: 5RCO4GEQIPKVKQPWUKPI.KPGCT4GITGUUKQPCPF 4CFKCN$CUKU(WPEVKQP0GWTCN0GVYQTM 7LFK3KXRF7UDQ0LQ/L'DW7UDQDQG'DP'XRQJ7RQ &HQWUHIRU4XDQWXP&RPSXWDWLRQDQG,QWHOOLJHQW6\VWHPV4&,6 8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\6\GQH\16:$XVWUDOLD ^WLSWUDQPLQOL`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·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www.intechopen.com # KLJK PLVFODVVLILFDWLRQ FRVW ZKLOH RWKHU PHWKRGV· SHUIRUPDQFH GHWHULRUDWHV VLJQLILFDQWO\ DV WKHFRVWIDFWRULQFUHDVHVRXUPRGHOVWLOOUHPDLQVVWDEOHDFFXUDF\ZLWKORZFRPSXWDWLRQFRVW +PVTQFWEVKQP (PDLO LV ZLGHO\DFFHSWHG E\ WKH EXVLQHVV FRPPXQLW\DVD ORZ FRVW FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WRRO WR H[FKDQJH LQIRUPDWLRQ EHWZHHQ EXVLQHVV HQWLWLHV ZKLFK DUH SK\VLFDOO\ GLVWDQW IURP RQH DQRWKHU,WPLQLPL]HVWKHFRVWRIRUJDQL]LQJDQLQSHUVRQPHHWLQJ,WLVUHSRUWHGE\DUHFHQW VXUYH\6XUH3D\UROO6XUHSD\UROORYHURIVPDOOEXVLQHVVRZQHUVEHOLHYHHPDLOLVD NH\ WR WKH VXFFHVV RI WKHLU EXVLQHVV DQG PRVW SHRSOH WRGD\ VSHQG EHWZHHQ WR RI WKHLU ZRUNLQJ WLPH XVLQJ HPDLO LQFOXGLQJ UHDGLQJ VRUWLQJ DQG ZULWLQJ HPDLOV 'XH WR WKH YHU\ORZFRVWRIVHQGLQJHPDLORQHFRXOGVHQGWKRXVDQGVRIPDOLFLRXVHPDLOPHVVDJHVHDFK GD\ RYHU DQ LQH[SHQVLYH ,QWHUQHW FRQQHFWLRQ 7KHVH MXQN HPDLOV UHIHUUHG WR DV VSDP FDQ VHYHUHO\ UHGXFH VWDII SURGXFWLYLW\ FRQVXPH VLJQLILFDQW QHWZRUN EDQGZLGWK DQG OHDG WR VHUYLFHRXWDJHV,QPDQ\FDVHVVXFKPHVVDJHVDOVRFDXVHH[SRVXUHWRYLUXVHVVS\ZDUHDQG LQDSSURSULDWHFRQWHQWVWKDWFDQFUHDWHOHJDOFRPSOLDQFHLVVXHVORVVRISHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQ DQGFRUSRUDWHDVVHWV7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRDFFXUDWHO\HVWLPDWHFRVWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK VSDP DQG HYDOXDWH WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI FRXQWHUPHDVXUHV VXFK DV VSDPILOWHULQJ WRROV 7KRXJKVXFKVSDPSUHYHQWLRQFDSDELOLW\LVLPSOHPHQWHGLQH[LVWLQJHPDLOFOLHQWVWKHUHDUH VRPH EDUULHUV WKDW GLVFRXUDJH XVHUV IURP XWLOL]LQJ WKLV IHDWXUH LQFOXGLQJ HUURUSURQH DQG ODERULQWHQVLYH PDLQWHQDQFH RI ILOWHULQJ UXOHV 0DQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH GHYHORSHG GLIIHUHQW DXWRPDWLFVSDPGHWHFWLRQV\VWHPVEXWPRVWRIWKHPVXIIHUIURPORZDFFXUDF\DQGKLJKIDOVH DODUP UDWH GXH WR KXJH YROXPH RI HPDLOV WKH ZLGH VSHFWUXP RI VSDPPLQJ WRSLFV DQG UDSLGO\FKDQJLQJFRQWHQWVRIWKHVHPHVVDJHVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHFDVHRIKLJKPLVFODVVLILFDWLRQ FRVW %D\OHU 7R GHDO ZLWK VXFK FKDOOHQJHV WKLV FKDSWHU SURSRVHV DQ DQWLVSDP ILOWHULQJ IUDPHZRUN XVLQJ D KLJKO\ SHUIRUPLQJ $UWLILFLDO 1HXUDO 1HWZRUN $11 EDVHG FODVVLILHU $11 LV ZLGHO\ FRQVLGHUHG DV D IOH[LEOH ´PRGHOIUHH RU ´GDWDGULYHQµ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www.intechopen.com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·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x %X\LQJOLVWVRIDGGUHVVHVIURPVRPHFRPSDQLHVRURWKHUVSDPPHUV x +DUYHVWLQJ HPDLO DGGUHVVHV IURP ZHE VLWHV RU 8VH1HW 1HZV SRVWV ZLWK DXWRPDWHG SURJUDPV x 6WHDOLQJXVHUVDGGUHVVERRNVRQFRPSURPLVHGFRPSXWHUV x &ROOHFWLQJDGGUHVVHVYLD,QWHUQHW5HOD\&KDW,5&SURJUDPV x *XHVVLQJ HPDLO DGGUHVVHV WKHQ VHQGLQJ HPDLO WR VHH LI LW JRHV WKURXJK 'LUHFWRU\ +DUYHVWDWWDFNV x 8VLQJIDOVHUHDVRQVWRWULFNDXVHULQWRJLYLQJXSWKHLUHPDLODGGUHVV6RFLDO(QJLQHHULQJ DWWDFNV www.intechopen.com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x 6SDPLVUHJDUGHGDVSULYDF\LQYDVLRQEHFDXVHVSDPPHUVLOOHJDOO\FROOHFWYLFWLP·VHPDLO DGGUHVVFRQVLGHUHGDVSHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQ x 8QVROLFLWHGHPDLOVLUULWDWH,QWHUQHWXVHUV x 1RQVSDPHPDLOVDUHPLVVHGDQGRUGHOD\HG6RPHWLPHVXVHUVPD\HDVLO\RYHUORRNRU GHOHWHFULWLFDOHPDLOVFRQIXVLQJWKHPZLWKVSDP x 6SDPZDVWHVVWDIIWLPHDQGWKHUHE\VLJQLILFDQWO\UHGXFHHQWHUSULVHV·SURGXFWLYLW\ x 6SDPXVHVDFRQVLGHUDEO\ODUJHEDQGZLGWKDQGXVHVXSGDWDEDVHFDSDFLW\7KLVFDXVHV VHULRXVORVVRI,QWHUQHWSHUIRUPDQFHDQGEDQGZLGWK x 6RPHVSDPFRQWDLQVRIIHQVLYHFRQWHQW x 6SDP PHVVDJHV FDQ FRPH DWWDFKHG ZLWK KDUPIXO FRGH LQFOXGLQJ YLUXVHV DQG ZRUPV ZKLFKFDQLQVWDOOEDFNGRRUVLQUHFHLYHUV·V\VWHPV x 6SDPPHUV FDQ KLMDFN RWKHU SHRSOH·V FRPSXWHUV WR VHQG XQZDQWHG HPDLOV 7KHVH FRPSURPLVHG PDFKLQHV DUH UHIHUUHG WR DV ´]RPELH QHWZRUNV QHWZRUNV RI YLUXV RU ZRUPLQIHFWHGSHUVRQDOFRPSXWHUVLQKRPHVDQGRIILFHVDURXQGWKHJOREH7KLVHQVXUHV VSDPPHUV·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www.intechopen.com % PDLOLQJ DQ XQVROLFLWHG PHVVDJH WKDW PDNHV LW VSDP QRW LWV DFWXDO FRQWHQW 6FKU\HQ DQ\RWKHUZLVHOHJLWLPDWHPHVVDJHEHFRPHVVSDPLIEOLQGO\PDVVPDLOHG)URPWKLVSRLQWRI YLHZ VSDPPLQJ EHFRPHV D YHU\ FKDOOHQJLQJ SUREOHP WR WKH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI WKH ,QWHUQHW JLYHQ WKH FRQWHQW RI HPDLOV WKH RQO\ IRXQGDWLRQ IRU VSDP UHFRJLQLWLRQ 1HYHUWKHOHVV LW VHHPVWKDWWKHODQJXDJHRIFXUUHQWVSDPPHVVDJHVFRQVWLWXWHVDGLVWLQFWLYHJHQUHDQGWKDW WKH WRSLFV RI PRVW FXUUHQW VSDP PHVVDJHV DUH UDUHO\ PHQWLRQHG LQ OHJLWLPDWH PHVVDJHV PDNLQJLWSRVVLEOHWRWUDLQVXFFHVVIXOO\DWH[WFODVVLILHUIRUVSDPUHFRJQLWLRQ /CEJKPG.GCTPKPIHQT5RCO4GEQIPKVKQP 5HFHQW DGYDQFHV RI 0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ 0/ WHFKQLTXHV LQ 7H[W &ODVVLILFDWLRQ 7& KDYH DWWUDFWHG LPPHQVH DWWHQWLRQ IURP UHVHDUFKHUV WR H[SORUH WKH DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKPV LQ DQWLVSDP ILOWHULQJ %D\OHU ,Q SDUWLFXODU D FROOHFWLRQ RI PHVVDJHV LV LQSXW WR D OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKPZKLFKLQIHUV XQGHUO\LQJ IXQFWLRQDO GHSHQGHQFLHV RI UHOHYDQW IHDWXUHV7KHUHVXOWRIWKLVSURFHVVLVDPRGHOWKDWFDQZLWKRXWKXPDQLQWHUYHQWLRQFODVVLI\ DQHZLQFRPLQJHPDLODVVSDPRUOHJLWLPDWHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHNQRZOHGJHFROOHFWHGIURPWKH WUDLQLQJVWDJH$SDUWIURPDXWRPDWLRQZKLFKIUHHVRUJDQL]DWLRQVIURPWKHQHHGRIPDQXDOO\ FODVVLI\LQJ D KXJH DPRXQW RI PHVVDJHV WKLV PRGHO FDQ EH UHWDLQHG WR FDSWXUH QHZ FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVSDPHPDLOV7REHPRVWXVHIXOLQUHDOZRUOGDSSOLFDWLRQVWKHDQWLVSDP ILOWHUV QHHG WR KDYH D JRRG JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ FDSDELOLW\ WKDW LV WKH\ FDQ GHWHFW PDOLFLRXV PHVVDJHV ZKLFK QHYHU RFFXU GXULQJ WKH OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV 7KHUH KDV EHHQ D JUHDW GHDO RI UHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGLQWKLVDUHDUDQJLQJIURPVLPSOHPHWKRGVVXFKDVSURSRVLWLRQDOOHDUQHU 5LSSHUZLWK´NH\ZRUGVSRWWLQJUXOHVµ&RKHQWRPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGDSSURDFKHVVXFK DV%D\HVLDQQHWZRUNVXVLQJEDJVRIZRUGVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGELQDU\FRGLQJ6DKDPL ,Q $QGURXWVRSRXORV .RXWVLDV &KDQGULQRV 3DOLRXUDV 6S\URSRXORV D V\VWHP LPSOHPHQWLQJ1DwYH%D\HVDQGDN11WHFKQLTXHLVUHSRUWHGWREHDEOHWRRXWSHUIRUPWKH NH\ZRUGEDVHG ILOWHU RI 2XWORRN RQ WKH /LQJ6SDP FRUSXV (QVHPEOH PHWKRGV DOVR SURYH WKHLU XVHIXOQHVV LQ ILOWHULQJ VSDP )RU H[DPSOH VWDNHG 1DwYH %D\HV DQG N11 FDQ DFKLHYH JRRG DFFXUDF\ 'UXFNHU :X 9DSQLN DQG %RRVWHG WUHHV ZHUH VKRZQ WR KDYH EHWWHU SHUIRUPDQFH WKDQ LQGLYLGXDO WUHHV 1Dw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www.intechopen.com & 7KH FRUSXV FRQWDLQV OHJLWLPDWH PHVVDJHV FROOHFWHG IURP D PRGHUDWHG PDLOLQJ OLVW RQ SURIHVVLRQ DQG VFLHQFH RI OLQJXLVWLFV DQG WKH VSDP PHVVDJHV FROOHFWHG IURP SHUVRQDO PDLOER[HV x OHJLWLPDWHPHVVDJHVZLWKWH[WDGGHGE\WKHOLVW·VVHUYHUUHPRYHG x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Ê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www.intechopen.com LI[ \RURWKHUZLVH ' 7KHFRQILGHQFHOHYHOWKDWDPHVVDJH EHORQJVWRDFODVVFLVFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQWKHFODVVHV RIRWKHUQHLJKERULQVWDQFHV 0%/·VSHUIRUPDQFHFDQEHVLJQLILFDQWO\LPSURYHGE\LQWURGXFLQJVRPHZHLJKWLQJVFKHPHV &KUVCPEG9GKIJVKPI 'HSHQGLQJRQKRZIDUDWHVWLQVWDQFHLVDZD\IURPLWVQHLJKERUKRRGLWV·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www.intechopen.com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www.intechopen.com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´EDJRIZRUGVµDSSURDFK7KHUHDUHWZR PHWKRGVWRUHSUHVHQWHOHPHQWVRIWKHIHDWXUHYHFWRU PXOWLYDULDWHSUHVHQWDWLRQDVVLJQVD ELQDU\YDOXHWRHDFKHOHPHQWVKRZLQJWKDWWKHZRUGRFFXUVLQWKHFXUUHQWPDLORUQRWDQG PXOWLQRPLDO SUHVHQWDWLRQ UHSUHVHQWV HDFK HOHPHQW DV D QXPEHU WKDW VKRZV WKH RFFXUUHQFH IUHTXHQF\ RI WKDW ZRUG LQ WKH FXUUHQW PDLO $ FRPELQDWLRQ RI ´EDJ RI ZRUGVµ DQG PXOWL YDULDWH SUHVHQWDWLRQ LV XVHG LQ RXU H[SHULPHQWV WKH RUGHU RI WKH ZRUGV LV QHJOHFWHG 7R FRQVWUXFW WKH IHDWXUH YHFWRUV WKH LPSRUWDQW ZRUGV DUH VHOHFWHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU 0XWXDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ0,6DNNLVHWDO www.intechopen.com (( 7KHZRUGVZLWKWKHKLJKHVW0,YDOXHVDUHVHOHFWHGDVWKHIHDWXUHV$VVXPHWKDWWKHUHDUHQ IHDWXUHVWREHFKRVHQHDFKPDLOZLOOEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\DIHDWXUHYHFWRU ZKHUH DUHWKHYDOXHVRIELQDU\DWWULEXWHV LQGLFDWLQJWKHSUHVHQFHRUDEVHQFHRI DQDWWULEXWHZRUGLQFXUUHQWPHVVDJH 0RUHRYHU ZRUG VWHPPLQJ DQG VWRSZRUG UHPRYDO DUH WZR LPSRUWDQW LVVXHV WKDW QHHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ SDUVLQJ HPDLOV :RUG VWHPPLQJ UHIHUV WR FRQYHUWLQJ ZRUGV WR WKHLU PRUSKRORJLFDO EDVH IRUPV HJ ´JRQHµ DQG ´ZHQWµ DUH UHGXFHG WR URRW ZRUG ´JRµ 6WRS ZRUG UHPRYDO LV D SURFHGXUH WR UHPRYH ZRUGV WKDW DUH IRXQG LQ D OLVW RI IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG ZRUGV VXFK DV ´DQG IRU Dµ7KH PDLQ DGYDQWDJHV RI DSSO\LQJ WKH WZR WHFKQLTXHV DUH WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI IHDWXUH VSDFH GLPHQVLRQ DQG SRVVLEOH LPSURYHPHQW RQ FODVVLILHUV·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·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www.intechopen.com ( HOLPLQDWHV KLJKO\ FRUUHODWHG IHDWXUHV DQG WUDQVIRUPV WKH RULJLQDO GDWD LQWR ORZHU GLPHQVLRQDO GDWD ZLWK PRVW UHOHYDQW IHDWXUHV )URP RXU REVHUYDWLRQ WKH VHOHFWHG IHDWXUHV DUH ZRUGV WKDW H[SUHVV WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ VSDP DQG QRQVSDP JURXSV LH WKH\ DUH HLWKHUFRPPRQLQVSDPRUOHJLWLPDWHPHVVDJHVQRWLQERWK6HYHUDOSXQFWXDWLRQDQGVSHFLDO V\PEROV HJ ´µ ´#µ DUH DOVR VHOHFWHG E\ 3&$ DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH\ DUH QRW HOLPLQDWHG GXULQJSUHSURFHVVLQJ 2JCUG'OCKN%NCUUKHKECVKQP 7KH GDWD DIWHU EHLQJ SURFHVVHG E\ WKH )HDWXUH VHOHFWLRQ PRGXOH LV LQSXW WR WUDLQ WKH &ODVVLILFDWLRQ 0RGHO 7KH UHVXOWLQJ PRGHO LV WKHQ XVHG WR ODEHO HPDLOV DV HLWKHU ´OHJLWµ RU ´VSDPµ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² 0RGLILHG3UREDELOLVWLF1HXUDO1HWZRUN/503117KHSLHFHZLVHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQPRGHO LV ILUVWO\ DSSUR[LPDWHG E\ XVLQJ DOO DYDLODEOH WUDLQLQJ GDWD LQ D VLPSOH UHJUHVVLRQ ILWWLQJ DQDO\VLV7KH0311LVWKHQFRQVWUXFWHGWRFRPSHQVDWHIRUKLJKHURUGHUHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI WKHSUREOHP'HSHQGLQJRQGLIIHUHQWSRUWLRQVRIWKHWUDLQLQJVHWDQGKRZIDUWKHWHVWGDWDLV DZD\IURPWKHWUDLQLQJGDWDWKHLPSDFWRIQRQOLQHDUUHVLGXDOIXQFWLRQLVDGMXVWHGVXFKWKDW WKH RYHUDOO 0HDQ 6TXDUH (UURU LV PLQLPL]HG 7KLV DGMXVWPHQW LV IRUPXODWHG E\ WKH FRPSHQVDWLRQ IDFWRU ,Q SDUWLFXODU LV FRPSXWHG EDVHG RQ KRZ ZHOO WKH OLQHDU PRGHO SHUIRUPVRQDWUDLQLQJH[DPSOHVDQGGLVWDQFHVIURPDWHVWYHFWRUWRFOXVWHUVRIWUDLQLQJGDWD RQDSDUWLFXODUWUDLQLQJGDWDLVPHDVXUHVE\ )LUVWO\WKHJRRGQHVVRIWKHOLQHDUPRGHO ZKLFK LV GHILQHG DV WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH OLQHDU DSSUR[LPDWLRQ DQG WKH DFWXDO ILWVWKHGDWDZHOOLQ RXWSXWRIWKHWUDLQLQJGDWD$YHU\VPDOOYDOXHRI PHDQVWKDW WKLVFDVHDQGWKHUHIRUHLWVKRXOGKDYHKLJKHUSULRULW\RUWKHLPSDFWRIWKHQRQOLQHDUPRGHO LVPLQLPL]HG,QFRQWUDVWODUJHYDOXHRI LQGLFDWHVWKDW VKRXOGFRPSHQVDWH PRUHIRUWKHGHJUDGHGDFFXUDF\RI 6HFRQGO\WRGHWHUPLQHKRZIDUDJLYHQWHVWYHFWRULVDZD\IURPWKHDYDLODEOHWUDLQLQJGDWD DGLVWDQFH IURPWKDWYHFWRUWRHDFKWUDLQLQJFOXVWHU LVFDOFXODWHG)RUDQ\GDWDZKLFKLV www.intechopen.com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www.intechopen.com ( H[DPSOH LPDJHV FRQWDLQLQJ VRPH WH[W WKDW LV GLIILFXOW WR DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DQDO\]H E\ SDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQVRIWZDUH$OWHUQDWLYHO\IRUDQWLVSDPSURJUDPVVLPSOHTXHVWLRQVHJ´ZKDWLV RQHSOXVRQHµ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x 1RFRVWVFHQDULRHJIODJJLQJVSDPPHVVDJHV x 0RGHUDWHFRVWVFHQDULRHJVHPLDXWRPDWLFILOWHUZKLFKQRWLILHVVHQGHUVDERXWEORFNHG PHVVDJHV x +LJKFRVWVFHQDULRHJDXWRPDWLFDOO\UHPRYLQJEORFNHGPHVVDJHV E 7RWDO&RVW5DWLR $FFXUDF\ DQGHUURU UDWHVDVVLJQ HTXDO ZHLJKWV WR WKH WZR HUURU W\SHV /Æ6 6Æ/DQGDUH GHILQHG +RZHYHU LQ WKH FRVWVHQVLWLYH FRQWH[WV WKH DFFXUDF\ DQG HUURU UDWHV VKRXOG EH PDGH VHQVLWLYHWRWKHFRVWGLIIHUHQFHLHHDFKOHJLWLPDWHPHVVDJHLVFRXQWHGIRU WLPHV7KDWLV www.intechopen.com ($ ZKHQDOHJLWLPDWHPHVVDJHLVPLVFODVVLILHGWKLVFRXQWVDV HUURUVDQGZKHQLWSDVVHVWKH ILOWHUWKLVFRXQWVDV VXFFHVVHV7KLVOHDGVWRWKHGHILQLWLRQRIZHLJKWHGDFFXUDF\DQGZHLJKWHG HUURU:$FFDQG:(UU 7KHYDOXHVRISHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHVZHLJKWHGRUQRWDUHPLVOHDGLQJO\KLJK7RJHWDWUXH SLFWXUHRIWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIDVSDPILOWHULWVSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHVVKRXOGEHFRPSDUHG DJDLQVW WKRVH RID´EDVHOLQHµ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wYH%D\HV1%:HLJKWHG0HPRU\%DVHG /HDUQLQJ:0%/%RRVWHG7UHHV%76XSSRUW9HFWRU0DFKLQH690DQG1HXUDO1HWZRUN PRGHOV0XOWLOD\HU3HUFHSWURQ²0/38QOLNHRWKHUWH[WFDWHJRUL]DWLRQWDVNVILOWHULQJVSDP PHVVDJHV LV FRVW VHQVLWLYH &RKHQ KHQFH HYDOXDWLRQ PHDVXUHV WKDW DFFRXQW IRU PLVFODVVLILFDWLRQFRVWVDUHXVHG,QSDUWLFXODUZHGHILQHDFRVWIDFWRU ZLWKGLIIHUHQWYDOXHV FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKUHHFRVWVFHQDULRVILUVWQRFRVWFRQVLGHUHG HJPDUNLQJPHVVDJHV DVVSDPVHFRQGVHPLDXWRPDWLFILOWHULQJ HJLVVXLQJDQRWLILFDWLRQDERXWVSDPDQG HJGLVFDUGLQJWKHVSDPPHVVDJHV IXOO\DXWRPDWLFILOWHULQJ 7KHUDWHDWZKLFKDOHJLWLPDWHPDLOLVPLVFODVVLILHGDVVSDPLVFDOFXODWHGE\)DOVH$ODUP5DWH )$5 DQG LW VKRXOG EH ORZ IRU D ILOWHU WR EH XVHIXO 6SDP 5HFDOO 65 PHDVXUHV WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH ILOWHU LH WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI PHVVDJHV FRUUHFWO\ FODVVLILHG DV VSDP ZKLOH 6SDP3UHFLVLRQ63LQGLFDWHVWKHILOWHU·VVDIHW\LHWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKWKHEORFNHGPHVVDJHV DUHWUXO\VSDP%HFDXVH65FDQEHGHULYHGIURP)$5HJ)$5 ²65ZHZLOOXVH6563 DQG 7RWDO &RVW 5DWLR 7&5 IRU HYDOXDWLRQ %HVLGHV FRPSDULQJ KRZ DFFXUDWHO\ WKH ILOWHUV SHUIRUP WKHLU FRPSXWDWLRQ LV DOVR PHDVXUHG XVLQJ WKH FRPSXWDWLRQ WLPH LQ VHFRQGV UHTXLUHG IRU HDFK FODVVLILHU 3DUWLFXODUO\ WKH WRWDO FRPSXWDWLRQ WLPH LV D VXPPDWLRQ RI WKH WLPHWKDWDFODVVLILHUQHHGVWRSHUIRUPFURVVYDOLGDWLRQWHVWLQJRQGDWDDQGWRFDOFXODWHWKH UHOHYDQWSHUIRUPDQFHPHWULFVHJPLVFODVVLILFDWLRQUDWHDFFXUDF\« 6WUDWLILHG WHQIROG FURVV YDOLGDWLRQ LV HPSOR\HG IRU DOO H[SHULPHQWV 7KDW LV WKH FRUSXV LV SDUWLWLRQHG LQWR VWUDWLILHG SDUWV DQG HDFK H[SHULPHQW ZDV UHSHDWHG WLPHV HDFK WLPH www.intechopen.com (% UHVHUYLQJDGLIIHUHQWSDUWDVWKHWHVWLQJVHWDQGXVLQJWKHUHPDLQLQJSDUWVDVWKHWUDLQLQJ VHW3HUIRUPDQFHVFRUHVDUHWKHQDYHUDJHGRYHUWKHLWHUDWLRQV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH VWXGLHV FRQGXFWHG E\ RWKHU UHVHDUFKHUV RQ WKH VDPH /LQJ6SDP FRUSXV 1%$QGURXWVRSRXORVHWDO:0%/6DNNLVHWDO690+VXHWDO%7 &DUUHUDV0DUTXH]ZHDOVRUHSURGXFHGWKHLUH[SHULPHQWVEDVHGRQWKHDYHUDJH YDOXHRI7&5RIWKUHHFRVWVFHQDULRVWRFRQILUPDQGGHWHUPLQHWKHSDUDPHWHUV·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www.intechopen.com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www.intechopen.com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www.intechopen.com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·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aFMOLQOLEVY -ROOLIIH,73ULQFLSOH&RPSRQHQW$QDO\VLVHG1HZ<RUN86$6SULQJHU 5XPHOKDUW'(0F&OHOODQG-/3DUDOOHO'LVWULEXWHG3URFHVVLQJ([SORUDWLRQVLQ WKH0LFURVWUXFWXUHRI&RJQLWLRQ9RO7KH0,73UHVV www.intechopen.com 6DKDPL 0 6 'XPDLV ' +HFNHUPDQ DQG ( +RUYLW] $ %D\HVLDQ $SSURDFK WR )LOWHULQJ -XQN (0DLO 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH /HDUQLQJ IRU 7H[W &DWHJRUL]DWLRQ ² $$$,7HFKQLFDO5HSRUW:6 6DNNLV * $QGURXWVRSRXORV , 3DOLRXUDV * .DUNDOHWVLV 9 6S\URSRXORV & ' 6WDPDWRSRXORV 3 $ 0HPRU\%DVHG $SSURDFK WR $QWL6SDP )LOWHULQJ IRU 0DLOLQJ/LVWV3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH,QIRUPDWLRQ5HWULHYDO 6FKDSLUH 5 ( 6LQJHU < %RRV7H[WHU D %RRVWLQJ%DVHG 6\VWHP IRU 7H[W &DWHJRUL]DWLRQ0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJ²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www.intechopen.com ( www.intechopen.com Pattern Recognition Edited by Peng-Yeng Yin ISBN 978-953-307-014-8 Hard cover, 568 pages Publisher InTech Published online 01, October, 2009 Published in print edition October, 2009 For more than 40 years, pattern recognition approaches are continuingly improving and have been used in an increasing number of areas with great success. This book discloses recent advances and new ideas in approaches and applications for pattern recognition. The 30 chapters selected in this book cover the major topics in pattern recognition. These chapters propose state-of-the-art approaches and cutting-edge research results. I could not thank enough to the contributions of the authors. This book would not have been possible without their support. How to reference In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following: Tich Phuoc Tran, Min Li, Dat Tran and Dam Duong Ton (2009). Spam Recognition using Linear Regression and Radial Basis Function Neural Network, Pattern Recognition, Peng-Yeng Yin (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307- 014-8, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/pattern-recognition/spam-recognition-usinglinear-regression-and-radial-basis-function-neural-network InTech Europe University Campus STeP Ri Slavka Krautzeka 83/A 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Phone: +385 (51) 770 447 Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 www.intechopen.com InTech China Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China Phone: +86-21-62489820 Fax: +86-21-62489821
© Copyright 2025 Paperzz