Supplement

www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6216/1502/suppl/DC1
Supplementary Materials for
Element-specific anisotropic growth of shaped platinum alloy nanocrystals
Lin Gan, Chunhua Cui, Marc Heggen, Fabio Dionigi, Stefan Rudi, Peter Strasser*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: pstrasser@tu-berlin.de
Published 19 December 2014, Science 346, 1502 (2014)
DOI: 10.1126/science.1261212
This PDF file includes:
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S8
References
Submitted Manuscript: Confidential
5 November 2014
Supplementary Materials
Materials and Methods
Synthesis of Octahedral PtNi1.5 and Octahedral PtCo1.5 Nanocrystals (NCs). The PtNi1.5 and
PtCo1.5 octahedral NCs were synthesized by a one-step, facile, surfactant-free solvothermal
method in dimethylfomamide (DMF) solvent (33)), which acts as both solvent and reducing
agent. First, precursor solutions were obtained by completely dissolving 4 mM Pt(acac)2 and 28
mM Ni(acac)2 into 100 ml pure DMF. Then, the precursor solutions were transferred into a glass
tube with a Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave. The mixed solutions in sealed autoclave were
heated from room temperature to 120 °C within 10 min and the heating rate is ~10 °C /min. The
monitored temperature is based on real-time solution temperature other than heating mantle.
High heating rate results in short induction time and high nucleation rate generates a large
number of small seeds. The lower reaction temperature at 120 °C would benefit the nanocrystal
faceting during kinetic growth of seeds in a colloidal solution. After long time reaction of 42 h,
PtNi1.5 octahedral NCs were synthesized.
Octahedral PtCo1.5 NCs were synthesized by replacing Ni(acac)2 with Co(acac)2 at the same
concentrations while keeping all other conditions constant.
To study the growth pathway of the octahedral Pt bimetallic NCs, the synthesis was stopped after
different reaction times (4, 8, 16 and finally 42 hours). The NCs were collected by centrifuge at
1000 rpm and then washed by ethanol.
Microscopy and Spectroscopy. Transision electron microscope (TEM) images were acquired
on a FEI Tecnai 20 microscope operated at 200 kV. High resolution TEM observations were
performed on a FEI-Titan 80-300 microscope with a spherical aberration (Cs) corrector for the
objective lens. The STEM-EELS elemental mapping was performed in a FEI Titan 50-300
‘PICO’ electron microscope equipped with a probe corrector (CEOS) and a high-angle annular
dark field (HAADF) detector and operated at 80 kV. ‘Z-Contrast conditions were achieved using
a probe semi-angle of 25 mrad and an inner collection angle of the detector of 70 mrad. EELS
spectra were recorded with a Gatan image filter Quantum ERS system analyzing the Ni L2,3edge. The energy resolution determined from the full width at half-maximum of zero loss peaks
was about 1 eV. For the Ni L-edge EELS mapping measurements, spectra were collected across
individual NC at a pixel density between ca. 40*40 pixels and 60*60 pixels and the acquisition
time of 0.5 sec/pixel. The elemental mapping using energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX) was
conducted on a probe-corrected FEI Titan 80-200 ‘ChemiSTEM’ electron microscope equipped
with four symmetric SDD detectors.
Structural models of the Pt-Ni nanoparticles at different growth stages were generated by using
the VESTA (Visualization for Electronics and Structural Analysis) software (34).
Electrochemical Measurements. Electrochemical experiments were performed in a threecompartment glass cell with a rotating disk electrode (RDE, 5 mm in diameter of glassy carbon,
Pine Instrument) and a potentiostat (Biologic) at room temperature. A Pt-mesh and a Hg/Hg2SO4
electrode (in saturated K2SO4) were used as counter electrode and reference electrode,
respectively. To prepare the working electrode, a certain amount of carbon supported PtxNi1-x
catalyst was suspended in 3.98 mL of ultrapure water (Millipore, 18 MΩ), 1.00 mL of
isopropanol and 20 µL of 5 wt% Nafion solution with sonication for 15 min to form a uniform
ink. Ten µL of the ink was pipetted onto pre-polished and cleaned RDE electrode and dried at 60
°C for 20 min in air, resulting in a uniform catalyst thin film with ca. 8 µg Pt/cm2. For Pt/C
catalyst, the Pt mass loading is ~14 µg/cm2. All potentials reported in this paper were normalized
with respect to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The initial three potential cycles
performed at 100 mV/s between 0.06 and 1.0 V to roughly allow the dealloying of the surface Ni
atoms and obtain the surface voltammetric response. The third one was recorded to estimate the
electrochemical active surface area (ECSA). The obtained surface was defined as “initial”
surface. The catalysts were further electrochemical activated by potential cycling between 0.06
and 1.0 V and the 25th potential cycle was recorded to evaluate the ECSA after activation. The
obtained surface was defined as “activated” surface. The stability test was performed between
0.6 and 1.0 V at 50 mV/s for 4,000 cycles. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements were
conducted in oxygen-saturated 0.1 M HClO4 solution by sweeping the potential from 0.06 to
1.05 V at 5 mV/s (1600 rpm). Mass and specific activities were studied at 0.9 V, and were
depicted as kinetic current densities normalized to the real active surface area and loading Pt
mass.
Fig. S1. Morphology of Pt-based NCs prepared by solvothermal reduction of different kinds of
metal precursors in DMF at 120 °C for 8h: (a) spherical Pt NCs prepared by using 4mM
Pt(acac)2. (b) spherical Pt-Ni NCs prepared using 4 mM Pt(acac)2 + 28 mM Ni (ac)2 . (c)
Branched Pt NCs prepared using 4mM Pt(acac)2 + 56 mM K(acac). (d) Branched Pt-Ni hexapods
prepared using 4 mM Pt(acac)2 + 28 mM Ni(acac)2. These results suggest that the acetyl acetone
ligand plays a critical role in inducing the anisotropic growth into branched NCs.
Fig. S2. Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectra of pure DMF, pure bulk acetyl acetone, dried
PtNi-8h hexapods in the as-prepared state, and PtNi-8h hexapods after annealed in a thermal
gravimetrical analysis up to 300 °C in air. The FTIR results provide unambiguous evidence for
the adsorption of the precursor acetyl-acetonate ligands on the hexapod surfaces. The adsorbed
ligands on the dried hexapod particle surface (after centrifuging any excess DMF and acetyl
acetonate ligand in the supernatant liquid phase and after repeated washing of the hexapods)
showed characteristic vibrational modes at 1390, 1519 and 1575 cm-1 as well as three smaller
ones at 1261, 1018, and 925 cm-1. The adsorbed ligand can be efficiently removed after
annealing to 300 °C in air as confirmed by both FTIR and thermo gravimetric analysis.
Fig. S3. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) measurement of dried Pt-Ni-8h hexapod particle
powder (after repeated washing of the hexapod particles by ethanol and water and complete
drying). Adsorbed acetyl acetonate ligands are gradually removed with the two heat flow peaks
evidencing exothermic oxidation.
Fig. S4. Energy dispersive X-ray elemental mapping and HAADF imaging of Pt-Ni concave
octahedra obtained after 16 hours, showing the deposition of Ni-rich phase at the concave
surfaces.
Fig. S5. TEM (a) and HRTEM (b) images of octahedral PtNi1.5 NCs after a full reaction time of
42 h.
Fig. S6. XRD patterns of Pt-Ni NCs at different growth time from 4 h to 42 h. The Bragg
reflections exhibit symmetric Gaussian peaks assigned to Pt-rich phase for Pt-Ni NCs prepared
by a reaction time within 16h, whereas the 42h product shows asymmetric diffraction peaks
composed of a Pt-rich phase and a Ni-rich phase.
Fig. S7. TEM images and EDX measurement of octahedral PtCo1.5 NCs after different reaction
time during the DMF-based solvothermal synthesis: (a, d, g) 8 h, (b, e, h) 16 h, and (c, f, i) 42 h,
showing that the growth of Pt-rich concave octahedra precedes the final formation of Co-rich
octahedra.
Fig. S8. (a) ORR polarization curves of the PtNi1.5 octahedral NCs supported on high surface
area carbon support (Vulcan XC) after electrochemical activation (25 cycles) and long-term
potential cycling. (b) Comparison of the Pt-mass and specific activities of the activated (20
cycles) and long-term cycled PtNi1.5 catalyst versus commercial Pt/C catalyst. (c-e) Morphology
of the as-prepared (c), activated (d) and long-term cycled (4200 cycles between 0.6 and
1.0V/RHE at a scanning rate of 100 mV/s) (e) Pt-Ni catalyst NCs, respectively.
References
1. T. S. Ahmadi, Z. L. Wang, T. C. Green, A. Henglein, M. A. El-Sayed, Shape-controlled
synthesis of colloidal platinum nanoparticles. Science 272, 1924–1926 (1996). Medline
doi:10.1126/science.272.5270.1924
2. N. Tian, Z.-Y. Zhou, S.-G. Sun, Y. Ding, Z. L. Wang, Synthesis of tetrahexahedral platinum
nanocrystals with high-index facets and high electro-oxidation activity. Science 316,
732–735 (2007). Medline doi:10.1126/science.1140484
3. H. A. Gasteiger, N. M. Marković, Just a dream—or future reality? Science 324, 48–49 (2009).
Medline doi:10.1126/science.1172083
4. V. R. Stamenkovic, B. Fowler, B. S. Mun, G. Wang, P. N. Ross, C. A. Lucas, N. M.
Marković, Improved oxygen reduction activity on Pt3Ni(111) via increased surface site
availability. Science 315, 493–497 (2007). Medline doi:10.1126/science.1135941
5. M. K. Debe, Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells. Nature 486,
43–51 (2012). Medline doi:10.1038/nature11115
6. G. Wu, K. L. More, C. M. Johnston, P. Zelenay, High-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen
reduction derived from polyaniline, iron, and cobalt. Science 332, 443–447 (2011).
Medline doi:10.1126/science.1200832
7. D. Xu, Z. Liu, H. Yang, Q. Liu, J. Zhang, J. Fang, S. Zou, K. Sun, Solution-based evolution
and enhanced methanol oxidation activity of monodisperse platinum-copper nanocubes.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 4217–4221 (2009). Medline doi:10.1002/anie.200900293
8. J. Zhang, J. Fang, A general strategy for preparation of Pt 3d-transition metal (Co, Fe, Ni)
nanocubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 18543–18547 (2009). Medline doi:10.1021/ja908245r
9. J. Zhang, H. Yang, J. Fang, S. Zou, Synthesis and oxygen reduction activity of shapecontrolled Pt3Ni nanopolyhedra. Nano Lett. 10, 638–644 (2010). Medline
doi:10.1021/nl903717z
10. J. Wu, A. Gross, H. Yang, Shape and composition-controlled platinum alloy nanocrystals
using carbon monoxide as reducing agent. Nano Lett. 11, 798–802 (2011). Medline
doi:10.1021/nl104094p
11. M. K. Carpenter, T. E. Moylan, R. S. Kukreja, M. H. Atwan, M. M. Tessema, Solvothermal
synthesis of platinum alloy nanoparticles for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 134, 8535–8542 (2012). Medline doi:10.1021/ja300756y
12. C. Cui, L. Gan, H. H. Li, S. H. Yu, M. Heggen, P. Strasser, Octahedral PtNi nanoparticle
catalysts: Exceptional oxygen reduction activity by tuning the alloy particle surface
composition. Nano Lett. 12, 5885–5889 (2012). Medline doi:10.1021/nl3032795
13. Y. Wu, S. Cai, D. Wang, W. He, Y. Li, Syntheses of water-soluble octahedral, truncated
octahedral, and cubic Pt-Ni nanocrystals and their structure-activity study in model
hydrogenation reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 8975–8981 (2012). Medline
doi:10.1021/ja302606d
14. S.-I. Choi, S. Xie, M. Shao, J. H. Odell, N. Lu, H. C. Peng, L. Protsailo, S. Guerrero, J. Park,
X. Xia, J. Wang, M. J. Kim, Y. Xia, Synthesis and characterization of 9 nm Pt-Ni
octahedra with a record high activity of 3.3 A/mg(Pt) for the oxygen reduction reaction.
Nano Lett. 13, 3420–3425 (2013). Medline doi:10.1021/nl401881z
15. J. Wu, L. Qi, H. You, A. Gross, J. Li, H. Yang, Icosahedral platinum alloy nanocrystals with
enhanced electrocatalytic activities. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 11880–11883 (2012).
Medline doi:10.1021/ja303950v
16. H. Zhang, M. Jin, J. Wang, W. Li, P. H. Camargo, M. J. Kim, D. Yang, Z. Xie, Y. Xia,
Synthesis of Pd-Pt bimetallic nanocrystals with a concave structure through a bromideinduced galvanic replacement reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 6078–6089 (2011).
Medline doi:10.1021/ja201156s
17. Y. Wu, D. Wang, Z. Niu, P. Chen, G. Zhou, Y. Li, A strategy for designing a concave Pt-Ni
alloy through controllable chemical etching. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 12524–12528
(2012). Medline doi:10.1002/anie.201207491
18. X. Liu, W. Wang, H. Li, L. Li, G. Zhou, R. Yu, D. Wang, Y. Li, One-pot protocol for
bimetallic Pt/Cu hexapod concave nanocrystals with enhanced electrocatalytic activity.
Sci. Rep. 3, 1404 (2013). doi:10.1038/srep01404
19. E. Christoffersen, P. Liu, A. Ruban, H. L. Skriver, J. K. Norskov, Anode materials for lowtemperature fuel cells: A density functional theory study. J. Catal. 199, 123–131 (2001).
doi:10.1006/jcat.2000.3136
20. G. Wang, M. A. Van Hove, P. N. Ross, M. I. Baskes, Monte Carlo simulations of segregation
in Pt-Ni catalyst nanoparticles. J. Chem. Phys. 122, 024706 (2005). Medline
doi:10.1063/1.1828033
21. I. A. Abrikosov, A. V. Ruban, H. L. Skriver, B. Johansson, Calculated orientation
dependence of surface segregations in Pt50Ni50. Phys. Rev. B 50, 2039–2042 (1994).
Medline doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.50.2039
22. C. Cui, L. Gan, M. Heggen, S. Rudi, P. Strasser, Compositional segregation in shaped Pt
alloy nanoparticles and their structural behaviour during electrocatalysis. Nat. Mater. 12,
765–771 (2013). Medline doi:10.1038/nmat3668
23. C. Chen, Y. Kang, Z. Huo, Z. Zhu, W. Huang, H. L. Xin, J. D. Snyder, D. Li, J. A. Herron,
M. Mavrikakis, M. Chi, K. L. More, Y. Li, N. M. Markovic, G. A. Somorjai, P. Yang, V.
R. Stamenkovic, Highly crystalline multimetallic nanoframes with three-dimensional
electrocatalytic surfaces. Science 343, 1339–1343 (2014). Medline
doi:10.1126/science.1249061
24. J. M. Petroski, Z. L. Wang, T. C. Green, M. A. El-Sayed, Kinetically controlled growth and
shape formation mechanism of platinum nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 3316–3320
(1998). doi:10.1021/jp981030f
25. T. Yu, Y. Kim, H. Zhang, Y. Xia, Platinum concave nanocubes with high-index facets and
their enhanced activity for oxygen reduction reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 2773–
2777 (2011). Medline doi:10.1002/anie.201007859
26. H. Zheng, R. K. Smith, Y. W. Jun, C. Kisielowski, U. Dahmen, A. P. Alivisatos, Observation
of single colloidal platinum nanocrystal growth trajectories. Science 324, 1309–1312
(2009). Medline doi:10.1126/science.1172104
27. J. M. Yuk, J. Park, P. Ercius, K. Kim, D. J. Hellebusch, M. F. Crommie, J. Y. Lee, A. Zettl,
A. P. Alivisatos, High-resolution EM of colloidal nanocrystal growth using graphene
liquid cells. Science 336, 61–64 (2012). Medline doi:10.1126/science.1217654
28. H.-G. Liao, H. Zheng, Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy study of platinum iron
nanocrystal growth and shape evolution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 5038–5043 (2013).
Medline doi:10.1021/ja310612p
29. H.-G. Liao, L. Cui, S. Whitelam, H. Zheng, Real-time imaging of Pt3Fe nanorod growth in
solution. Science 336, 1011–1014 (2012). Medline doi:10.1126/science.1219185
30. Y. Xia, Y. Xiong, B. Lim, S. E. Skrabalak, Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals:
Simple chemistry meets complex physics? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 60–103 (2009).
Medline doi:10.1002/anie.200802248
31. Y. Wu, D. Wang, X. Chen, G. Zhou, R. Yu, Y. Li, Defect-dominated shape recovery of
nanocrystals: A new strategy for trimetallic catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 12220–
12223 (2013). Medline doi:10.1021/ja4068063
32. Y. Ding, F. Fan, Z. Tian, Z. L. Wang, Atomic structure of Au-Pd bimetallic alloyed
nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 12480–12486 (2010). Medline
doi:10.1021/ja105614q
33. C. Cui, L. Gan, M. Heggen, S. Rudi, P. Strasser, Compositional segregation in shaped Pt
alloy nanoparticles and their structural behaviour during electrocatalysis. Nat. Mater. 12,
765–771 (2013). Medline doi:10.1038/nmat3668
34. K. Momma, F. Izumi, VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric
and morphology data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 44, 1272–1276 (2011).
doi:10.1107/S0021889811038970