Hrr
1:oiron
rr
People
. Nat Tumer o
Tubman . Daniel
Cabriel Prosser
Harriet
\,Vebster
Stowe
.
.
Harriet Beecher
Stephcn Douglas
Iarnes Buchanan
Scott
'
R.rger
Ii
.
Dred
Taner,
.
lohn Bror''n . .\braham
Lirrcoln " I.-[rerson Dai,is
.
Richmond
.
popular sovercigntr.
Soilers " opposeci o
arsenal . nominateC
rdeas
orrss;i"Tf ]*o.o.nir.
.
, ,#flfi,},i.iililfi
Sourh".^
^1"
,,1.,. o*.n
"m.
,*rj: .r*
Confedelate Srares oI
.
Coniederaru
Harpers Fern'
the Nortir and the South grew
stronger. Br, 1861 those differences were
so serious that some Southern states
decided they could no longer be part of the
United States.
Bifferences Between the North and
the South
By I850 rhe North and the South had
grown further aparr. The Nor-th had changed
into a region of factories, railroads, and
large cities. Millions of immigrants had
settled throughout the North. African
192
.
debares.noveloFree
As tf," vears passed, the differences
benn,een
l?ain
ilions . secede .
America
t-rdui:
r.H#;f,::
, #J#:1. *;; [{,:.,1;"i:,
lNew 'Vo'cabularv
rebe
piant
Americans in the North were nor aliowed
to vote in mcsi stares. People in the North
believed tirat the nation needed a strong
federal government.
The South, vvirh its smalier population,
small farms, and large piantations, was
very differenr from the North. The South
had fewer cities, immigrants, factories, and
railroads. The South's econorny depended
on slaves to work on cotton, sugar, and
tobacco plantations. Most Southerners
believed in states' rights and wanted the
federal government to have less porver.
The biggest problem between the North
and the South \^,as over the issue of slai,en.
Hrr
1:otrcn
. Nat Tumer o
Flarriet Tubman . Daniel
Cabriel Prosser
Webster
Stowe
.
.
Harriet Beecher
Stephcn Douglas
Iarnes Buchanan
Scott
.
,.u#;,T,::
rI
People
Roger
Ii
.
Drerd
Tane\,
.
lohn Bror..n . .\braham
Lirrcolu . I..irerson Davis
.
,
rebeilions
secede
o
popular sovercigntr
.
debrates.noveloFree
Soilers
.
oppose<i
arsenal
.
nominareC
o
.
Ntain rdeas
oo*orornjse
,r:ur"
in rhe
ten
o * 0,,
years
r
!/oho
a.;i,"_'
grow;'LUIng Kansas,
t.on o.irr',_tnd &e Dred
runher
t""rr,
^ whar.urr"r'.^tre
"',]
s.
the
divide
sourh
sourh...- ^_-* t"ne
,,Jtetpc,^
--' tu IO.II
Ifleir
_.. u!4.D
^,.. nailonl
?
Confledeiate Srrres of
America
Piacas
.
orlssol.It
-Jw r(F]p^
unired
r,rl.i
'
'.
lNew 'Vo'cabularv
piant
.
Coniederacv
Richmond o Harpers Fern:
A, th. \,ears passed, the differences
betrveen the North arrd the South gre\,v
stronger. B), I 861 those differer-rces wefe
so serious that some Southern states
decided they couid no longer be part of the
United States.
Differences Eetween the North and
the South
By i 850 the North and the South had
grown further aparr. The Nor-th had changed
into a region of factories, railroads, and
Iarge cities. Miliions of immigrants had
settled
192
th
roughout the North. African
Americans iri the North uzere not allowed
to vote in ino3r stares. People in tire North
believed that the nation needed a strong
federal government.
The South, with its smaller population,
small farms, and Iarge piantations, was
very different from the North. The South
had fewer cities, immigrants, faoories, and
railroads. The South's economy depended
on slaves to work on cotton, sugar, and
tobacco plantations. Most Southerners
believed in states' rights and wanted the
federal government to have less por,ver.
The biggest problem berween the North
and the South was over the issue of slaven.
Northern abolitionists wanted to
end
slavery. N4osr Southerners were against all
efforts to end slaven,.
Some slaves lvon their freedom
running arva\r to the North and to
br.
Cunuau.
Thel,receirred help from a secret organization
called rhe
Slaues Struggle
for
Fneedom
SIave o\,vners Iived in fcar that tlreir
slaves mighi rebel againsr them. Sometjmes
rebellions did happer-r. C)ne slave rehellion
was led by 2 sl21,g named flabriel prosser. in
1800. lie garhered abour t,000 slaves anci
planned tci attacli Ilichrnorrd, \,irgir.ria.
T'he rebeilion failed, and prosser and i(r
of his fcrllor,t,ers ,.vcre hangccl. Nrt .iurner
lcd a slave rchcllion in Virginia rrr l53l titar
fi-ighltncrl slti,c or,i,rrlr-s it r ilr,., Sluii-r
LIr-rclerground Railroad.
"conductors,,, hid runa\,vay
slaves in honres and [-,arns as the\,
.r.op"d
to the Nc-rrth.
Ir,tost sIaves ]te\/cr returned to the
South
after the1, escaped, but a few brave peopie
came back to help orhers. Ijarnet J,ubman
returned manr. times and led abor-rt
300
slaves to fieedom. Anotlter slave, Arnoid
Cragstor.i, escaped to the North. FIe returned
N,lembers,
or
to tire South
n-rf,
n\ [lnrcs ..,nd ror.r.,ed
undieds oI ri:r'i,rvla.r
Ii!r'ri tc, it i:ccii,rl
h
s]aves; acr.(iss
lhc f)hio
a siavE rebelibn tn Virgtnio ir, ig_?i . iui\el :n1
',!s i.-/::ur e., r 'le: 57 sic,e
pictnrcitsr-.s l: icck abc,lti l,r,:- m1r,i73 i.,1
soiC ie': lc ccpture T;.trrier 1e inC
ieC
,,r.,aia i^,crt3=a
cbctLt
i93
Southerners were also angry because
Northerners were helping slaves escape
to freedom. When Northerners wanted to
abolish slavery in the nation's capital, people
in the South grew angrier.
Once again the nation turned to
Senator Henry Clay. In 1820 he had written
the Missouri Con-rpromise. CIay was now
old and sick, but he wanted to save his
country. So he put together another
compromise plan that became known as
the Compromise of 1850.
The Compromise of tS:0 had four
main parts. First, California would ioin the
LIr-rion as a free sr.at€. Second. tl-ie people's
vote, or popular so\/crcignt)', r,r,ould be
v0L. I.
ONE I'UNONEOIH TIIOUi^SO
BOSTON:
OEN P. JE}! E'IT & COMPANY
CLEYnL,lliD
.*t
J[N'EIT,
PIICCTOS
&
OIIIO:
'IYOIITMNGTON,
Jr.a,
- +)3+
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+ - r-i=-
The Compromise of
t 850
As Americans moved west, slavery
became an issue in the territories of the
Mexican Cession. California wanted to join
the Union as a free state. The South did not
want this to happen. If California joined
the Union as a free state, there would be
more free states than slave states. Since
the North would then have more power in
the Senate, it couid pass lar,r,s against slavery.
Some Southern states threatened to secede,
or leave the Union, if slavery \^ras not
allowed in the Western territories.
194
used to decide if there v',,ould be slavrn ir-t
tl-re Nevr, lviexico and LItah terrii.ones
Third, a stricter Fugitive Slave Act ,,r'ould
force peopie in ti-ie \,orth to retLlrn
runa\,vay slarres to the South. Fourth,
no loirger be bought and
sold in \\iashington, D.C., but slaven,
\^,as still allowed in the capital.
No one was reall-v happ.v r,r'itl'r the
Compromise of 1850. But it seemed
to be the oni,r' \^'a\, to keep the nation
slal,es vr,ould
together. Senator Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts urged Congress to pass the
Compromise in order to save the nation.
After seven months of debates, Congress
passed the laws that formed the
Compromise of 1850.
Uncle Tom's Gabin
In 1852 a new novel called Uncle
Tlm's Cahin turned thousands of people
against siaven. i-larriet Beecher Stor,ve, an
abolitionist, \irote the book to show the
evils of slaven. The book quicklv became a
bestseller. It was made into a play and
performed in theaters across the country.
After reading the book or seeing the play,
many Northerners wanted to end siavery.
People
in the South accused Stowe of
telling lies about slave owners. This paragraph
from Uncle Tom's Cabin shows how cruel
slavery could be:
"Mv rraster bought mv oldest
sister.
At first I was glad she was bought, for I had
one friend near me. I r,r,as soon sorry for
it.... I have stood ar rhe door and heard her
w.hipped, lvhen it seemed as if even. blor,v
clrl into mr, nal<ed heart, and i cor:ldn't do
anr.'thing to hclp hcr ... "
Treui:ie
ir-*
lianses
Senator Stephen flougias rn.anted to
build a railroad across tl-re Wesr througli his
state of lllinors. Bur Douglas neecieci vores
from Southern states ro pass rhe bili tirat
,,vould appro\re the raiiroad. Douglas kner,r,
that the Southern states r,r,anted slavery to
be allowed in errery state. Ijowever, the
lr4issouri Compror-r-rise prevented slarrerry
or-r land north of Missouri's southern border.
To get the votes from Southern states,
Dougias wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act of
1854. This Iaw created two new territories,
Kansas and Nebraska. The new law allowed
popular sovereigntv to decide if slaverv
wouid be allowed in these territories.
The Iiansas-lrjebraska Act repealed the
Missouri Compromise.
Kansas would be the first territorl. to
vote on wl-iether or not to al]ow slaven.
People who favored slaven, and people
who were against slavery quicklv moved
into
Kansas. Each side was determined to
have a majoriry of voter,s. When the election
took place, there were enough votes to
allclw slavery in Kansas. The people who
were against slavery the Free Soilers,
refused to accept this decision. The.r,started
their own government in Kansas. I(ansas
then had two governments, one that favored
slavery and another that opoosed it.
Terrible fighting broke out berween the two
sides. By 1856 more than 200 people had
been l<iiled and so many others were hurt
that the Kansas territory became knor.t,n as
"Bieeding l(ansas."
Eve ntuall). tire Free Soilers wop csntrol
of thc go\/crnrrle r-ri in l(ansas. 'fl'rcv pirssrd
ialvs to ctrd sla\rcrlr liansas r,r,anted ic lr.,in
the Linion as a free siate, but South,crners
rn C.rrrqt'e s: i a'[<'J aq: iits: it
"BIeeding Kansas" afecied the presrricnt;aj
electici-r
in
I
E5(',.
.4 neu/ pan\.. ihe
Rcpi-rbiican partv, itas iormed. irs eC;ai vvas
to stop tlie spi'earl c.if siaven, intc tl-re wesi
This parn' u,'as not ihe saure Repuhiican
partv of Thon-:as iefferson.
The Democratic partv, once Ancirevv
Iackson's pafiv, \^ras no\,v a divided part\'.
It u,'as spiit berween Southern Democrats
who favored slaven, and
Northern
Democrats who opposed slavery. James
Buchanan, a Northern Democrat, was
elected President
in
1
85
6.
Buchanan
supported popular sovereigntv.
The Dred Scott Decision
fhe North and the South moved even
further apart when the Llnited Srates
Supreme Court ruled on the court case of
Dred Scott
in I857.
Dred Scott was a slave
795
The decision in the Dred Scott case told
the nation that siavery must be allowed in
ali territories. The Supreme Court used its
power of judicial review in this decision.
The Court decided that the lvlissouri
Compromise was unconstitutional because
it
prevented slaveholders from bringing
their propeffy, in the lorm of slaves, into
the Western territories. The Dred Scott
decision pleased Southerners, but it made
Northerners furious.
After the Dred Scott decision, some
Americans felt that onlv fighting would
end slavery. One of these people \,v-as an
abolitionist named John Brown. In i 859
ia:- ?":'i
,C:
".' "-'::
,r.
,i,.:a: Oi.Ca=ilv, \iS CL.,,,t?,
r-^
r t=
t_1=_
-ia^i-
)!,'! -,-
in l\{issouri. He I-rad rvorked for his ot\/ner
ir-r a free terr-iton- ar-]d in the free state of
lllinois. After ther-moved back to Missouri,
Scott's o\,\rner died. ln 1846 Scott sued for
i-ris freedom. Scott said that he should be
free because he had Iived on free soil. The
Dred Scott case went to the Supreme Court.
Brovr,n captuled the fedcr.rl arsenal and its
vveiipi)ns in IJarpcrs Fer11, \'irginia. I-le
to give ihe u,t:apons
slaves so
tirev ro,rld attacl< thcir otn,"ners Broi,r,lt vr,as
captr-rred before he ccr-rid carn or:t i-ris
plans. I;rown and his followers \^/e re put on
triai. found guiltv, and har-rged.
p-ilanned
LCr
To manv aboiitionists in the North,
)ohn Brolr.n !\ras a gre at hero. \\Ihen
Southerners saw how much aboiitionisrs
admired Brorvn, they lvere convinced that
the North r,r'anted to end slavery'.
in 1857 the Supreme Court ruled
against Scott and said he was stiil a slave.
Chief Justice Roger B. Tane_v- wrote that
Scott was not a citizen because African
Americans were not citizens and did not
have the right to bring their cases to court.
Tane-v added that since Scott was a slave, he
was the property of his owner. The Fifth
Arrendment to the Constitution protects
a person's right to o\,t,n propertv. 'fanev
concluded that the Fifth Amendment
allowed people to take their propertv,
induding their slaves, anwvhere in the nation.
196
The Republican Farty Wins Fower
The main goal of the Republican partv
\,\,'as to stop the spread of slavery into the
West. R.epublicans also wanted high tariffs
to protect Northern industries. Most party
members were from the North and the
West. One mernber was a tali, thin lavr,ver
from Illinois named Abraham Lincoln.
In 1858 the Repubiican part-vin Illinois
nominated Lincoln to be its candidate for
the []nited States Senate. When Lincoln
a$eed ro run forthe Senate, he made a speech
that said the nation could not continue to
be divided over slavery:
"A house divided against itself cannot
stand. I believe this government
cannot endure permanentlv half
slave
and half free.. . ."
In the election for the Senate, Lincoin
ran against Senator Stephen Douglas.
to be in debates with
Lincoln throughout Iilinois. Because
Douglas agreed
newspapers throughout the nation had
stories about the debates, the two candidates
became famous in ever part of the country.
Douglas won rhe Senare election in l g5g.
In I8(r0 there werc four candidates for
Presidenr. The Republican parrv chose
{hraharn l.incoin as irs candidare -[ire
i)ernocratic part\ split into Northern
Democrats and Soiithern Democrais.
UNHOAI
IS
Stephen Douglas, promising ro ailou, popular
sorrereigi-rtt. \1.as ti-ie car-ididate of the
Northern Democrars The
Southern
Democrats chose )ohn C. Breckinridge
who supported slaverr,. A new poiitical
parqr, the Constitutional-Union paftv,
nominated jc,hn Bell of Tennessee. Bell did
not favor or oppose slavery
Lincoin won the election of tg60. He
received a majorir,v- of electoral votes, but
none were from the South
JI$$0tTHIt
*:itttB
,.f
\.t,r
t\ts neoc|ne ir}m C neA/SpADer
I _
!,
l,-
ti)
Choriestcn Scuttt Ctciinc, cnnouncei rhat South
Carciino hoC seceiea irom the tJnron
seceded. Before Lincoln's inauguration, six
more Southern states seceded. Their leaders
formed a new nation, the Confederate
States of America. They wrote a constitution
The South Secedes
that protected slavery and favored states'
Southerners had threatened to secede if
Lincoln won rhe election. Althor-rgh Lincoln
rights. Iefferson Davis was elected president
of the Confederary.
The struggle between the Norrh and the
won the election in November 1g60, he
would nor be inaugurared until March 1861.
South Carolina did not u,ait until
March. In December 1860 South Carolina
South had finallv caused the Union to
divide. No one knew how, very difficult it
would be to unite the North and the South
into one nation again.
L97