Gross Morbid Pathology of Wildlife (mammals) C. L. Davis Foundation’s “Gross Pathology” July 11th‐18th, 2011, St. Pete, Florida. MAJ Eric D. Lombardini, VMD, MSc, Diplomate ACVP, Diplomate ACVPM Chief, Division of Comparative Pathology Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, Maryland E‐mail: elombardini@hotmail.com General References: ‐Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, 3rd ed., E.S. Williams and I.K. Barker (eds.), Iowa State university Press, Ames, Iowa, 2001. ‐Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals, 2nd ed., W.M. Samuel, M.J. Pybus, and A.A. Kocan (eds.), Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 2001. ‐Noninfectious Diseases of Wildlife, 2nd ed., A. Fairbrother, L.N. Locke, and G.L. Hoff (eds.), Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1996. ‐Field Manual of Wildlife Disease in the Southeastern United States, 2nd ed., W.R. Davidson and V.F. Nettles, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, Georgia, 1997. ‐Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer’s Pathology of Domestic Animals, ed. Maxie MG, 5th ed., vol 1‐3, Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, 2007 ‐Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, 6th ed., M.E. Fowler and R.E. Miller (eds.), Saunders, 2007 ‐AFIP, Veterinary Systemic Pathology Online: Http://www.vspo.us # Etiology
Selected Reference Ovine parapoxvirus Cervid Orbivirus 1/2 Vet Microbiol 127(1‐2):10‐20, 2008 J Clin Micro 38:1313‐1318, 2000 J Wild Dis 45(1):213‐217; 2009 Vet. Res. (2010) 41:35 Hydropericardium, severe
Hemorrhages and edema
Cervid Orbivirus 1/2 Cervid Orbivirus 1/2 Pododermal necrosis, multifocal, moderate with hoof loss and abnormal growth Stomatitis, necrohemorrhagic, diffuse, severe with loss of buccal papillae Enteritis, necrohemorrhagic, segmental, multifocal to coalescing, severe Enteritis, necrohemorrhagic and fibrinous, multifocal to coalescing, severe with Peyer’s patch necrosis Cortical petechiae, multifocal, severe with glomerulonephritis Cervid Orbivirus 1/2 Cervid Orbivirus 1/2 Canine parvovirus type 2 JAVMA, 175:8, 97‐900, 1979 Species Tissue Morphological Diagnosis/ Etiological Diagnosis 4 Dall sheep Muzzle Viral Diseases
Necroproliferative dermatitis, multifocal to coalescing, severe 5 White‐tailed deer Heart Endocarditis, necrotizing, multifocal, severe with vasculitis MCF‐White tailed deer 6 7 White‐tailed deer Moose Eye Eye Hypopyon, diffuse, severe
Corneal edema with mucopurulent conjunctivitis MCF‐White tailed deer MCF‐OvHV‐2
8 White‐tailed deer Eyelid Cervid Orbivirus 1/2 9 Antelope 10 11 White‐tailed deer White‐tailed deer 12 White‐tailed deer Cerebrum Cerebellum Heart Heart, pulmonary artery Hooves Edema, diffuse, marked with mild hemorrhage Hemorrhage, diffuse, severe
13 White‐tailed deer Oral cavity 14 Coyote 15 Maned wolf Small intestine Small intestine 16 Mink Kidney 17 Coyote Teeth Enamel necrosis, loss and displasia, 1
Canine parvovirus type 2 Aleutian mink disease (AMD) virus Canine morbillivirus JAVMA 232(5):742‐746, 2008 Vet Pathol multifocal to coalescing, marked
18(5):684‐
9,1981 Hyperkeratosis, diffuse, severe with multifocal moderate necroulcerative dermatitis Plantar hyperkeratosis, multifocal to coalescing, marked Canine morbillivirus Mucopurulent conjunctivitis, bilateral, marked Excessive lacrimation and corneal edema Dermatitis, necroulcerative, focally extensive, marked Canine morbillivirus Penis Gammaherpesviral penile neoplasia
Ziphiid herpesvirus type 1 Hare Eye Blepharoconjunctivitis, mucopurulent, diffuse, severe Leporipoxvirus
25 Rabbit Eye Leporipoxvirus
26 Rabbit Leporipoxvirus
27 Rabbit Eye/Haired skin Haired skin Blepharoconjunctivitis, mucopurulent, diffuse, severe Leporipoxviral proliferative and exudative dermatitis Periorbital fibroma
Vet Pathol 44:943‐948, 2007 J Comp Path, in press, 2011 JVDI 6:277‐
288;1994 J Wildl Dis. 25(4):608‐11; 1989 J Wildl Dis. 42(1):142‐148; 2006 Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris).86(1):10
5‐7;1954 Shope Fibroma virus 28 Grey squirrel Haired skin Leporipoxvirus
Vet Path. 10(6):509‐519; 1973 29 Squirrel Haired skin Leporipoxvirus
30 Red squirrel Eye/haired skin Chordopoxiviridae 31 Haired skin Parapoxvirus
Parapoxvirus
33 34 35 36 California sea lion California sea lion Dusky dolphin Blue Whale Humpback whale Coyote Vet Path. 46(4):667‐672, 2009 Dolphin pox
Whale pox
Whale pox
Papillomavirus
37 Rabbit Skin Skin Skin Haired skin & oral cavity Haired skin 38 39 40 White‐tailed deer White‐tailed deer California sea lion Haired skin Haired skin Flipper, haired skin Dermal fibromatosis
Dermal fibromatosis
Dermatitis, necroulcerative, multifocal to coalescing, severe with osteomyelitis Shope papilloma virus/ Cottontail papilloma virus Papillomavirus
Papillomavirus
Calicivirus
41 Sea lion Oral cavity Calicivirus
42 California sea lion Oral cavity Calicivirus
43 California sea lion Oral cavity Calicivirus
44 Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Skin Stomatitis and chelitis, necroulcerative multifocal, moderate Stomatitis, necroerosive and ulcerative, focally extensive, severe with superficial loss Stomatitis and glossitis, vesiculoulcerative and necrotizing, multifocal to coalescing, severe Dermatitis, necroulcerative, multifocal, marked Vet Path. 47(2) 254‐264, 2010 J Wild Dis. 41(3):512‐524; 2005 +/‐ Calicivirus
Dermatitis and stomatitis, necroulcerative, multifocal to coalescing, marked +/‐ Calicivirus
18 Dog Nasal planum 19 Ferret Food pad 20 Raccoon 21 Lion Eye/
conjunctiva Conjunctiva 22 Beluga whale Skin 23 Blainville’s beaked whale 24 32 45 Haired skin Skin/Oral cavity Atypical fibroblast proliferation, multifocal to coalescing, marked Dermatitis, proliferative and necroulcerative, multifocal to coalescing, severe with dermal erosion and alopecia Dermatitis, necroproliferative, multifocal, severe with suppurative conjunctivitis and corneal edema Dermatitis, necroproliferative, multifocal, severe Dermatitis, necroproliferative, multifocal, severe Poxviral dermatitis
Possible poxviral dermatitis
Possible poxviral dermatitis
Papillomas, coalescing
Dermatitis, proliferative, cornifying
2
Canine morbillivirus Canine morbillivirus Herpesvirus
46 Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Palate Stomatitis and chelitis, necroulcerative, multifocal, marked Bacterial Diseases
Peritonitis, necrofibrinous, diffuse, severe Abscess, focally extensive, severe
Meningitis, suppurative, multifocal, marked Granulomas, multifocal to coalescing, severe Lymphadenitis, granulomatous, diffuse, severe Pleuritis, granulomatous, multifocal to coalescing, severe Nephritis, granulomatous, multifocal, severe Emaciation, marked with alopecia
+/‐ Calicivirus
48 Mountain lion 49 50 White‐tailed deer Ferret Abdominal cavity Brain Brain 51 Bison Pleura 52 White‐tailed deer Lymph node 53 White‐tailed deer Pleura 54 Opossum Kidney 55 Mule deer Whole body 56 Ferret Colon 57 Caribou Foot 58 White‐tailed deer Mandible 59 Badger Mandible 60 Dolphin Skin 61 Dolphin Skin 62 Beaver Liver 63 Reindeer Ileum 64 Caribou Carpus 65 66 Caribou Northern Elephant seal Carpus Cerebrum Hygroma
Meningoencephalitis, embolic, multifocal, severe Brucella abortus Brucella cetacae and B. pinnipediae 67 68 Raccoon Northern Elephant seal Uterus Kidney Pyometra, diffuse, severe
Nephritis, interstitial with renicular fibrosis, multifocal, moderate Escherichia coli
Leptopira pomona 69 70 Sea lion Chamois Eye Eye Hypopyon, unilateral, severe
Severe keratoconjunctivitis
71 Polar bear Haired skin 72 73 74 White‐tailed deer Pronghorn antelope Otter Brain Haired skin (lymph node) Eye Dermatitis, exudative and proliferative, multifocal to coalescing, severe with dermal ulceration and alopecia Cerebral abscess
Dermatitis, necroulcerative, suppurative, focally extensive, severe Corneal edema
76 Porcupine Quilled skin Colitis, necroproliferative, segmental, diffuse, severe Pododermatitis, necrosuppurative and ulcerative, diffuse, severe with osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis, necrotizing, focally extensive, severe with dental and bone loss Mandible: Osteomyelitis, unilateral, focally extensive, severe with extensive bony and dental loss Dermal vasculitis with cutaneous infarction Dermatitis, necro‐ulcerative with infarction Hepatitis, necrotizing, multifocal, moderate Ileitis, necrohemorrhagic, diffuse, severe with lumenal cast Synovitis nonsuppurative, focally extensive, severe Fungal Diseases
Dermatitis, necroulcerative, focally extensive, severe 3
Nocardia asteroides Archanobacterium pyogenes Streptococcus zooepidemicus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas, Bordetella Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium sp. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Lawsonia intracellularis Fusobacterium necrophorum Actinomyces bovis Erysiphelotrix rusiopathiae Erysiphelotrix rusiopathiae Francisella tularensis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Brucella abortus J Comp Path 142(4): 347‐
352, 2010 J Wild Dis, 44(2): 480‐485; 2008 J Wild Dis, 41(2):426‐430; 2005 Mycoplasma agalactiae and M conjunctivae Dermatophilus congolensis Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Clostridium piliforme Zygomyces sp. J Am Vet Med Assoc;167(7):56
1‐4;1975 Vet Record 163:539‐54; 2008 77 Bat Haired skin Fungal dermatitis
Geomyces destructans 78 79 Haired skin Haired skin Fungal dermatitis
Fungal dermatitis
Geomyces destructans Geomyces destructans 80 Bat Eastern pipistrelle bat Puma Vet Pathol; 47(2):214‐219; 2010 EID, 16(8); 2010
Oral cavity Candida albicans 81 82 83 Dolphin Dolphin Dolphin Blowhole Oral cavity Skin Stomatitis, fibrinonecrotic multifocal to coalescing, severe Blowhole candidiasis
Lingual candidiasis
Dermatitis, proliferative, multifocal, severe Candida albicans Candida albicans Lachezia loboi
84 Dolphin Skin Lachezia loboi
85 Dolphin Skin Lachezia loboi
86 Dolphin Skin Lachezia loboi
87 Ferret Otic bullae 88 Ferret Whole body 89 Manatee Skin Dermatitis, proliferative, multifocal, severe Dermatitis, proliferative, multifocal, severe Dermatitis, proliferative, multifocal, severe Otitis interna, necrosuppurative, bilateral, diffuse, severe Torticollis secondary to otitis media/interna Dermatitis, necroulcerative, multifocal to coalescing, severe Emerg Infect Dis.; 15(4): 588–
590. 2009 90 White‐tailed deer Haired skin Trichophyton verrucosum 91 92 Ferret Otter Spleen Liver; spleen Dermatitis, proliferative, focally extensive, moderate with central alopecia Splenitis, necrotizing, diffuse, severe
Disseminated coccidiomycosis
93 95 Polar bear Bobcat Haired skin Spleen Algal trichofolliculosis
Parasitic Diseases
Protozoal splenomegaly
96 Sea lion Epaxial muscles Sarcocystis sp.
97 98 99 Caribou Opossum Musk ox Haired skin Haired skin Foot 100 Goat Scrotum Myositis, eosinophilic, multifocal to coalescing, severe with intralesional protozoae Protozoal dermatitis
Protozoal dermatitis
Pododermatitis, necroulcerative, multifocal to coalescing, severe with hemorrhage Dermatitis, proliferative, diffuse, marked 101 102 Ferret Harbor seal Cerebrum Heart Cerebral dirofilariasis
Cardiac dirofilariasis
103 Kidney Renal capsular filariasis
104 California sea lion Coyote Trachea 105 Raccoon Stomach 106 Opossum Stomach 107 Seal Stomach 108 Skunk Intestine 109 Raccoon Intestine Tracheitis, granulomatous and eosinophilic, multifocal, mild with intralesional nematodes Gastritis, catarrhal and eosinophilic, diffuse, severe Gastritis, catarrhal and eosinophilic, diffuse, severe Gastritis, catarrhal and eosinophilic, diffuse, moderate with intraleisonal nematodes Enteritis, eosinophilic and catarrhal, diffuse, severe with intralesional nematodes Enteritis, eosinophilic and catarrhal, Dirofilaria immitis Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema spirocauda Acanthocheilonema odendhali Oslerus osleri
4
Aspergillus sp. and Zygomyces sp. Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidioides immitis Cytauxzoon felis
Besnoitia tarandi Besnoitia darlingi Besnoitia tarandi Besnoitia caprae Can Vet J, 41:105‐116; 2000 Can Vet J.; 24(10):316–
317; 1983 J Wild
Dis.15(3):373‐
8;1979 J Wild Dis, 38(3), 607–610, 2002 Vet Parasitol 116: 275‐296, 2003 Parasitol Res, 102:1171–1176; 2008 Physaloptera sp.
Physaloptera turgida Anasakis sp.
Baylisascaris columnaris Baylisascaris procyonis 110 111 112 White‐tailed deer White‐tailed deer White‐tailed deer Esophagus Tongue Rumen 113 Elk Abomasum 114 Coyote Eye 115 116 117 White‐tailed deer White‐tailed deer Moose Meninges Meninges Artery 118 White‐tailed deer Abdominal cavity 119 Dolphin 120 diffuse, severe with intralesional nematodes Esophageal nematodiasis
Lingual nematodiasis
Rumenitis, necroulcerative, eosinophilic, focally extensive, marked with intralsional nematodes Abomasitis, proliferative, diffuse, severe Gonglyonema pulchrum Gonglyonema pulchrum Gongylonema verrucosum Ostertagia sp.
Conjunctivitis and keratitis, eosinophilic, focally extensive, marked with corneal edema and intralesional nematodes Meningeal nematodiasis
Meningeal nematodiasis
Arteritis, proliferative, granulomatous, multifocal to coalescing, severe with intralesional nematodes Peritoneal nematodiasis
Thelazia californiensis NZ Vet J. 57(4):235‐240, 2009 Paralaphostrongylus tenuis Paralaphostrongylus tenuis Elaepohora schneideri Setaria yehi
Subcutis Subcuticular nematodiasis
Crassicauda sp
Raccoon Haired skin Dracunculus insignis 121 Otter Skeletal muscle Dermatitis, ulcerative and eosinophilic, focally extensive, marked with intralesional nematode. Subcuticular nematodiasis
Parasitol Res;104(2):257‐
265; 2009 IAAAM conference proceedings; 2000 122 Bear Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyositis, eosinophilic, multifocal, moderate Trichinella sp.
123 Harbor seal Trachea Tracheitis, eosinophilic and cattarhal, diffuse, severe with intralobular edema and intralesional nematodes Pneumonia, eosinophilic and edematous, multifocal, moderate with intralesional nematode Arterial nematodiasis
Otostrongylus circumlitus Parafilaroides decorus Arterial nematodiasis
Otostrongylus circumlitus Marine Mammal Science;13(3):4
46–458; 1997 Bronchitis, cattharal and eosinophilic, multifocal to coalescing, severe with intralesional nematodes Intestinal acanthocephaliasis
Dictyocaulus viviparus Corynosoma enhydri Intestinal acanthocephaliasis
Corynosoma enhydri J Wildl Dis, 39(3):495–509; 2003 Omental acanthocephaliasis
Profilicollis sp.
Vascular hyperplasia, multifocal to coalescing, marked Hepatic cyst, focally extensive, marked with intralesional trematodes Hepatitis, cystic, granulomatous and eosinophilic, multifocal to coalescing, severe with fluke pigment and Heterobilharzia americanum Dis Aquat Organ.; 53(1):77‐88. 2003 Fascioloides magna Fascioloides magna 124 California sea lion Lung 125 Northern elephant seal 126 Northern elephant seal 127 White‐tailed deer Heart: pulmonary artery Heart: pulmonary artery Lung, bronchi 128 Sea otter Small intestine 129 Sea otter 130 Southern sea otter Small intestine Omentum 131 Raccoon Mesentery 132 White‐tailed deer Liver 133 Moose Liver 5
Dracunculus lutrae Otostrongylus circumlitus Can J Zool; 51(5):521‐9; 1973 International health 93(2):189‐193; 1978 J Wildl Dis, 41(3):593‐598; 2005 134 Skunk Lung 135 136 Sea lion Moose 137 Dolphin Bile duct Skeletal muscle Subcutis 138 139 Fur seal Nutria Dermis Liver, spleen 140 141 142 Caribou Cervid Fur seal Lung Lung Colon 143 144 Fur seal Skunk 145 146 Grey wolf Polar bear Cecum Abdominal cavity Haired skin Haired skin 147 Black‐tailed deer Haired skin 148 149 Arctic fox Sea lion Haired skin Nasal mucosa 150 Sea otter Larynx 151 Fur seal Nasal septum 152 White‐tailed deer Pharynx 153 154 White‐tailed deer Caribou Pharynx Nasal conchae 155 156 Rat Moose Haired skin Leg 157 158 Red deer Caribou Subcutis Haired skin 159 160 162 Moose Moose Dolphin Haired skin Haired skin Skin 163 164 165 166 167 Reindeer Moose White‐tailed deer White‐tailed deer White‐tailed deer Antler velvet Haired skin Haired skin Haired skin Haired skin 168 169 170 171 Squirrel Squirrel Squirrel Rabbit Haired skin Haired skin Haired skin Haired skin Pulmonary cysts, multifocal, severe with intralesional trematodes, pleural hemorrhages and eosinophilic and fibrinous pneumonia Biliary trematodiasis
Rhabdomyocytic cestodiasis
Subcuticular cestodiasis
Dermal cestodiasis
Hepatic cysts, multiple, severe with parenchymal loss and intralesional cestodes Hydatid cysts, multiple
Pulmonary hydatid cysts Colitis, granulomatous and eosinophilic, multifocal to coalescing, marked, with intralesional cestodes Cecal cestodiasis
Abdominal pentastomiasis
Cutaneous acariasis
Dermatitis, exfoliative, and hyperkeratotic, diffuse, severe with alopecia Alopecia, multifocal to coalescing, severe Cutaneous or follicular pediculosis
Rhinitis, mucoid, diffuse, moderate with intralesional arthropods Laryngitis, catarrhal and eosinophilic, multifocal, marked Rhinitis, mucohemorrhagic and eosinophilic, multifocal, severe with nasal mites Pharyngitis, eosinophilic and catarrhal, multifocal, marked with intralesional arthropods Arthropodal pharyngitis
Rhinitis, catarrhal and eosinophilic, focally extensive, mild with intralesional arthropods Subcuticular cuterebriasis
Dermatitis, necroproliferative, granulomatous and eosinophilic, multifocal to coalescing, severe Subcuticular myiasis
Dermatitis, granulomatous and eosinophilic, multifocal, mild with intralesional arthropods Cutaneous acariasis
Cutaneous acariasis
Neoplastic Diseases
Papillomas, multifocal to coalescing
Papillomas coalescing
Papillomas, multifocal to coalescing
Fibroma
Fibropapillomas, multiple
Fibropapillomas, multifocal to coalescing Fibromas, multiple
Fibromas, multiple
Fibromas, multiple
Fibromas, multiple
6
Paragonimus kellicotti Zalophotrema hepaticum Taenia krabbei
Phyllobothrium delphini and Monorygma sp Echinococcus oligarthus and E. vogeli Echinococcus granulosus Echinococcus granulosus Dipyllobothrium sp. Diphilobothrium sp. Linguatula serrata Sarcoptes scabei
Sarcoptes scabei
Damalinia sp.
Orthohalarachne diminuata (airways) and O. attenuate (Nasopharynx) . Halarachne miroungae Orthobulamchar sp Cephenemyia sp
Cephenemyia sp
Cephenemyia trompe J Wildl Dis; 23(4):596‐605; 1987 Cuterebra sp.
Haematobosca alcis Hypoderma diana Hypoderma tarandi Dermacentor albipictus Dermacentor albipictus Papillomavirus
Papillomavirus
Papillomavirus
Papillomavirus
Papillomavirus
Vet Pathol. 43(6):865‐880, 2006 Leporipoxvirus
Leporipoxvirus
Leporipoxvirus
Shope fibroma virus Papillomavirus
172 173 174 175 176 Rabbit Woodchuck Woodchuck White‐tailed deer Sea Lion Haired skin Liver Liver Nasal cavity Vagina Fibromas, multiple
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Nasal adenocarcinoma
Genital carcinoma Shope fibroma virus Hepadnavirus
Hepadnavirus
177 Beluga whale Intestine Scirrhous adenocarcinoma
178 179 180 Ferret Ferret Puma Islet cell tumor
Islet cell tumor
Thyroid adenocarcinoma
181 182 183 Bat Sea lion White‐tailed deer Pancreas Pancreas Thyroid gland Abdomen Pleura Mandible Vet Pathol 37: 609–617, 2000 Vet Pathol 31(4):444‐449, 1994 Carcinomatosis
Carcinomatosis
Osteoma
184 Ferret Tail Chordoma
Gammaherpesvirus 185 Ferret Tail Chordoma
186 187 188 189 191 Ferret Ferret Red deer Sea lion White‐tailed deer Mediastinum Mediastinum Lung Cerebrum Whole body Mediastinal lymphoma
Mediastinal lymphoma
Metastatic hemangiosarcoma
Meningioma
Miscellaneous Diseases
Emaciation
192 Lynx Hydrocephalus, bilateral, severe
193 Woodchuck Cerebrum, ventricles Cerebellum Vet Pathol. 42(5): 530‐549, 2005 194 Sea lion Cerebrum 195 Ferret 196 Sea otter Salivary gland Stomach 197 Reindeer Abomasum 198 199 200 Stoat Mink Sea lion Liver Liver Nasal planum 201 Ferret Whole body 202 203 Ferret Deer 204 Otter 205 206 Raccoon Sea lion Mesentery Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle Vertebrae Joint
207 Sea lion 208 209 210 211 212 Mule deer White‐tailed deer Mule deer White‐tailed deer Roe deer Foramen magnum Antler Antler Antler Antler Antler Focally extensive cerebellar coning (herniation) Hippocampal atrophy, bilateral, severe
Chronic wasting disease Pseudo‐nitzschia algal bloom Sialocele, focal, severe
Gastritis, hemorrhagic and ulcerative, multifocal to coalescing, severe Abomasal ulceration, multifocal, marked Hepatic telangectasia
Hepatic lipidosis
Dermatitis, necroulcerative, focally extensive, severe Alopecia, diffuse, severe with marked
vulvar enlargement Steatitis, necrotizing, diffuse, severe
Rhabdomyocytic degeneration and necrosis, focally extensive, severe Nutritional rhabdomyocytic degeneration Nutritional osteodystrophy
Synovitis, proliferative, focally extensive, severe with loss of articular cartilage and bone remodelling Chronic degenerative disease
Cactus antlers
Antleroma/Peruke
Antleroma/Peruke
Antleroma/Peruke
Antleroma/Peruke
Vet Pathol. 42(2): 184‐191, 2005 Stress
Vet Pathol. 30(1):1‐11, 1993 Photosensitivity Persistent estrus Vit E/Selenium imbalance Capture myopathy Vit E/Selenium imbalance Vitamin D deficiency 7
213 White‐tailed deer Vertebrae Osteolysis, focally extensive, marked with remodeling ankylosis Congenital pophyriosis
Serous atrophy of fat, diffuse, severe
Pulmonary edema, diffuse, severe
214 215 216 Raccoon Badger Sea otter Os penis Bone marrow Lung, septae 217 Ferret Lung 218 Sea lion Eye 219 Raccoon Uterus 220 221 222 223 Ferret Red fox Ferret Sea otter Whole body Kidneys Abdomen Heart 224 Sea lion Heart Myocardial infarcts, multiple
Acknowledgements/Photo credits
Pneumonia, granulomatous, multifocal, severe with lipid accumulation Exopthalmia, unilateral, moderate with hyphema Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, diffuse, severe Anemia
Hydronephrosis, bilateral, severe
Portocaval shunt
Dilated cardiomyopathy, severe with fat atrophy 8
Vet Pathol
30(1):1‐11, 1993 Am J Vet Res. 66(2):289‐99, 2005 Vet Pathol 42(2):184‐191, 2005