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|U=vWQ |wHWv=O O=@;p=tH l}H=D Oq}t
Original Article
v t |UOvyt
l} =m
6659 "X '2 |xQ=tW '31 3 |xQwO
1394 R}}=B 'h} QW
Cq=}Uwv=v |Q=@H= |}=Hx@=H |@ QHD |xar=]t
|vwRrL |xrwr QO
Q=}O=DU= u=}tRtR u}ULQ}t=
Q=}Wv=O
|mwR=B OtLt
|SQv= w O=wt x=oWywSB 'Q}PBO}OHD |=y|SQv=
|UOvyt
?; Tt Cq=}Uwv=v l =m]Y= ?} Q[ w |}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= |UQQ@ x@ VywSB u}=
w u=} QH s=Q; s}SQ |=Q@ =yV}=tR; u}= "OQ=O X=YDN= |vwRrL p} wm QO ?; sw}v}twr; w
|=yC_re QO Cq=}Uwv=v w CU= xOW s=Hv= C@=F xQ=w}O |=tO |RQt \}=QW CLD
OOa uwJty |}=yQDt=Q=B QF= "Ov=xDiQo Q=Qk V}=tR; OQwt Cw=iDt OQmrta \}=QW w hrDNt
xOW xar=]t u=} QH Q=Wi Ci= w CQ=QL p=kDv= ?} Q[ Q@ C_re w xQ=w}O |=tO 'RD=Qo
u=Wv xrY=L G}=Dv w CU= xOW |Q}oxR=Ov= |@ QHD CQwYx@ |DQ=QL C}=Oy "CU=
R= QDW}@ 18 Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v |DQ=QL C}=Oy 2000 ppm C_re QO xm OyO|t
V}=Ri= =@ CrU=v OOa 'xrwr QO xOW O=H}= |x} wv=F u=} QH p}rOx@ "CU= sw}v}twr; ?;
?} Q[ V}=Ri= sw}v}twr; w Tt p=}Uwv=v OQwtQO "Ovm|t Q}}eD |v=Uwv CQwYx@ RD=Qo OOa
"OUQ|t OYQO 22 w 26 OwOL x@ Cr=L u} QDy@ QO |DQ=QL C}=Oy
miladtajik6@gmail.com
azamzamian@merc.ac.ir
mpazouki@mcrc.ac.ir
"|DQ=QL C}=Oy 'Q=Wi Ci= 'CrU=v OOa 'p=}Uwv=v '|vwRrL p} wm %|O}rm u=oS=w
t t "1
x Ok
s=Q; u=} QH QO |}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= |UQQ@ QO "OW Oy=wN |rw@k p@=k G}=Dv
wO R= |a=aW u=} QH O=H}= |=Q@ [9] '?; =v}twr; p=}Uwv=v R= xO=iDU= =@ |a=aW
j}QRD "OW xO=iDU= OvOw@ xDiQo Q=Qk sy R= |YNWt |xrY=i =@ xm QwLtsy lU}O
V}=Ri= =@ CrU=v OOa xm O=O u=Wv G}=Dv "OW|t s=Hv= lU}O wO u}= RmQt R= p=}U
u=R}t lU}O wO u}@ |xrY=i V}=Ri= =@ u}vJty "Ci=} V}=Ri= ROrwv}Q w C_re
x@ COWx@ xO}tN |xrwr l} QO |}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= "OQm =O}B Vy=m CrU=v
x@ xm CU= |RmQt R= R} Qo |wQ}v R= |W=v x} wv=F CmQL "OQ=O |oDU@ x} wv=F CmQL
|tyt syU QF= u}= &OwW|t OQ=w pmW|vLvt Q}Ut l} QO CmQL u}L QO p=}U
|=yp} wm xm CU= xOW ?@U xO}OB u}= "CW=O Oy=wN CQ=QL p=kDv= V}=Ri= QO
'|DQ=QL Ci=}R=@ |=yOv}=Qi Q}_v CQ=QL p=kDv= OQ@Q=m QO |tyt Vkv |vwRrL
w w |}=Pe `}=vY w |}=}t}W |=yQwDm=Q '|W}=tQU |=ysDU}U w `w@]t x} wyD
u=} QH |=yQDt=Q=B w sQH p=kDv= 'CQ=QL p=kDv= XwYNQO "Ovvm =i}= |R=UwQ=O
[10] "CU= xOW s=Hv= |D=ar=]t R}v pmW|vLvt |xrwr QO
C=ar=]t |vwRrL |=ypO@t OQmrta w |vwRrL p} wm QO CQ=QL p=kDv= OQwtQO
u}= QO p=}U u=} QH w CQ=QL p=kDv= |OOa |UQQ@ =t= 'xOW s=Hv= |Q=}U@ |@ QHD
[12w11] |vwRrL pO@t OQmrta |R=Ux}@W |=Q@ "CU}v O=}R OQwt
K}LYD ?}=Q[ R=
=yp} wm u}= CQ=QL p=kDv= |=yQDt=Q=B w OQmrta |UQQ@ Q@ xwqa "OW xO=iDU= ?U=vt
[14w13] 'hrDNt \}=QW QO
|v=w=Qi |D=@U=Lt w |y=oW}=tR; C=ar=]t u}vJty =yv;
[15] "OvO=O s=Hv= pO@t `wv u}= OQmrta |wQ
|vw} sQH p=kDv= XwYNQO R}v |D=ar=]t
[16] "CU= xOW s=Hv= |r=}U QDU@ |=Q@ |vwRrL p} wm QO
|@ QHD |=y|UQQ@ u}vJty
CQwYx@ p=}Uwv=v u}OvJ CQ=QL p=kDv= OQwtQO |Q=}U@ C=k}kLD xDWPo |xyO QO
CQ=QL p=kDv= [1] '|}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= |UQQ@ |=Q@ "CU= xDiQo CQwY |@ QHD
xm OW xOy=Wt w |UQQ@ XNWt=v p=}Uwv=v R= xO=iDU= =@ |R=wt |=yp=v=m QO
Q=@u}DUNv |DQ=QL O=}R V}=Ri= "CU= xDi=} Vy=m OYQO 200 =D |DQ=QL Ctw=kt
[2] "OW VQ=Ro VwWet u=} QH CQ=QL p=kDv= QO
xm OvDi=}QO u}kkLt T=U= u}=Q@
|tHL OYQO2 =@ ?; Tt p=}Uwv=v |=Q@ u=Um} CaQU QO CQ=QL p=kDv= ?} Q[
|xOvyOu=Wv =y|UQQ@ u}= G}=Dv "CU= Xr=N ?; R= QDW}@ 40 OwOL C=QPwv=v
xm |Qw]x@ 'CU= ?; x@ C@Uv p=}Uwv=v CrU=v Oa@|@ OOa |xO=ar=jwi V}=Ri=
pOt w CU}v wo?=wH ?; CrU=v OOa |v}@V}B |=Q@ swUQt |Q_v |=ypOt
[42] u} Ro}=H |oOvm=QB
u}kkLt "CU= xO=iDU= p@=k |@ QHD G}=Dv =@ j}@]D |=Q@
[5] OvOQm ?}mQD |v=Uwv |}=tQo |xrwr =@ =Q =yp=}Uwv=v
=@ |}xOvvmlvN |xr}Uw =D
hqDN= T=tr= p=}Uwv=v xm O=O u=Wv |@ QHD G}=Dv "OwW pY=L q=@ Q=}U@ |}=Q=m
u=wD |=Q@ O=Qo|Dv=U xHQO 24 3 x@ 40 9 R= =Q xOvr=oJ w xOvvmQ}N@D u}@ =tO
|Q=@H= |}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= |OOa p}rLD QO "OyO Vy=m C=w 80 |OwQw
s=Hv= |=Q@ [7w6] '|}xQ}=O |=yxrwr uwQO QO ?; =v}twr; =t=o p=}Uwv=v s=Q; u=} QH
|xU}=kt "OvOQm xU}=kt sy =@ =Q =ypOt ,=D}=yv w OW xO=iDU= pOt wO R= C=@U=Lt
O=O u=Wv [8] u}kkLt Qo}O |@ QHD |xar=]t G}=Dv w pOt wO u}= R= pY=L G}=Dv
x@ QHvt |wQv=Qo w |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[ QO |vw=Q@ CmQL Q=F; uDiQo Q_v QO xm
pwUt xOvU} wv "1393 3 27 VQ}PB '1392 12 14 x}LqY= '1392 8 19 Ci=}QO %M}Q=D
5000
130
100
420
30
rr k
x w Q]
(mm)
9
t a p=}U =@ |vwRrL pO@t |xDUwB QO Q=Wi Ci= w CQ=QL p=kDv= |xv}tR QO |rt=m
p=kDv= ?} Q[ |Q}oxR=Ov= u; |=Q@ xOW KQ] V}=tR; xm CU= xDiQo CQwY [17] R=o
|R=iwO u=} QH "CU= xOw@ pO@t |xDUwB QO Q=Wi Ci= ?} Q[ w |rLt CQ=QL
[18] "CU= xOW |UQQ@ R}v |J}BQ=t p} wm QO =wy w ?;
|UQQ@ w |J}BQ=t |=yp} wm
Ci= C=YNWt "CU= Cw=iDt ,qt=m |vwRrL p} wm =@ =yv; QO CQ=QL p=kDv= C}a[w
OQwt I}BQ=t |Owta |=yxrwr =@ |J}BQ=t p} wm pN=O QO p=}Uwv=v u=} QH Q=Wi
[19] "CU= xOW |UQQ@ s=Q; u=} QH s}SQ |=Q@ w xDiQo Q=Qk V}=tR;
xt=O= QO u}vJty
pN=O QO p=}Uwv=v u=} QH \UwD CQ=QL p=kDv= Ow@y@ 'Qo}O |WywSB QO w xar=]t u}=
|DQ=QL |OwQw |xk]vt QO |@ QHD CQwYx@ |Owta |=yxrwr =@ |J}BQ=t p} wm
[20] "CU= xOW |UQQ@
xHQO '=tOsy |RQt \QW uDW=O Qw_vtx@ xar=]t wO Qy QO
"CU= xOW xDW=O xov C@=F Tw}UrU xHQO 95 OwOL QO =yxrwr |xQ=w}O CQ=QL
s=Hv= |J}BQ=t w s}kDUt |=yxrwr pN=O QO hrDNt C=W}=tR; C=ar=]t u}= QO
'u}O w ROrwv}Q O=Oa= Ovv=t hrDNt |=yQDt=Q=B R= |}xOQDUo h}] C=QF= w xOW
"CU= xOW |UQQ@ p=}Uwv=v |tQH QUm |vRw <RH w |UOvy |=yQDt=Q=B
xO=iDU= =@ |vwRrL p} wm QO |Q=@H= |}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= 'Q[=L VywSB QO
=Q CrU=v OOa "CU= xOW |UQQ@ ?; sw}v}twr; w ?; Tt Cq=}Uwv=v R=
=@ C=QPwv=v Qw[L QO =Q QDt=Q=B u}= V}=Ri= u=R}t w xOQw; CUO x@ |@ QHD CQwYx@
"s}vm|t |UQQ@ Cw=iDt |=yC_re
p =
"V}=tR; pm}U "1 pmW
} tR; "2
V=
"|vwRrL xrwr "2 pmW
"xO=iDU= OQwt C=QPwv=v |m} R}i X=wN "2 pwOH
O=a@= u}ov=}t OYQO
|SwrwiQwt
xQPwv=v
(nm) C=QP XwrN
|wQm
|wQm
5040
4030
99
99 9
U l} R= u=wD|t p=}Uwv=v s=Q; u=} QH QO |}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= |UQQ@ |=Q@
CtUk 'uRNt '|DQ=QL pO@t 'AtB pt=W pm}U u}= "OQm xO=iDU= 1 pmW V}=tR;
u=} QH x@ AtB R= xO=iDU= =@ pm}U QO p=}Uwv=v "CU= j}kO Q=R@= C=R}yHD w uwtR;
QDtwri l} j} Q] R= xm OwW|t u}}aD R=}v OQwt |@O Q=Okt Q}W ltm =@ w O};|tQO
|Qw;`tH uRNt QO pm}U QO OwHwt p=}Uwv=v "OQm |Q}oxR=Ov= =Q u; Q=Okt u=wD|t
|=tO 'uRNt x@ p=}Uwv=v OwQw R= p@k "O};QO CmQL x@ pm}U QO xQ=@wO =D OwW|t
l} pt=W uwtR; CtUk "s}Qw;|t u}}=B |}xrwrwO pO@t l} R= xO=iDU= =@ =Q u;
|=tO \QW O=H}= |=Q@ "OQ=O u=} QH u; pN=O QO p=}Uwv=v xm CU= |vwRrL |xrwr
|=tO xOvvmsQo w pB wmwtQD R= xO=iDU= =@ xm C@=F =tO ?; uRNt l} R= 'C@=F xQ=w}O
=@ k `wv pB wmwtQD 6 R= u}vJty "CU= xOW xO=iDU= 's}Q=O|t xov C@=F =Q u;
|=tO |Q}oxR=Ov= |=Q@ "CU= xOW xO=iDU= xQ=w}O |=tO |Q}oxR=Ov= |=Q@ 0 1 CkO
xO=iDU= Ov=pYDt =tO Qou=Wv x@ xm PT-100 |=ypB wmwtQD R= R}v p=}Uwv=v lr=@
=Q Q=Wi C=Q}}eD u=wD|t xrwr |=yDv= w =OD@= QO GvUQ=Wi wO ltm =@ "CU= xOW
QO p} wm |UOvy C=YNWt w 2 pmW QO xO=iDU= OQwt p} wm "OQm |Q}oxR=Ov= R}v
"CU= xOW xOQw; 1 pwOH
pm}
t
sw}v}twr;
T
Cq=}U u}= pt=m uwmU R= RwQ wO CWPo R= Oa@ xm |Qw]x@ &O=O u=Wv OwN
s]qD uOw@ q=@ x@ xHwD =@ w OWv xO}O =yu; QO |Qy=_ |v}WvxD xvwoI}y
COt pw] QO 'V}=tR; pm}U QO Cq=}U u}= uDN=Ov= u=} QH x@ R= |W=v
sRq "OW=@ sm C=QP |v}WvxD u=R}t xm CW=O Q=_Dv= u=wD|t =yV}=tR; s=Hv=
=} |L]U p=ai |xO=t xvwoI}y Cq=}Uwv=v u}= |x}yD QO xm CU= QmP x@
xDW=Ov x}=B p=}U |r=kDv= X=wN Q@ |Q}F-=D =D xOWv xi=[= =yu; x@ xOvvmQ=O}=B
"OW=@
p=}Uwv=v |x}yD "1"2
xOW x=Q= 2 pwOH QO xYqN Qw]x@ xO=iDU= OQwt C=QPwv=v |m} R}i X=wN
xvwtv u=wvax@ R}v sw}v}twr; w Tt C=QPwv=v |vwQDmr= |B wmUwQm}t Q}w=YD "CU=
R= |@ wN ,=D@Uv |Q=O}=B xm OW x}yD |}xrLQtlD VwQ x@ xO=iDU= OQwt Cq=}Uwv=v
60
"""Cq=}Uwv=v |Q=@H= |}=Hx@=H |@ QHD |xar=]t
"p} wm |UOvy C=YNWt "1 pwOH
pm pw]
u}ov=}t `=aW
|rN=O Q]k
|HQ=N Q]k
Qy u}@ |xrY=i
(mm) xrwr (mm) p} wm (mm) p} wm (mm) p} wm (mm) xrwr wO
"""w u=}tRtR u}ULQ}t= 'O=@;p=tH l}H=D Oq}t
Nu =
%OQm u=}@ u}vJ =Q CrU=v OOa u=wD|t 4 |xrO=at QO h L |Q=Po}=H =@
1 mC
_ p Tw Tm;o
ln
( 5)
Nu =
%=}
( 6)
pL
Tw
1 Gz ln Tw
Tw
Tm;i
Tm;o
Tm;i
|xQ=w}O |=tO ?}DQDx@ Tm;i w Tm:o 'Tw "CU= RD=Qo Oa@|@ OOa Gz u; QO xm
"CU= p=}Uwv=v |OwQw w |HwQN |=tO 'xrwr
Gz =
mC
_ p
pL
( 7)
pw] L w xS}w |=tQo C 'p=}Uwv=v |DQ=QL C}=Oy k '|tQH |@O m_ '7 |x]@=Q QO
|r=D}H}O QDtwv=t R= xO=iDU= =@ p} wm |HwQN w |OwQw u}@ Q=Wi Ci= "CU= xrwr
"OwW|t x@U=Lt 8 |xrO=at R= l =m]Y= ?} Q[ "CU= xOW |Q}oxR=Ov=
f=
p d
v2 L
( 8)
2
'u}O OOa |vwRrL p} wm |=Q@ "CU= xrwr Q]k d w u=} QH CaQU v u; QO xm
"OwW|t u=}@ u}vJ xm CU= u=} QH `wv |xOvvmu=}@
"|Qw@a |vwQDmr= |B wmUwQm}t Q} wYD "3 pmW
0 5
d=2
De = Re
(9) |Qw@a |vwQDmr= AwmUwQm}t \UwD Q}w=YD u}= "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv 3 pmW QO
Rave
"CU= xOW x}yD u=Q}= |Qw=:vi w |v} Qi;Q=m CmQW =im
"CU= p} wm \UwDt `=aW Rave w xrwr `=aW a 'ROrwv}Q OOa Re
p=}Uwv=v |m} R}i X=wN "3
C=W}=tR; CLY "4
p=}Uwv=v |xS}w |=tQo w |r=oJ "1"3
C=W}=tR; s=Hv= Qw_vtx@ u}vJty w xOW x}yD sDU}U CLY w CkO |UQQ@ |=Q@
%O};|t CUO x@ [21] wJ w l =B |x]@=Q j} Q] R= ,qwtat p=}Uwv=v |r=oJ
|xU}=kt R= "CU= xOW |UQQ@ Q]kt ?; =@ |vwRrL p} wm QO CQ=QL p=kDv= Ov}=Qi 'x}=B
nf = p + (1 )bf
(1)
|vwRrL p} wm CrU=v OOa |xOW x=Q= |xrO=at =@ C=W}=tR; u}= R= pY=L G}=Dv
[
24w23
]
=Q CrU=v OOa Qwrwm w Q}@ wm "OQw; CUO x@ =Q C=W}=tR; CkO u=R}t u=wD|t x}=B p=}U |r=oJ w C=QPwv=v |r=oJ 'C=QPwv=v |tHL OYQO u; QO xm
"OvO=O x=Q= 10 |x]@=Q j@=]t |vwRrL p} wm |=Q@ %OQ=O OwHw hrDNbft |x]@=Q wO Cq=}Uwvp=v |xS}w |=tQo |x@U=Lt |=Q@ "CU=
a
:[21] wJ w l =B |x]@=Q "1
NuT = 1 98 + 1 8
Gz 0 7
(10)
Rave
_ p
Cpnf = Cpp + (1 ) Cpbf
( 2)
u=wD|t =Q hrDNt |=y=tO |=Q@ '( mC
)
R
D=
Q
o
Oa
@
|
@
O
O
a
=
@
Cr
U
=
v
O
O
a
Q=O
wt
v
pL
j@=]D |@ QHD |=yxO=O xm OyO|t u=Wv xrY=L G}=Dv "OQm xOy=Wt 4 pmW QO
:[22] pRDwQ w u=wR |x]@=Q "2
"CU= 10 OwOL QO =]N xv}W}@ w OvQ=O Qwrwm w Q}@ wm pOt =@ |@ wN
s Cpp + (1 ) f Cpbf
Cpnf =
( 3)
w 'VJ}B xU =@ |vwRrL p} wm |=Q@ l =m]Y= ?} Q[ [25w24] Qwrwm w Q}@ wm
nf
[
26
]
w Ov=xOQm |Q}oxR=Ov= =Q VJ}B GvB =@ p} wm |=Q@ l =m]Y= ?} Q[ u=U=w}v} QU
w |vwRrL xrwr pw] QF= u; QO xm OvOQm O=yvW}B =Q 11 |xrO=at 'p} wm |L=Q] |=Q@ QO 'OQ=O |y=oW}=tR; |=yxO=O =@ |QDy@ j@=]D pRDwQ w u=wR |x]@=Q G}=Dv xm =Hv; R=
"CU= xOW xDiQo Q_v QO u; s=o u}vJty "CU= xOW xO=iDU= p=}Uwv=v |xS}w |=tQo |x@U=Lt |=Q@ x]@=Q u}= R= xar=]t u}=
f=
0 62
n02 7
Re0 6
n01 7
b 0 3
a
2
vw L xrwr |xtD=N w `wQW =D <=O@t R= I}B O=OaD ?}DQDx@ n2 w n1 xrO=at u}= QO
w CU= n1 6= 0 =Pr w CU}v <=O@t =} RmQt R= |vwRrL |xrwr `wQW ,qwtat "CU=
| Rr
61
} H @ H CQ=QL p=kDv= ?} Q[ |x@U=Lt "2"3
(11)
|= x=
"s}vm|t xO=iDU= 4 |xrO=at R= CrU=v OOa |x@U=Lt |=Q@
Nu =
hD
k
(4)
"""Cq=}Uwv=v |Q=@H= |}=Hx@=H |@ QHD |xar=]t
"sw}v}twr; ?; p=}Uwv=v |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?}=Q[ C@Uv "6 pmW
"x}=B p=}U |=Q@ [24w23] Qwrwm w Q}@ wm pOt =@ |@ QHD |=yxO=O |xU}=kt "4 pmW
"Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?}=Q[ C@Uv "7 pmW
"Qwrwm w Q}@ wm |xrO=at =@ |@ QHD l =m]Y= ?} Q[ |xU}=kt "5 pmW
}O t }= &Ow@ Ovy=wNv K}LY OOa ,=twRr w Ov=|[Qi |Q}O=kt wO Qy n2 w n1
%OwW|t x@U=Lt u}vJ
Q =k u
n1 =
L
N
2Nb 2
L
N
n2 =
2Nb + 2
vw L xrwr |=yI}B O=OaD N w p} wm |=vLv= `=aW b 'xrwr pm pw] L u; QO xm
500 Re0 6 ab 0 5 20000 w 7 3 ab 15 5 |=Q@ xrO=at u}= "CU=
=@ xOt; CUO x@ |@ QHD |=yxO=O ?wN j@=]D 5 pmW QO "CU= xO=iDU= p@=k
|=tO QO Cw=iDt C_re xU |=Q@ Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa C=Q}}eD "8 pmW "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv =yv; u}@ hqDN= uOw@ lOv= R}v w 'Qwrwm w Q}@ wm |xrO=at
"xHQO 30
| Rr
G}=Dv "5
DQ= L C}=Oy ?} Q[ V}=Ri= sw}v}twr; w Tt p=}Uwv=v OQwtQO "Ow@ |v}@V}B p@=k
=@ xm CW=O xHwD O}=@ xD@r= "OUQ|t OYQO 22 w 26 OwOL x@ Cr=L u} QDy@ QO
|DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[ "1"5
pNrND w |SwrwiQwt '=yu; pmW w xO=iDU= OQwt C=QP xR=Ov= uOw@ l}ORv OwHw
7 w 6 pmW QO R}v xO=iDU= OQwt Cq=}Uwv=v |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[ x@ \w@ Qt G}=Dv
|=yhqDN= QO |Q}F-=D R}v pt=a u}= CU= umtt w CU}v u=Um} ,qt=m C=QP u}= V}=Ri= =@ xm OwW|t xOy=Wt =ypmW u}= QO uOW j}kO =@ "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv
"OW=@ xDW=O xOW O=H}= Q_v QO =@ xm 'Ovm|t =O}B |QDW}@ V}=Ri= Cq=}Uwv=v |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[ =tO
* DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[ V}=Ri= QO |vw=Q@ CmQL Q}F-=D uDiQo
s]qD V}=Ri= R= |W=v |
|}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= "2"5
"CU= x}HwD p@=k lJwm |a}@] |=y|}=Hx@=H w
|RQt \}=QW QO Tt ?; w sw}v}twr; ?; Cq=}Uwv=v |=Q@ C_re V}=Ri= QF= sw}v}twr; ?; p=}Uwv=v R= QDW}@ Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[
OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv 8 pmW QO xHQO 30 xQ=w}O |=tO sw}v}twr; x@ C@Uv Tt QDq=@ |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[ p}rOx@ |OwOL =D Qt= u}= "CU=
| Q
62
"""w u=}tRtR u}ULQ}t= 'O=@;p=tH l}H=D Oq}t
|=tO QO Cw=iDt C_re xU |=Q@ Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa C=Q}}eD "9 pmW
"xHQO 35
QO Cw=iDt C_re xU |=Q@ Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa C=Q}}eD "10 pmW
"xHQO 40 |=tO
"hrDNt |=yC_re QO sw}v}twr; ?; p=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa C@Uv "11 pmW
Q=Okt xm OwW|t xOy=Wt 'CU= 2000 w 1000 ppm |=yC_re |=Q@ ?}DQDx@
C@Uv u}= xHQO 45 |RQt \}=QW |=Q@ xm |Qw]x@ "CU= xOW QDW}@ C@Uv u}=
xm OwW|t xOy=Wt "OUQ|t 1 5 x@ 2000 ppm QO w 1 3 x@ 1000 ppm QO
hqDN= u}= "CU= xHQO 30 |=tO R= QDW}@ xHQO 45 |=tO |=Q@ CrU=v OOa C@Uv
|}x_Lqt p@=k hqDN= xm |Qw]x@ 'OwW|t sy QDRQ=@ 2000 ppm C_re |=Q@
"OQ=O OwHw xHQO 30 w xHQO 45 |=tO QO CrU=v OOa C@Uv u}@ 40 ,=OwOL
C=QP Q@ ,=t}kDUt =tO "Ci=} p=}Uwv=v C_re QO u=wD|t =Q xO}OB u}= Cra =t=
'OW=@ QDW}@ \}Lt QO C=QP u}= O=OaD xJQy "OQ=Po|t Q}F-=D \}Lt QO OwHwt wv=v
|v=OvJQ}F-=D u=} QH |@O V}=Ri= p@=kt QO "OwW|t QDW}@ R}v =tO R= p=}U |Q}PB Q}F-=D
"CU= u=Um} p=}Uwv=v w x}=B p=}U |=Q@ CrU=v OOa Q@ u; QF= w OQ=Ov CrU=v OOa Q@
63
p=}U QO C=QP `tHD V}=Ri= =Q}R O@=}|t V}=Ri= R}v CrU=v OOa 'C_re V}=Ri= =@
|@O =@ CrU=v OOa |rm Qw]x@ "Ovm|t |v=}=W ltm CQ=QL p=kDv= Ov}=Qi V}=Ri= x@
=QJ OQ=O s}kDUt C@Uv CU= u; R= |@U=vt Q}@aD RD=Qo Oa@|@ OOa xm u=} QH
V}=Ri= |SQv= p=kDv= w xv=mD p=kDv= xH}DvQO w 'p=}U |UQv}= |wQ}v u; V}=Ri= =@ xm
?Um |=Q@ |QDW}@ |}=v=wD p=}U xm OwW|t ?@U xQ=w}O |=tO V}=Ri= "O@=}|t
CrU=v OOa V}=Ri= ?Hwt OwN u}= xm 'Ovm =O}B CQ=QL p=kDv= xH}DvQO w CQ=QL
RD=Qo OOa QO 18 7 R= sw}v}twr; ?; p=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa QO p=Ft |=Q@ "OwW|t
"OUQ|t 43 RD=Qo OOa OwOL QO 29 x@ 22
|=tO QO p=}Uwv=v wO Qy |=Q@ CrU=v OOa C=Q}}eD OvwQ 10 w 9 pmW QO
V}=Ri= xm Ci=}QO u=wD|t Kw[wx@ "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv xHQO 40 w 35 xQ=w}O
"CU= QDXNWt |RQt \}=QW Qo}O x@ C@Uv xHQO 45 |=tO |=Q@ CrU=v OOa
"CU= QDW}@ CrU=v OOa Q@ C_re V}=Ri= QF= QDq=@ |=y=tO QO `k=w QO
'Cq=}Uwv=v R= xO=iDU= =@ CrU=v OOa V}=Ri= u=R}t |UQQ@ w K}LY lQO |=Q@
VHvU Q=}at u} QD?U=vt Nunf =Nub x}=B p=}U x@ p=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa C@Uv
500 ppm C_re |=Q@ sw}v}twr; ?; p=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa C@Uv "OUQ|t Q_v x@
QO CrU=v OOa C@Uv C_re u}= |=Q@ "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv hr=11 pmW QO
sw}v}twr; ?; p=}Uwv=v xm Ci=}QO u=wD|t w CU= l}ORv 1 OOa x@ =yxO=O QDW}@
xm G11 w ?11 |=ypmW QO =t= "OQ=Ov |v=OvJ |W}=Ri= Q}F-=D C_re u}= QO
j@
"sw}v}twr; ?; p=}Uwv=v l =m]Y= ?} Q[ "13 pmW
"Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v l =m]Y= ?} Q[ "14 pmW
"hrDNt |=y=tO QO Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa C@Uv "12 pmW
64
"""Cq=}Uwv=v |Q=@H= |}=Hx@=H |@ QHD |xar=]t
} m QO CrU=v OOa uOW |v=Uwv ?@U xrwr QO xOW O=H}= |x} wv=F u=} QH "OwW|t QO Cw=iDt |=yC_re |=Q@ Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa C@Uv Q=Owtv
] "OQm xOy=Wt pmW u}= QO |@ wNx@ u=wD|t =Q xO}OB u}= xm OwW|t |vwRrL C@Uv "OQm xOy=Wt hr=12 pmW QO u=wD|t =Q xHQO 30 xQ=w}O |=tO |RQt \QW
OOa C=v=Uwv Vy=m Ea=@ p=}Uwv=v C_re V}=Ri= xm Ci=} QO u=wD|t G}=Dv u}= |iQ] R= "O@=}|t V}=Ri= C_re V}=Ri= =@ 'OW|t |v}@V}B xm u=vJ 'CrU=v OOa
"OwW|t CrU=v x@ x} wv=F u=} QH QF= Q@ p@k Ovv=ty xm s}DUy CrU=v OOa C@Uv QO |D=v=Uwv Oy=W
"CU= xOt; OwHw
u}@ hqDN= w xHQO 40 |RQt \QW |=Q@ CrU=v OOa C@Uv G12 pmW QO
Q=Wi Ci= "3"5
"CU= QDRQ=@ hrDNt |=yC_re QO =yxO=O
sw}v}twr; ?; |=yp=}Uwv=v |=Q@ l =m]Y= ?} Q[ ?}DQDx@ 14 w 13 |=ypmW QO p}Uv=DB Ovv=wD|t QDW}@ C=QPwv=v 'QDq=@ |=y=tO QO xm CU= u; xO}OB u}= Cra
"OvyO|t u=Wv u}O OOa hrDNt Q}O=kt |=R=x@ hrDNt |=yC_re QO Tt ?; w OOa C@Uv u}@ hqDN= p=Ft |=Q@ "OvyO u=Wv CQ=QL p=kDv= V}=Ri= |=Q@ =Q OwN
w O@=}|t Vy=m l =m]Y= ?} Q[ u}O OOa V}=Ri= =@ xm OwW|t xO}O Kw[w x@ QDW}@ |RQt \QW |=tO V}=Ri= =@ 2000 =} 1000ppm |=yC_re QO CrU=v
"OwW|t l =m]Y= ?} Q[ R}J=v V}=Ri= ?Hwt C_re V}=Ri= 'p@=kt QO
CU= |O=}R Q=Wi Ci= |=Q=O |vwRrL |xrwr xm CU= u}= Qt= u}= |rY= Cra
Q=Wi Ci= u=R}t p@=kt QO =t= Ovm|t QDW}@ =Q Q=Wi Ci= xJQo= C=QPwv=v uOwRi= w
Q=Wi V}=Ri= x@ QHvt x}=B p=}U x@ C=QPwv=v uOwRi= "CU= R}J=v |vwRrL xrwr OwN
"Ovm|t =O}B xt=O= QDq=@ |tQH |=yC_re =@ Cq=}Uwv=v |=Q@ OvwQ u}= w 'OwW|t
uOwRi= =@ xm Cio u=wD|t C=QPwv=v uOwRi= R= |W=v Q=Wi Ci= V}=Ri= x}HwD QO
xm =Hv; R= "O@=}|t V}=Ri= pY=L \wrNt |m}t=v}O |wQu=Qo 'x}=B p=}U x@ C=QPwv=v
x@ C=QPwv=v uOwRi= 'OQ=O s}kDUt |x]@=Q u=} QH |wQu=Qo =@ u=} QH Q=Wi Ci= u=R}t
Ea=@ xm |Qo}O pt=a "OwW|t u=} QH Q=Wi Ci= u=R}t V}=Ri= x@ QHvt x}=B p=}U
QO C=QPwv=v s_vt=v w xDiW; C=mQL 'OwW|t p=}Uwv=v u=} QH Q=Wi Ci= V}=Ri=
w x}=B p=}U u}@ hqDN= 'xOW xO=O u=Wv =ypmW QO xm u=vJ "CU= p=}U pN=O
u}= Cra "OwW|t QDW}@ hqDN= u}= |@O V}=Ri= =@ |rw CU= sm Q=}U@ p=}Uwv=v
p w
"""w u=}tRtR u}ULQ}t= 'O=@;p=tH l}H=D Oq}t
&W/m2 .K |rLt |}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= ?} Q[ %h
&W/m2 .K \UwDt |}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= ?} Q[ %h
&W/m.K |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[ %k
&u=tRDrw@ C@=F %Kb
&m xrwr pw] %L
&kg/s |tQH |@O %m_
&g/mol |rwmrwt sQH %M
&pmW ?} Q[ %n
&wQO=oww; OOa %NA
&CrU=v OOa %Nu
&pDv=QB OOa %Pr
&CrmB OOa %Pe
&ROrwv}Q OOa %Re
&m =yxWwN `=aW %rc
&0 C =tO %T
&RD=Qo OOa %Gz
&xrwr `=aW %a
&|vwRrL p} wm s=o %b
&|vwRrL p} wm `=aW %R
&u}O OOa %De
"C_re %
} B p=}U pN=O QO C=QPwv=v |W=WDe= C=mQL u=R}t 'QDq=@ |@O QO xm CU= u; Qt=
"O@=}|t V}=Ri=
x=
|Q}oxH}Dv "6
Cq=}Uwv=v R= xO=iDU= =@ |vwRrL p} wm QO |}=Hx@=H CQ=QL p=kDv= xSwQB u}= QO
Q@ |@O w C=QPwv=v C_re '=tO Q}_v |rt=wa Q}F-=D w pt=a p=}U u=wvax@ hrDNt
xQ=w}O |=tO |RQt \QW CLD =yV}=tR; "CU= xOW |UQQ@ CQ=QL p=kDv= ?} Q[
?; |=Q@ |@ QHD |=yxO=O |xU}=kt =@ "CU= xOW s=Hv= s=Q; u=} QH s}SQ |=Q@ C@=F
T=U=Q@ "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt =yV}=tR; CLY OwHwt |Q_v |=ypOt =@
%Cio u=wD|t xOt; CUO x@ G}=Dv
sw}v}twr; ?; p=}Uwv=v R= QDW}@ Tt ?; p=}Uwv=v |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[ x@ C@Uv Tt QDq=@ |DQ=QL C}=Oy ?} Q[ p}rOx@ |OwOL=D Qt= u}= "CU=
?} Q[ V}=Ri= sw}v}twr; w Tt p=}Uwv=v OQwtQO "Ow@ |v}@V}B p@=k sw}v}twr;
"OUQ|t OYQO 22 w 26 OwOL x@ Cr=L u} QDy@ QO |DQ=QL C}=Oy
|=Q@ OvwQ u}= w OwW|t Q=Wi Ci= V}=Ri= x@ QHvt x}=B p=}U x@ C=QPwv=v uOwRi= "Ovm|t =O}B xt=O= QDq=@ |tQH |=yC_re =@ xOW xOQ@ Q=m x@ p=}Uwv=v wO Qy
xQ=wty =yv; Q=Okt w O@=}|t V}=Ri= RD=Qo OOa V}=Ri= =@ Cq=}Uwv=v CrU=v OOa "CU= x}=B p=}U CrU=v OOa R= QDW}@
uOW |v=Uwv ?@U O};|t OwHw x@ RmQt R= R} Qo |wQ}v p}rOx@ xm x} wv=F u=} QH QO ?w=vDt Qw]x@ xrwr |xQ=w}O OwW|t ?@U x} wv=F u=} QH "OwW|t CrU=v OOa
|=Q@ |OwQw |x}L=v QO C=v=Uwv xH}DvQO w OQ}o Q=Qk sQo w OQU u=} QH ZQat
=yT} wvQ}R
"OwW Oy=Wt CrU=v OOa
&x}=B p=}U %b; bf
&QFw-t %eff
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sqa CUQyi
&|HwQN %out
&W/kg.K xS}w |}=tQo C}iQ_ %Cp
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