Ms. Kizlyk – AP Language
Everything’s an Argument Guided Study Notes, Chapters 16 - 17
Chapter 16: What Counts in Evidence
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _________________ Per 3 4 5
1) Quality of evidence is defined by what three things?
A.
B.
C.
2) To be most persuasive, evidence should ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3) Firsthand evidence comes ____________________________________________________________
__________, and much of this kind of research ___________________________________________
4) Kinds of Firsthand Evidence:
A. Observations

Why are eyewitnesses unreliable?

Getting down a faithful record of an observation requires _____________________________
and ______________________________________.

Before you begin an observation, decide __________________________________________
and anticipate ____________________________________________________________.

What are the five guidelines to achieve best results with observations?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Interviews

Why/when are interviews beneficial?
Ms. Kizlyk – AP Language

What are the four guidelines for interviews?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. Surveys/Questionnaires

Any question posed should be __________________________________________________,
and designed so that ___________________________________________________________.

What is the most number of questions most people will answer before getting annoyed? 20

What are the nine guidelines for surveys & questionnaires?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Ms. Kizlyk – AP Language
D. Experiments

When is an informal experiment effective?

When is an informal experiment ineffective? –
E. Personal Experience

Personal experience can serve as powerful evidence _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Personal experience is insufficient to carry an argument if ____________________________
______________________________________.

Personal experience is especially effective for _______________________________________
______________________________________.
F. Secondhand Research and Evidence
 Library Sources

Secondhand evidence comes from _______________________________________ such as
__________________________________________________________________________

You should begin with library databases instead of a web search because _______________
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Library databases are _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What are the four questions to begin research?
1.
2.
3.
4.
 Online Sources

What method of searching for sources does Yahoo use?
Ms. Kizlyk – AP Language

What method of searching for sources does Google use?

Using the word “and” between keywords usually indicates __________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Using “or” between keywords usually instructs ____________________________________
_____________________________________________, whereas using “not” tells the
computer to ________________________________________________________________.
G. Using Evidence Effectively

After you gather data, you must turn that data into __________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Considering Audience

When connecting with an audience, you want to present yourself as ____________________
and __________________________, but you also need to think carefully about the way your
evidence ______________________________________________.

What are three questions to consider?
1.
2.
3.

Timeliness is important to audiences because _____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
 Building Critical Mass

“Critical mass, as it relates to evidence, _________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

What should you do if you don’t have enough evidence or the right kind of evidence?
 Arranging Evidence

Where should you position your strongest evidence? (key places)
1.
2.
3.

You should try to achieve a balance between ______________________________________
_____and the _______________________________________________________________.
Ms. Kizlyk – AP Language
Chapter 17: Fallacies of Argument
5) Fallacies are arguments _________________________________________________________________;
therefore, you should ____________________________________________________________________.
6) It might be wise to think of fallacies not in terms of error you can detect and expose in someone else’s work,
______________________________________________________ (including the person using them)
because ___________________________________________________________________________.
7) Flashpoints of Emotional Argument
A. Scare Tactics are when _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

Why do scare tactics work?
B. Either-Or Choices simplify arguments and give them power _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

When can either-or arguments act like most scare tactics?
C. Slippery Slope describes an argument that casts today’s tiny misstep ____________________________
______________________________________

A slippery slope argument becomes a flashpoint when _____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
D. Sentimental Appeals are arguments that use _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

When are these types of appeals used often?
E. Bandwagon Appeals are arguments that urge people _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
8) Flashpoints of Ethical Argument
A. Appeals to False Authority include drawing on the ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

False authority occurs chiefly when writers _____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
B. Dogmatism occurs when a writer attempts to _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Ms. Kizlyk – AP Language
C. Moral Equivalence is more common today than in earlier decades and suggests that ______________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
D. Ad Hominem Arguments are attacks directed at __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What is the main point of these types of arguments?
9) Flashpoints of Logical Argument
A. Hasty Generation is an ______________________________________________________________.

It also forms the basis for ___________________________________________________________.

Because a few people in a large group are observed to act in a certain way, one infers that ________
________________________________________________________________________________
B. Faulty Causality is the ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
C. Begging the Question is a form of _______________________________________________________

Give an example:
D. Equivocation is usually ____________________________________________________________

Give an example:
E. Non Sequitur is an argument in which __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Give an example:
F. The Straw Man is an attack ______________________________________________________, one
that’s much _________________________________________________________________________
G. Faulty Analogy is an _________________________________________________________________