated
and
how
to
neutralized
the
space
charge
during
final
focusing
into
the
target
chamber.
Figure
and
how
to
neutralized
the
space
charge
during
final9 is a
and how
focusing
into
the
target
chamber.
Figure
9
is
aa
photograph
of
the
High
Current
Experiment
at
focusing
into
the
target
chamber.
Figure
9
is(HCX)
focusing into
photograph
of the
the
High
Current
Experiment
(HCX)
atat+ at 1.6
photograph
of
High
Current
Experiment
(HCX)
LBNL
[6].
The
goal
is
to
transport
0.5A
of
K
photograph of the
+
LBNL[6].
[6]. The
The goal is
is to
to transport
transport 0.5A
of
LBNL
0.5Amodules
of K
K+ atat 1.6
1.6
MeV[6].
energy
through
30-40 ESQ
and
LBNL
The goal
1.6 4 or
MeV energy
energy through
through 30-40
30-40 ESQ modules and
4 or
MeV
and
MeV
energy
throughquadrupoles
30-40 ESQ modules
4study
or the
more
magnetic
in
order
to
more magnetic quadrupoles in order to study the
more
magnetic
quadrupoles
in
order
to
study
the
more
magnetic
quadrupoles
dynamicaperture,
aperture,
steering,
scraping,
emittance
dynamic
steering,
scraping,
emittance
dynamic
aperture,
steering,
scraping, emittance
dynamic
steering,
growth,
and
electron
cloud
effects.
growth,
andaperture,
electron
cloud
effects.
growth,
growth, and
and electron
electron cloud effects.
FIGURE 9. High Current Experiment (HCX) to study
heavy ion 9.
beam
transport
at 0.25µC/m
line charge
FIGURE
High
Current
Experiment
(HCX)
to study
FIGURE
9. 9.
High
Current
(HCX)density.
FIGURE
High
Current
Experiment
(HCX)
to study
heavy
ion
beam
transport
at
0.25µC/m
line
charge
density.
heavyTo
ionbe
beam
transport
at
0.25(iC/m
cost effective, a fusion power plant driver
heavy ion beam transport at 0.25µC/m line charge density.
must
multiple beams
thatpower
share plant
a common
To
be
aa fusion
driver
Toconsist
be cost
costofeffective,
effective,
To beof
effective,
a that
fusion
power
plant driver
set ofconsist
induction
cores.
Since
the
cost share
of the
must
multiple
beams
ainduction
common
must
consist
ofcost
multiple
share
must
consist
of
multiple
beams
that
share
a common
cores
is
a
major
cost
factor,
it
is
necessary
to
minimize
set of
of induction
induction cores.
cores. Since
Since the cost of the induction
set
set
of
induction
cores.
Since
the
cost
of
the
induction
the
core
size
by
building
arrays
of
compact
supercores is
is aa major cost factor, it is necessary to minimize
cores
conducting
quadrupoles.
Figure
10
is
an
example
of
cores
is
a
major
cost
factor,
it
is
necessary
to
minimize
the core size
size by building arrays of compact superthe
how
to
pack
multiple
quadrupole
channels.
the
core
size
by
building
arrays
of
compact
conducting quadrupoles.
quadrupoles. Figure 10
10 is
is an
an example
example of superconducting
conducting
quadrupoles.
Figure
10
is
example
of
how
to
how
to
pack
multiple
quadrupole
channels.
The traditional HIF injector, as the one an
used
in
how
to
pack
multiple
quadrupole
channels.
HCX
in Fig.
is basedas
large
Theshown
traditional
HIF9,injector,
injector,
asontheusing
The
traditional
HIF
one aused
in
diameter
surface
ionization
source.
This
type
of
HCX shown
showntraditional
in Fig.
Fig. 9,
9,HIF
is based
HCX
in
is
on as
using
large
The
injector,
the aaone
used in
diameter
surface in
diameter
surface
ionization
type ofa large
HCX shown
Fig. 9, source.
is basedThis
on using
diameter surface ionization source.
21
chamber
transport
target
target
This type of
injector is considered too large (and too costly) when it
injector is considered too large (and too costly) when it
comes to assembling ~ 100 beams for a driver. The
comes
to isassembling
- 100
beams
forcostly)
a driver.
injector
considered
large
(and too
whenThe
it
large
diameter
beams too
also
require
a long matchinglarge
diameter
beams
also
require
a
long
matchingcomes to assembling
~ 100
beamscomplicates
for a driver.matter.
The
and-steering
section that
further
and-steering
section that
complicates
matter.
large diameter
alsofurther
require
long ofmatchingTherefore
we arebeams
developing
a newatype
compact
Therefore
we section
are developing
a new
type of compact
and-steering
that
further
complicates
matter.
injector that is based on using plasma ion sources
injector
that isare
based
on using
plasma
ioncompact
sources
Therefore
developing
a new
type of
coupled
withwe
mini-beamlet
channels
[7].
coupled
with
mini-beamlet
channels
[7].
injector that is based on using plasma ion sources
In
new
design,
than
hundred of
of high
high
coupled
channels
In the
thewith
newmini-beamlet
design, more
more
than aa[7].
hundred
intensity
mini-beamlets
are
extracted
and
accelerated
intensity
mini-beamlets
are extracted
and accelerated
In the
new design, more
than a hundred
of high
to
>> 11 MeV
inside
channels
before
they are
are
mini-beamlets
are extracted
accelerated
tointensity
MeV
inside individual
individual
channelsand
before
they
merged
together
to
form
a
single
beam
of
0.5
-1.0
A
to > 1 MeV
inside
channels
merged
together
to
form a single
beambefore
of 0.5they
-1.0areA
+ individual
+ equivalent).
beam
current
(K
By
controlling
the
merged
together
form a single beam
of 0.5 -1.0 the
A
beam
current
(K to equivalent).
By controlling
aiming
beamlets,
aa merged
can
beam of
current
(K+ equivalent).
By controlling
the
aiming
of
beamlets,
merged beam
beam
can be
be quickly
quickly
matched
the
Computer
simulation
aiming into
of beamlets,
merged beam
can be
quickly
matched
into
the ESQ
ESQachannel.
channel.
Computer
simulation
(using
a
3D
PIC
code)
showed
that
the
emittance
of
matched
into
the
ESQ
channel.
Computer
simulation
(using a 3D PIC code) showed that the emittance of
the
merged
beam
was
acceptable
and
the
required
(using
a
3D
PIC
code)
showed
that
the
emittance
of
the merged beam was acceptable and the required
brightness
could
be
if
mini-beamlets
have
the merged
beam
was acceptable
and the required
brightness
could
be achieved
achieved
if the
the
mini-beamlets
have
2
2. mini-beamlets
brightness
could>>be100
achieved
if the
haveaa
current
density
mA/cm
Figure
11
gives
current
density
100
mA/cm
.
Figure
11
gives
2
current density
mA/cm
. Figurebetween
11 gives the
a
comparison
of
reduction
between
the
comparison
of >the
the100size
size
reduction
comparison
of advanced
the size designs.
reduction between the
traditional
and
the
traditional and the advanced designs.
Future HIF
HIF Projects
Projects and
and Plans
Plans
Future
The HIF program
is proposing
to build the next
HIF Projects
and to
Plans
TheFuture
HIF program
is proposing
build the next
facility called the Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX),
facility
called
the
Integrated
Beam
Experiment
(IBX),
HIF
program
proposing
build
the next
at The
about
$50M
total is
project
cost. toThe
experiment
will
at
about
$50M
total
project
cost.
The
experiment
will
facility
called the Integrated
Beam Experiment
(IBX),pulse
be driver-scale
in beam current
but only short
driver-scale
in project
beam current
butexperiment
only shortwill
pulse
atbeabout
total
The
(~1 µs)$50M
and limited
in thecost.
number
of parallel beams
(1
|is) and
limited
in
the
number
parallel
be(~1
driver-scale
in beam
current
but of
only
short beams
pulse (1
upgradable
to
4).
This
experiment
will
demonstrate
upgradable
to 4). in This
experiment
will beams
demonstrate
(~1
µs) and limited
the number
of parallel
(1
integrated beam
beam models
models for
for injection,
injection, acceleration,
acceleration,
integrated
upgradable
to 4). This
experiment
will demonstrate
drift compression,
compression,
final focus
focus
and chamber
chamber
transport.
drift
final
and
transport.
integrated
beam models
for injection,
acceleration,
drift compression,
final focus
andonchamber
transport.
In our development
path,
the way
to eventually
In our development path, on the way to eventually
reaching
commercial
IFE
power
plant,
we expect
expect
In our development
path,
on power
the
wayplant,
to eventually
reaching
aa commercial
IFE
we
another
$300M
facility
containing
prototype
multiple
reaching
commercial
power plant,
we expect
another a$300M
facilityIFE
containing
prototype
multiple
beams $300M
(>4) with
with
full pulse
pulse
lengthprototype
and beam
beam
energy atat
another
facility
containing
multiple
beams
(>4)
full
length
and
energy
few
100
MeV.
Successful
demonstration
of
beams
(>4)100
withMeV.
full pulseSuccessful
length and beam
energy at of
~~ few
demonstration
experiments
on
this
facility
will
lead
into
the
~experiments
few 100 MeV.
Successful
demonstration
of
on this facility will lead into the
realization of
ofonaa $$1B
DEMO
at beam
beam energies
energies
of aa
experiments
this
facility
willat
lead
into
the of
realization
IB class
class
DEMO
realization
of
a
$1B
class
DEMO
at
beam
energies
of
a
few
GeV.
few GeV.
few GeV.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
traditional and the advanced designs.
I would
would like
like to
to thank
thank Dr.
Dr. William
William Barletta
Barletta for
for
I Iwould
likemetoto
thank
Dr. invited
Williamtalk,
Barletta
for
recomending
give
this
as
well
as
his
recomendingmemetoto
give
this
invited
talk,
as well
as his
recomending
this
invited
talk,
as
well
as his
contribution to
to the
thegive
viewgraphs.
am also
also
thankful
for
contribution
viewgraphs.
II am
thankful
for
contribution
to
the
viewgraphs.
I
am
also
thankful
for
the graphic
graphic materials
materials provided
provided by
by Dr.
Dr. Ka-Ngo
Ka-Ngo Leung
Leung
the
the graphic materials provided by Dr. Ka-Ngo Leung
and Dr.
Dr. Bill
Bill Chiu.
Chiu. This
This work
work is supported
supported by the
the
and
and
Dr. Bill
Chiu. This
work is is
supported by by
the
Office
of
Fusion
Energy,
US
DOE
under
contract
No.
OfficeofofFusion
FusionEnergy,
Energy,
DOE
under
contract
Office
USUS
DOE
under
contract
No. No.
DE-AC03-76SF00098.
DE-AC03-76SF00098.
DE-AC03-76SF00098.
beam
beam
pipe
pipe
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FIGURE 10. AAHIF
HIF driver consists
consists of an
array of
linacs
FIGURE
FIGURE 10.
10. A HIF driver
driver consists of
of an
an array
array of
of linacs
linacs
using
compactsuper-conducting
super-conducting quadrupoles.
quadrupoles.
using
compact
using compact super-conducting
Morgan, AIP Press, New York (1997) 1313.
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464,
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ParticleBeams.
Beams.
published
FIGURE 11. The HIF program is developing a new type of
multicompact 11.
injector
toHIF
replace
the conventional
type.
FIGURE
program
is
a new type of
FIGURE
11. The
The
HIF
program
is developing
developing
compact
compact injector
injector to
to replace the conventional type.
p379, (2001)
(2001)
p379,
22