4/17/12 CHANGE OF SCHEDULE •  MEAD MUSEUM VISIT NEXT CLASS (FRI. 4/20) ** Please arrive at Mead Museum on 2me! ** -­‐ meet in vesEbule area and put your backpack in the self-­‐serve lockers (consider traveling light on Friday?) -­‐ once we are gathered, we will go together to the study room -­‐ pencils only in the study-­‐room -­‐ no reading due on Friday (the lecture scheduled for Friday will be moved to Monday) Four steps to reform troubled senate •  Augustus does not abolish senate –  Keeps tradiEons intact but shi^s focus –  Service to the state  service to the emperor 1) Purges senate roster four Emes (28, 18, 11, 4) 2) Controls entry into senate 3) Creates Senatorial class: ordo senatorius –  Inherited privileges and $$ requirements for enrollment 4) Keeps cursus honorum, but old magistracies= sinecures –  real work done by new cadre of officials (prefects and legates) staffed by senators chosen by Augustus The Augustan “Golden” Age • 
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Peace (pax augusta / augustana) Cultural (arEsEc & literary) producEon Rome becomes city of marble, not brick Moral reform Religious revival and restoraEon Reform of Senate & Army (old problems of Rep.) Program of reform always balanced by anEquarianism– cast innovaEon as return to past Examples of new structure for civil service •  Aug. controls state grain supply from 22 BC on –  Two senators chosen as praefec4 frumen4 dandi (prefects for distribuEng grain) –  Prefects appointed by and responsible to emperor •  Chooses senior senators as lega4 provinciae –  legates of province = governor answerable to Aug. •  Forms new administraEon staffed by senators as civil servants 1 4/17/12 Effects of Augustus’ reforms for senate •  Structure of Republican Senate sEll in place, but means something very different •  Move from oligarchy into aristocracy of service – Senators = servants, not masters, of the State – Offices of cursus honorum sEll presEgious, but not where the work gets done – Work gets done by emperor’s staff of administrators chosen from the senate. Horace Odes 3.6 (20’s BC) “Though innocent, Roman, you will pay for the sins of your fathers unEl you restore the crumbling temples and shrines of the gods and their smoke-­‐blackened images. You rule because you hold yourself inferior to the gods. Make this the beginning and end of all things. Neglect of the gods has brought many ills to the sorrowing land of Hesperia… Teeming with sin, our Emes have sullied first the marriage bed, our offspring, and our homes. From this source, the stream of disaster has drowned the people and the fatherland Army: several major areas of reform 1) DistribuEon of army across Empire –  15 of 28 legions staEoned on Northern fronEer –  4 on Eastern fronEer facing rival Parthian empire –  First stone forts for Roman army = change of mentality: Rome now has limits? 2) Standing army– not levied for each campaign –  Less need for conEnuous military campaigns –  Police force at Rome and firefighters, finally! 3)  Veterans: 6 AD, Aug. sets up reErement program –  Paid by aerarium militare, military treasury (financed by iniEal grant from Aug., then 5% inheritance tax and 1% sales tax) –  Prefects appointed to administer The maiden takes delight early on in learning Grecian dances and trains herself in seducEon and plans unholy loves with passion unrestrained… Openly, when bidden, and not without her husband’s knowledge, she rises– whether it be some peddler who summons her, or the captain of some Spanish ship, lavish purchaser of shame. Not such were those who sired the youth that dyed the sea with Punic blood and struck down Pyrrhus and great AnEochus and fierce Hannibal; but a manly brood of peasant soldiers, taught to turn the earth with a Sabine hoe… What has injurious Eme not diminished? Our parents were not the men their fathers were, and they bore children worse than themselves, whose children will be baser sEll… 2 4/17/12 Rome’s sins led to civil war? •  End of the civil wars = relief but also GUILT –  Gods and temples have been forsaken –  Sin contaminates family (adultery with outsiders) –  InfiltraEon of Eastern finery, dances, and make-­‐up –  No longer good old days of Roman soldier-­‐farmer –  Now, each generaEon worse than the last •  Hunger for revival of morals and religion: –  fix the pax deorum! –  Stop the decline of the mos maiorum! Augustus’ religious revival •  Propaganda ag. Ant.: Roman gods vs. EgypEan •  “In my 6th consulship [28BC] I repaired 82 temples of the gods in the city, in accordance with a resoluEon of the senate, neglecEng none which required repair” •  Also restores old priesthoods, cults, and older rituals •  Spiritual & physical restoraEon of pax deorum -­‐ Everyone involved: street-­‐corner shrines -­‐ “genius” Augustus at center •  Again, both old (revival of religion) & new (central religious role of new princeps) 18-­‐17 BC Family & Social Reform : state polices private morality 1) Lex Julia de Adulteriis Coercendis (Julian Law for Curbing Adultery): -­‐ Adultery = Crime -­‐ Father can kill daughter’s adulterer
(husband can kill wife’s adulterer if adulterer not respectable Roman cit.) 2) Lex Papia Poppaea: rewards marriage & children; penalizes childlessness MESSAGE? Family values = heart of Augustan revival of peace, prosperity & ferElity –  from paterfamilias to pater patriae 3