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I
PRE F A CE
t h e 2 7 th o f S e p t e m be r l a st t h e m e l an c h o l y i n t e ll i g e n c e w as
r e c e i v e d i n C h a rlest on
o f t h e d e a t h o f o ur d i st i n g u i s h e d an d l a
m e n t e d f e ll o w c i t i z e n t h e H o n ROB E R T Y H A Y N E
H e d ie d a t
A s hv i ll e N o rt h C a r o l i n a a f e w d a y s p re v i o u sl y o f a f e v er w h i c h
h e h a d c o n tr a ct e d w h i lst o n a j o u r n e y t o t h a t p l a c e w h i t h er h e h ad
g o n e t o a tte nd a C o n v e n t i o n o f t h e L o u i s v i lle C i n c i n na t i an d
C h a rl e st o n Ra i l Road C o m p any o f w h i c h h e w as t h e Pres i d e n t
As s o o n a s t h e f a ct o f h i s d e m i s e w as a u t h e n t i c a ll y a sc e rtai n e d
t h e C i t y C o u n c i l o f C h a rl e st o n was s p e c i a ll y c o n v e n e d f o r t h e p u r
p o s e o f p ay i ng t o h i s m e m o r y a n a pp r o p r i a te tr ib u te O f res p ect
Th a t Bo d y m e t a cc o r d i n gl y o n t h e d a y f o ll o w i n g (t h e 2 8 t h ) w h e n
t h e f o ll o w i n g p r o ce e d i n gs t o o k p l a c e :
S PE C I A L ME E TING o r T H E C I TY C O U N C IL
S t r d y 1 o l ck P M S ept 2 8 t h 1 8 4 0
Pres e n t —t h e May o r Al derme n RI PL Y S E Y MO UR M D O NAL D PA T
RI C K P A T T O N S IMO N S L AN C E K I N LO H HU N T E R
T he May o r stated that h e had con e ned C ou ncil f the p u rp o s e of
c om m u n i cat i ng the melanch oly i nte llige n ce of the death f the H on
ROB R T Y H AYN E a n d wi th a V ie w to some s itable acti o n on the part
o f C o u nc i l respecting an e ent so tr u ly mo u rn f l in Itsel f and so u stl y
J
regarded as a p ublic cal m i ty by all o u r people T he May o r then a d
d resse d Co u n c il ih relat i o n t o the em i nent p u bl i c ser vi ces and p u re and
ex al ted character of the decease d d well i ng partic u larly on the great and
i rreparable l o ss wh i c h th i s comm u n i ty has s u stained i n the s u dde n and
un expected death of so able so p u bl i c spir i ted so excellent a m a — her
m o st dist i ng uished and f av o r i te son
Al derma n S Y MO UR then Off ered the f ollo w i ng resol u t i ons wh i ch h a ing
b ee n sec o nded by Al derma n L AN
w ere u na imo u sly adopte d :
recei ed W it h the deepest sor
l t Res ol ed T hat the C ity C o u nc il h
R s
Y
row t h e mela n ch o l y i ntell i gence o f the de ath o f the H o n
ON
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H AYN E
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T h at j u stl y regardi g th i s lamentable e v e n t as a Se v ere
d
p ublic c lam i ty no t on ly t o the c i ty f Charlest o n b u t to the S tate
t h Un i o n and holding as they d o the p ubl i c ser i ces and pr i a t e char c
ter f the deceased i n the m o st grate f ul and respect f ul estimation the y
d es ire t o h o n o r his memory i n some manner that may most s u itably ex
p ress t h e i r h i g h a p p rec i ati on f h wo rth and t h eir f ig d s o rr o w f
2d
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P RE F A C E
.
T h at f t h i s p u rpo se a n d f t h e f u rt h er pu rp o se f un i
ting W ith the wh o le comm u nity i n a p u blic expressi o n f the general and
p r o f o u nd grie f which per ades it
acco u nt f t h is s u dden and ffl t
dispensation the Mayor be req u ested to con ene the c i t i ens VV d
day next at 1 2 M at the C ity Hall and t o s u bmit to the m i n beh l f f
C o u nc il a preamble a n d res ol u t i ons adapted to the mo u rn f ul o cca i o n f
the i r meet i ng
4 t h R ol d T hat am o ng the resol u t i o ns t o be o ff ered t o the meeting
b y the May o r he be req u ested to s u bmit to them the propriety f e ecti ng
s ui ta ble mo n u ment i n the ce n tre f the C ity S q u are t the memory f
t h e dece sed
T he f oll o wi ng res ol u t i o n w the n off ered by A lderman S IMO N wh i c h
h v i n g bee n seconded by A lderma n P A
O N w als o u na n i m o sl y
3d
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adop t ed V z :
R ol d T hat as a f u t her test i mony f respect f t h e mem o ry of
the late G eneral ROB R T Y H AYN E and as a mani f estat i o n Of the i r deep
reg ret f r h i s loss the Mayor and A lderme n W ill wear crape o n the le ft
a rm f
the space f thirty days
Co c d the n adj o u rned
J O H N R RO G E RS Cle r k Co c il
In c o m p l i n ce w i t h t h e t h i r d O f t h e f o reg o i n g Re s o l u t i o n s t h e
C it i z e n s w er e c o n v e n e d b y t h e M a yo r at t h e C i t v H all o n t h e 2 d
o f O ct o b er 1 8 39 w h e n a v er y n u mer o u s a n d res p ecta b le a ssem
b l a g e atte nd e d w h i c h w a o rgan i ze d b y the ap p o i n tm e n t o f t h e
H o n H E N R Y D EA S a s t h e Ch a i rma n a n d R \V S E Y MO U R a s
t h e S ecreta r y o f t h e meet i n g T h e o bj ect o f t h e meet i n g h a v i n g
be e n b r i e fly b u t e m p h at i c a ll y st a t e d b y t h e C h a i r t h e M a y o r t h e n
add ress e d t h e a ssem b l y o n t h e m o u rn f u l s u bj e ct w h i c h h ad c au se d
h im t o c o n en e t h em a f t e r w h i c h h e s u b m itte d a Pream b le e x h i
b i li ng a sketc h O f t h e li f e a n d c h r cter a n d p u b l i c se r i ce s o f t h e
d ecease d t o get h er w i t h a series f Res o l u t i on s ll O f w h i c h w e r e
ad o p te d w i t h t h e m o st ma rke d d e m o n str a t i o n s o f p u b li c s y m p at h y
a n d s orro w T h e Resol u tions a l l u d e d to w er e t o t h e f o ll o w i n g
e ff e ct V !
l t R l ed T hat w the it zens f C harleston deeply deplore the
death f
b l ed and disting u hed f ello w itizen the Hon RO E RT
Y H AYN to d iom w were attached by e ery f eeling f aff ect i on an d
e v ery pri pl f grat i t u de
2d R ol d T hat j u stly and candidly apprec i ating his n u merou s a n d
i mportant p u blic r c e : h i s ard e nt patriot i m and enlightened ze l : h i s
manly f e r id and pre ailing el oq u ence : his mat u red exper i e nce and
bold yet pr dent t
his high sense f honor and p u re and i fl i
b le i ntegrity his noble libe rality and u n wearied de ot i o to e ery se f l
and patr i otic u nder t k i ng we regard his decea e as a calamity t o the
c i ty f C harlest o n the S tate o f S ou t h Car o li n a a nd t h e Un i on at large
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P RE F A C E
.
T h at i n test i m o n y f
gratit u de and ad m i r a t i on f the
character and ser i ces f the dece sed t h chairman f th i s meet i g be
a u th o rized to pp m t a co m mittee f t w t y fi citizens wh o se Office i t
s hall be to select a s u itable person to deli er an E u logi u m on h i m a nd
wh sha ll not i f y the p u blic f the time f i ts deli ery and make all
3d
Resolved
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arrangements i n relation to the same
4 t h Re o l d T hat i n f u rther testimony f
r adm i rat i o n and grat i
t u de f the character and ser i ces Of the deceased we d o cordial ly c on
c u r t the s u ggestion f t h Hon o rable the City Co u ncil that a m on u ment
be erected to h memory i n the centre Of the C ity S q u are a n d that t h e
C i ty C o u nc il be and they are hereby a u thorized and req u ested to erect t h e
same i n the name f the C ity Of C harlest o n and the N eck ; and t h at
e ery C it zen Of t h i s c i ty o r Of this S tate w h m y des i re to co n trib u te
to the same be requ ested t o transm i t his contrib u tion t o the Ci ty T re a
s u rer
5 t h R ol d T hat th i s meet i g s i ncerely sympath i ze W ith the a ffli cted
f am ly and relati es f the deceased in the se ere berea ement they ha v e
bee n called to s u stain and that t h chai rman be req u ested t o transm i t a
copy f these proceedings t o h i s respected relict wi th a n ex p ress i on o f
the n f e i gned cond olence of th i s whole comm u nity
Under the thi rd resol u tion the f llowm g ge n tleme n were app o i nte d b y
t h e cha irman a committee to select an orator
H o n J acob Axson Hon T homas B ennett Hon F ranc i s D ! u as h
K er B oyce S am u el Wragg Charles Ed mo d t J oh n A S t u art M I
K eith J ohn H u ger R W S eym o u r T ristam T u pper D r E d ward W
N orth C harles M Fu rman J F M t mg J o hn S h ie le Henry A
W illiam A iken Henry W P o e
e
D eS
Ri chard Y ead on
Alexander M D ald J oh n Magrath J N C ard o z o S am u el B u rger
Ju
D r T homas Y S i m o ns W B Prin gle
O rdered that the chairma n f the meet i ng and the m o v er o f t h e res o
l u tions be added t O the comm i ttee f t wenty n e a n d that the cha irma n
f that committee
o f the meeting act as chairman
A f e w d a y s a f ter t h e i r a p p o i n tme n t t h e C o m m i tte e o f T w e n t y
F i v e met a t t h e C ity H all a n d selecte d t h e H on GE O RGE M D UF F IE
t o d el i v er t h e E u l o g i u m T h i s a ppo mt m e t h a v m g b ee n a cce p te d
b y M r M D UF F IE t h e 2 3d o f N o v em b er 1 8 39 w a s a t first d e t e r
m i n e d o n f o r t h e d el i er y o f t h e E i logium b u t t o cc o mm od ate t h e
o rat o r wh o w a s u n a b le t o v i s i t t h e C it y at t h at t i me t h e d ay was
s u b se q u e n tl y c h an ge d t o t h e 1 3t h o f Fe b r u a r y 1 8 4 0
O n t h e 8 t h o f O ct o b er 1 8 39 (t h e first meet i n g o f C o u n c i l a f
t e r t h e meet i n g o f t h e c i t i ze n s ) t h e f o ll o w i n g p r o cee d i n gs t o o k
p l a ce :
C I T Y C OU N IL T U E S D AY O ct 8 t h 1 839
T he May o r rep o rted t o Co u c il t h e pro ceedi n gs o f t h e p ubl i c meet i n g
o f C itize n s on t h e 2d m et
i n r e lati on t o t h e d eat h of t h e Hon ROB E R T Y
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P RE F A C E
vi
H A Y N E i n connect i o n wi th
.
hic h he o ff ered the f o llowi ng res ol u t i on s f or
t h e cons i deration f the Co ned
:
Whereas the it zens at their meeting the 2d i nst i n relat i on t o t h e
lame nted death o f the Hon ROB R T Y H AYN E ad o p t ed am on g o t h ers
the f ollow i ng resol u t i o n vi
Re ol ed T hat i f u rther testimony Of o ur adm i rat i o n and grat it u d e f or
t h e character and s ces f the deceased we c o rd i ally c o nc u r i n the s ug
gest i on f the Honorable the C ity Co u ncil that a mon u ment be erecte d
to h i s memory i n the centre f the C ity Sq u are d that the C ity Co nc il
be and they are hereby a uthorized and req u ested to erect the same i n th e
name f the C ity f C harleston and the N eck and that 8 ery it i ze n o f
this ity
f t h is S tate w h may des e to contrib u te t the s ame b e
req u ested to transmit h i s c o ntrib u tion to the C ity T reas u rer
B e i t t h r f r R o l ed by the City C o nned — l t T hat a m o n um e n t
shall be erected to the me mory f the Hon ROB R T Y H AYN E i n th e
centre f the C ity Sq u are
2d Re ol ed T hat a Special Committee t o c o nsist f t hr ee A lderme n
a n d three gentlemen selected f ro m amongst the C itizens be ppom t e d t o
pr o c u re plans and estimates and to s u per ntend the exec u ti o n f th wo rk ;
and that o ne h u ndred dollars be gi v e n f r the pla that may be appr o v ed b y
C o u ncil
3d Re ol d T hat Ward C o mmittees O f f o u r each be ppom t e d t o
c oll ect contrib u tions f the mo u men t the i r respecti e wards and that
they pay o er the am o u nts respec t i ely collected by them t o the C i ty
T reas u rer
4 t h Re o l ed Tl t t h e C ity T reas u rer be and he is hereby requir e d
t o recei e deposit and keep a separate acc o u n t f ll m on ies tra n s mi tte d
o r paid o er to him on acco u nt of the mon u me nt f u nd
5 t h R l cd T hat the B u ildi ng C o m mittee do report t o C oun c d the
plans and estimates they may obtain i n order that Co u ncil m y determ in e
the plan to be adopt ed and the am m t to be appropriated f the erecti on
f the same
6t h R so l d T hat the itizens f t h N eck be respect f ully i n i ted t o
appoint a committee to collect contrib u tions f o the mo n u m ent f un d a nd
tr nsmi t them to the C ity T rea su rer
T he resol u tions ere conc u rr ed i n
Under the second resol u tion the f ll wm g J oint C o mm ittee was a p
p o i nted by the M ayor :
O n the part f C
d — A lderme n M D n ld S ey mo u r
d S im on s
O n the part f t l e itizens — K e r B oyce C has F r s er and \V m P F n ley
Under the third resol u tion (r elating to the collection f c o ntrib u t i o ns )
t e l by the M ayor
the f ll w g Ward Committee s w
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pp
J ames C hapm Isaac S B a ley
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T F arr Capers M I Ke i t h
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W d N 3 — W K lt wood Henry S Te w B Lam i e a u J C
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PRE
F A CE
vn
.
Wa r d N O 4 —D a n i el H orlb cck T h o mas 0 Ell i o tt D aniel C L e vy
E L K erris on
It m ay h e r e b e r e m a rk e d t h a t t h ou g h t h e J o i n t C o mm i ttee in
r e l a t i o n t o t h e e rect i o n o f a m o nu m en t h a v e r e cei v e d se v eral v e r y
a p p r op r i a t e an d t a ste f u l p l an s n o d e fi n i t e st e p s h a v e y et b ee n t a k e n
f o r t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h e w o rk i n c on s e q u e n c e o f t h e extra o r d i n a r y
e c u n i a r y d i ffic u lt i e s o f t h e t i mes wh ic h h a v e O p p o se d a n a l m o st
p
ins u rm ou n t a b l e o b st a cl e t o t h e c o llect i o n o f t h e a m o u n t o f c o n t ribu
tio n s n e c e ss a r y t o t h a t Obj e ct
A b o u t t e n d a y s b e f o re t h e t i m e ap p o i n te d f o r t h e d el i v er y o f t h e
Eul o g i u m i t h a v i n g b e c o m e n e c e ss a r y t h a t a ll t h e a rr an g e m e n t s
n it e lv m ad e t h e M a yo r (i n t h e
c o n n e ct e d t h er e w i t h s h o u l d b e d e fi
a bs e n c e o f Mr D E A S f r o m t h e c i t y ,) c o n v e n e d t h e C o m m i tt e e o f
T we n t y Five , o f w h o se p r o c e e d i n gs u p o n t h a t o cc a s i o n t h e f o l
lo w i n g C o p y i s s u bj o i n e d
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I TY HA LL MO N D AY FE 3 1 84 0
A t a meet i n g of the c o mm i tte e Of t we n ty fi v e (app o in ted by the c i t i
ze ns t o select an O rat o r t o del i er a n E u l ogi u m p o n the character f the
la t e G e n H A Y N E ) h eld th is day at the C ity H all the H o H L PIN K
N EY May o r was req u ested t o act as chairman i n the abse n ce o f the H on
H E N R Y D E A S and W ILLI A M B PR I N GL E E q was pp m t e d secret a ry
T he cha i rma n laid be f ore the meeting a series of resol ut i o ns wh i c h
h a vi n g been ame n ded b y the fill i ng of the blanks a n d the a pp m t m e nt of
b
S ub c o mm i ttees were un a n i m ous ly a dop ted b y t h e mee t i ng as wa als o
a res o l u t i o n o ff ered by Mr B O Y E
T he res o l u t i o ns all u ded t o are as f ollow vi :
W hereas t h e del i ery o f a Eulog i u m upo n t h e late G e n eral H AY N E
b y th e H on G E OR GE M D U r r IE i s t o t ake place on T h u sday the 1 3th
i n st a n d the t i me h as a rr i e d whe n all the arrangem en ts c onn ected there
wi t h sh o uld b e de fin i tely made
1 The f or e be i t Re s ol d T hat i n th e Op i n i o n Of th i s c o mm i ttee i t
is p r o per that a c iV i c a n d m ilitary pr o cess i o n be f ormed o the occasi o n
f or th e p ur p o se of pay in g i n that manner a n appropriate tr i b u te t o the
mem o ry of th e decease d and of exh biti n g the exalted est mat i o n i n
whi c h his ch aracter a n d servi ces are h eld as well i n the milit a ry as i n t h e
c i vi c sta t i on s which h e o cc u p i ed
2 Re o l ed T hat f or the p u rp o se of f o rm i ng a C i i c pro cess i o n t h e
Rev t h e C lergy of all de no m in ati o ns the H o n the J u dges and members
o f t h e B ar members o f the S tate L eg i slat u re
o ff i cers f the S tate the
H on the C ty Coun c il and C t y O fficers the Pres i dent D irect o rs an d
O fficers o f the C harleston Lo
dl and C i nc i nnati and C harlest o n an d
H amb u g R il Road c o mp a n i es ll the S ocieties f the ity and the neck
all F o reign o fficers O ff i cers o f the U S Army and N a vy Re ol u t i ona y
Ofl
i ce l S t h e Clt e n s ge n erally Of t h e C ity an d the neck a n d ll s u ch it i
ze n s of t h e S t a t e as may be w i t h in t h e City be an d t h ey ar e h e reby re
pec
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PRE
F A CE
.
ly im t e d t o atte n d a n d u n i te f or the Obj ect ab o v e me n ti on e d a t t h e
t im e and place des i gnated i n an o ther resol u tion
3 Re o l ed T hat f r the p u rpose f f m m g a mili ta ry in c on nect i o n
wi th a CI I pr o cession o n the occas i on abo e mentioned th s comm i ttee d o
respect f ully req u est B rigad er G eneral E W A R S t o order t ll that po
t i on f the 4 t h B ri gade w hich i s composed f if m corps and t o h old i t
in readiness to nite W ith the i i c part f the process i o n at the time a n d
p lace des i gnated i n a n other resol u tion
4 R ol d T hat the c i i c a n d m litary process i on be o rga n ized at t h e
E ast B ay B attery a n d be p u t i n m o tion by the M arshals f the day at the
h o u r f ele v en A M p rec i sely T h u rsday the 1 3th i t
5 Re l ed T hat C l JA M E S L YNA
Maj or A G M R T H C l
T O M A S D C O N D Y Ho n JA M S S B T \V I I M B RI S B AN
d
T H O M A S C ORB TT J
be and they are hereby pp m t d Marshals o f
the day W ith f ull po wer to arrange and reg ulate the pr o cess i o n d that
they be req u ested as soon as they shall ha e prepared the order of ar
rangements to p u blish the same in t he da ly p pers f the gener l inf
mati on f the C it i zens and that the p c e m may be readily f ormed wi th
o t con f u s i on o r delay
6 R l d T hat i n the Opin i o n f th i s committee it is d e
b lc t h at
the u se f the Ci rc u lar C h u rch be Obta i ned f the deli ery f the E u l o
g iu m said ch u rch be i ng not o nly centrally s i t u ated b u t capable Of afiord
i g m u ch larger accommodati on s than any other to the itizens a n d t hat
Messrs PI N C N Y P RO
be appo i nted a S b c o m
U and PR N
m i t t e e to apply f
the e f t he sa i d ch u rch u pon this occasion
7 Re l d T hat i n He e ent f the said S b c mm nt e Obtai ni ng t h e
u se f the C irc u lar C h u rch f r the d e h y f the E u logi u m the s a i d
S b com mittee be i nstr u cted t o req u est the Pastor f the said ch u rch t o
per f orm d
ser ice on the o ccasion accompanied by appropr i ate sacred
and that said comm itt ee do make ll necessary arra gements as
m i
regards the h u rch f the deli very f t h E u logi u m by G en M D UPPIE
S IMO N S and E M N T N be p
8 Re o l d T hat M essrs B O Y
p o i nted S u b committee to wai t u pon G en M D U E
his arri al i n
the C ity and to acq u aint him With the arrangements made by th s c o m
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T hat the S b c ommittee the ch u rch be req u ested to t
apart the galler i es f the l
accommodation O f the ladies d th a t
th i s arra geme nt be i ncl u de d the p u blicati o n by the M shals f the
Reso lved
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Res o lt ed
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T hat t h May r be req u ested t o det il a s ui table p o rt i on
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the C ity G u ard on the day of t l pr o cession to preser e order a n d de
co u m and to per f orm any d u ti es that may be a signed them f r that pur
pose by the M arshals l the day
1 1 R l d T hat i n the opi nion f t h committee mea u res sho uld s oon
d that there
be t ke n f the e rection f a mon u ment t G en ll Y
f ore they do respect f u lly req u est the \V ard C ommittees pp m t e d by the
M y o r to c o llect c on tri b u t i on s to pro c e e d t o c o llect t h e m in t h e ir re s pe c
of
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P RE F A C E
ix
.
t iv e W ar ds on the d ays i mmed i ately s u cceed i ng th e d el iv e ry of t h e E u l o
giu m
1 2 R ol d T hat the C it i zens Of the c i ty and the neck h e respect f u lly
req u ested to set apart Th r d y t h 1 3t h i t as a solemn and sacred da y
o n w h i ch al l classes
f o u r people may u nite i n a tr i b u te f respect t o t h e
memory f S o u th Car ol i na s disti n g ui shed and lamented
ROB E R T Y
H AYN E and that on that day the B anks and all o ther corporations be r e
q u ested t s uspend the i r b m e and that all places Of b u s i ness o am u e
i
ment be closed on that le m and melanch oly o ccas i on
O rdered T hat the f orego i ng res ol u ti o ns be p u blished i all the da ily
papers of the City
H L P IN CK NEY Ch i r ma n
WILLI AM B PRI N GL E S ecret a y
A f e w d ay s a f ter t h e f o reg o i n g p r o cee d i n gs b y t h e C o mm i tte e o f
T we n t y F i v e t h e Ma rs h als o f t h e d ay h a v i n g m ad e a ll n e cessar y
a rr an geme n ts p u b l i s h ed f o r ge n e ral i n f o rmat i o n t h e f o ll o wi n g
O RD E R O F P RO C ES S IO N
T he Marshal app o inted by the com m i ttee o f c i t i ze n s a u t h or i ze d t o
make arrangements f t h e E l g m o the late H o n ROB E R T Y H AYN E
T H UR S D AY the 1 3th i n st respect f ully in f o rm the c i t i zens th at t h e f ol
o
l owi n g wi ll be the o rder of the c i i c and m i l i ta ry pr o cess i on
A M arsh l
Escort f C a al y
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M ilitary Escort
A M arshal
Fi re C ompan ies f t h Ci ty and Neck
O fficers f th M il i tia
B ri gad er General and Staff
C i ti ens g enerally
S O CIET IES IN TH E F O LLO WING O RD ER
A M arshal
St A ndre w s Soc iety
A M a shal
So u th C arolina Soci ety
St Geor g s Soc i ety
C harleston Library Soc i ety
M e d ical Soci ty
F ello wsh p Society
German F r i endly Socie ty
M echani c s So ie ty
H ebre w Bene olent Soc i ety
Hebrew O rp han Soc i t y
H i b rnian So i ty
C ha leston M ar i n Soci ty
N w E n g land Soc i ety
St Patri ck s B ene ol nt Soci ety
Typog raph i cal Soci ety
F r nch B ene ol nt Society
So u th Caroli na M echanic s A m t
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P RE F A C E
.
M ethodi st B ene olent Soci eties
Literary and Philosophi c l Society
v
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a
Mu S IC
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.
A M arshal
F oreig n C ons u ls
A M rshal
Re ol u tionary O fficers
A M arshal
O fficers f h A rmy d Na y f th Un i t d Stat s
Th M mb rs f h B ar
J u d g s f the United States S t
m d C ity C o u rts
Th R er nd the C l rgy f all d nom i nat on
The O ffic rs f t h Rail Road C ompan i s
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L C and C d S C C and R R
Co m pan i es
C omm i tte
f A rran gements
M mbers f the tat L g islat u re
Go ernor f the State il t h President f the Senate and Sp aker f
t h Ho u se
Th Relat i s f t h l te R Y H AYN
W ith th
T he H G M D
M ayor f t h C ity and the Hon H RY
D A C ha rm n f t h C ommi tte
C ity C o u nc i l W it h t h O fficers f the C i ty
A M arshal
T h e f ollowm g re gu lati on s W ll be obser ed
1 T he mil itary esco t W ill be mo ed at 1 0 o clock A M f r o m the
bri ga d e parade gro nd do wn M eeti ng street and take post on the S o u th
B ay B attery—right resting on the Ea t B ay B attery and f aced t o the
N orth
2 T he I I S oc i eties are req u ested to rep o rt themsel es to the Mar
shals be f ore hal f past te n O clock A M and W ill be a ranged in the order
i n w hich they are named
the S o u th B ay B atte ry bet ween Ki ng an d
Meet i n g streets —right resting on Meeting street f ac ed to the N o rth
3 T he F ire C ompanies W ill be arranged according to the dates f the ir
charters i n Meeting street Right resting the So u th B ay B attery
4 T he other parts f the p oc
m
and ll wh W ill comp se the
same are req u ested to asse mble o n the So u th B ay B attery on the N o rth
pa eme nt bet ween K ng and Me e t g t e t
5 T he p c
m
when f ormed W ill mo e l on g the E ast B ay B attery
the n co u nter march and mo e u p t o Meet g st eet thence p Meet i ng
street to the C irc u lar C h u ch
0 A s soon
the p
arri es at the h u rch it will be h lte d a n d
Opened to the right and le ft t m g in wa rds and ad ance f rom t rea
7 T he ceremonies i n the ch urch W i ll onsist
f a Pra y er by the Re v
D r PO S Pastor f the h u rch
A nthe m by the hoir th e E ulogy by
G en M D UP and concl u de wi th appropriate m
8 T he g alleries are reserv ed e c l
the ac omm odat i o n f the
ly f
ladies and no person
pt l d i e s W ill be dmitted to the ch u rch be f o re
the p
m enters
0 T h e f ollo wing ge n tl emen h a v e bee n ppo m t e d A ss i ta n t Ma rs h als
o f th e
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RE F A C E
P
xi
.
by t h e M y or and t h e C omm i ttee o f C i t i zens : Maj or T L W E BB D r A
G H O W A R D J M W A L ER R N G O UR IN an d W H I N GL E S Y
a
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,
Es qture s
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J A ME S L YN A ,
A G MA G RA
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D c N D Y,
S R
TT
W s B R S B A N E,
J
O RB E
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.
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Ma r sha ls
.
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S i m u l t a n eo u sl y w i t h t h e a b o v e p u b l i cat i o by t h e Mars h al s t h e
Ma y or also i ss u ed t h e f ollo w i ng Proclamat i on w h i h w v e r y g
lly o b ser v e d b y t h c i t i en s o n t h d y on w h ic h t h e E u log i u m
w
del i v ere d
E F 6 1 84 0
MA O R O
W h ereas t h C omm i ttee f C i t i zens wh were pp o i nte d b y a pub l i c
meet i g to select O rato r t d e l i v er an Eulog iu m up on t h c h aracter
f t h e l a te G eneral H A
E h a v e e p resse d d es i re th a t on th e d y on
w h i c h th e E u log iu m i s t o b e p rono u ce d b y G e n M D U
ll p l aces f
bu s i ness or am u sement i n t h e C i t y s h o u l d b e c l ose d N w t h ere f ore i n
com pl i ance W i t h th e d es i re f sa i d comm i ttee a n d i n a ccor d ce W i t h t h e
t a pa rt Th r d y t h e 1 3t h i nstan t
p u b l i c f ee li ng genera l l y I do h ere b y
as a d y d ed i cate d to t h e ceremon i es wh i c h h a v e b e e d i rected t o b e p er
h onor f t h m m
f o u r d t g m h d an d l a mente d f el l ow
f orme d
c i t i zen RO E RT Y H AYNE an d I d o h ereby recommen d an d sol i c i t t h a t
on th a t d y ll t h e B a n k s d o t h er p l a ces f b u s i ness an d ll places f
m u semen t ma y b c l ose d i n or d er t h t ll o u r c i t i ze ns ma y u n i te i a t i
b u te f res p ect to th e memor y f t h d ecease d an d p art i c ip ate
the
procee d i ngs f t h so l emn an d me l anc h ol y occ s i on f w h i c h t h a t d y i
t a p art
t hy s
G i v en u n d er m y h an d an d th e seal f t l c i t y t h i 6t h d y f F b y A
D 1 84 0 an d i th e 64 t h y ear f A mer i can In d e p en d en ce
H L PI N C K N E Y M y
By th e Ma y or
J O N R RO G E R S C l r k f Co c i l
G en eral M D U
a rr i v ed i n C h rlesto n o n T u es d a y t h e l l t l
H otel w h ere h e
o f Fe b r u a r y an d t o o k lo d g i ngs a t t h e C l
l t
wa w a i te d u pon by t h e H on H E N R Y D EAS C h a i rman f t h e C o m
f T w ty F
an d a C o mm i ttee f C o u n c i l ap po i n ted f r
m it t
th
Ma r an d A lde r m e n L A N E a n d
t h a t p u rpose con s i st i n g
S EY MO U R
I n re f e re n ce t o G e n M D U
an d t h e p rope r b
ser v an ce f t h e d a y p p o i n te d f t h e del i v e r y f t h e E u l og iu m
t h e f ollo w i n g Resol u t i on s w e re adopted by t h e C o u n c i l :
C IT Y C O UN C I F 1 0 1 84 0
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com m i t t ee f C it i zens a pp o i te d b y a p bh meet i ng
t selec t an O rator t d e l i v er an E l g m p on t h e l ate G en H AYNE t h a t
t h e C o u nc i l an d C i t y O fficer s h o u l d a tten d t h e d el i v e ry f t h e E ulog i um
on T h u rs d a y ne t
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H AYN E b y t h e Hon GEOR G E M D U
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1 3t h 1 84 0
T UR A
Present — T h e Ma y or A l d e rmen L A N E S EY MO U R K N O
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t h e pu r p ose f s ub m i t t i ng t o t h em t h e p ro p r i et y f req u est i ng t h e H on
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T h at t h e comm i ttee app o i n te d t o wa i t on th e Hon GEOR G E
M DU
on h a rr i va l i n t h e C i t y b e d i recte d to req u est t h e man us c ri p t
pu bl i c a t i on an d t h at t he m h
f h i s E u l o g y p rono u nce d t h i s d a y f
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P
RE F A C E
XV
.
scrip t f t h e Eulo gy and t ru st i ng t h at y o u W i l l g rat i fy t h C o u nc i l
t h comm u n i t y by p erm i tt i ng it pub li cat i on w rema i n d ear S i
Yo u r o b e d i en t S er v n ts
H L PIN CK NE Y M y r Sp ci l C m m it t
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I h v e j u s t rece iv e d y o u r note date d th e 1 5 th i nstan t req u est ing f
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W h ils t I re g re t th a t f rom t h c i rc u mstances nder
G eneral H AY
b o t h prepare d d de l i v ere d it came f s h ort f m y w
w h i c h it w
est i mate f wh at w req ui re d b y t h e occas i on I ne v ert h e less f eel t h a t
I h a v e no o p t i on b t t o com p l y wi t h y o u r re qu est T h e man u scri pt i
t h ere f ore p lace d t y o u r d i spos l
I am gent l emen
Yo u r o b ed i en t S er v an t
G E O RG E M D UFFIE
Un a v o id a b l e C i r c u ms t an ce s h a v e n ecessar i l y dela y ed t h e p u b l i
b t w e ll kno w i ng t h e earn es t an d ge n e
c at i on o f t h e E ulog y
f t h e c i t i en s to pe r u se i t e v e r y e ff or t w
l des i re
mad e
by t h e c omm i ttee t o grat i f y t h i s des i re as speed i l y a s poss i b le At
t h e same t i me it w t h o u g h t proper t o p re fi x to t h e E u log y t h
f orego i n g a cco u n t f t h e p rocee d i ngs f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l
d f
t h e c i t i en s i rela t i on to t h e deat h o f Gen e ra l H YN E f
the p u r
p ose f p reser v i n g i co n n ect i on wit h t h e E u l og y a n a u t h en t ic
h i stor y f al l t h a t w d on e by t h e comm u n i t y f C h a rlesto n t
h on or t h e m emor y f a m a n w h om w h i ls t l i v i ng t h e y regarde d
as t h e i r b r i g h test or ame n t an d w h ose fi n al dep ar t u re f ro m a mon gs t
t h em t h e y w i l l n e v e r ce ase to d e pl ore
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h e sita ted a h e art th at n e ve r qu a iled a n d a her o i c
r esol ut ion th at n e ve r f altere d
S too d b y h i s co u t ry s glo y f ast
A d na ile d h
colors t o t h mast
S u ch W h il e l iving were th e h igh a nd u n dispu te d titl es
to t he c on fid en ce an d gr ati
o f RO B E RT Y H A Y NE
t ude o f h is n ati ve State a n d t o th e r esp e ct a n d a d
m ira t io n o f th e wh ol e Un i on
B u t n o w th e light o f
th at W is do m i s e xtingu ishe d f or e v er i n o ur c ou n cil s ;
th e l o f ty strai n s o f th at e loqu e n ce a re h us h e d i n ev e r
l ast i n g silen ce an d h is p atri ot sp iri t h as gon e to m i n
gl e with th e k ind red spi r i ts o f o ur re v ol ution ary f ath
e r s i n thos e m an si on s o f r est w h ere th e s t o rmy te m
p e sts o f hi s e arthly pilgri m age w ill b e h e ard n o m o r e
C ut O ff i n th e f ul l vi gor o f h is f a c ul ti es a n d i n t h e full
c aree r o f h is u se f ul ness by a d esti ny as u nti mely f o r
h i s c ou ntry a s i t is a f f l ictin g to h is f amily a nd h is
f ri ends it only r e m ai ns f o r u s to r en de r th e l as t s o
l e m u h on ors a n d th e l ast s a d trib ute o f f ri endship
a ff e cti o n a n d gratit ud e t o t h e m e mory o f o ur disti n
T
o
m
e
h
as
u is h e d an d l a mente d fel l ow c itiz e n
g
b e e n assigne d th e m ou rn f ul b ut grati f yi n g p ar t o f
p r e s entin g a f ai th f ul del in e ati on o f h is l i f e a n d c h ar
a cte r wh i ch s h all testi f y t o p oste rity ou r exa lte d e sti
m ate o f hi s worth an d wh i c h may s erv e t o a n i m at e
th e p atri o ti c str u ggles of f utu re ge ne rati o n s i n defen ce
o f thei r rights a nd l iberties b y t h e ill u stri o u s exa mpl e
A n d i f th e i nti
it will h ol d u p f o r th ei r ad mi ration
m ate an d c on f i denti al rel ation s wh i c h h av e s ubsiste d
b etwe e n u s w ith ou t a mom entary b re ach f o r n e a rl y
t wen ty y e ars d uring w hich w e we re v a ri ou sly ass o
m ay b e s up p o s e d t o
c i a t e d i n t h e p ubli c servi ce
qu al i f y m e i n any d egree f o r t h e task I m ay h ope t h a t
I shall n ot b e enti rely u ns u cc es s f ul i n p e r fo rming this
,
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19
l ast m el a n ch o l y o ff i ce o f a ff e cti o n a n d d uty t o t h e
s h ad e o f my l os t and l am e nte d fri end
F oll o w m e t h e n m y f riends while I t ak e a b ri e f
r e v ie w o f h i s e arly li fe a nd o f h i s rap id an d b ril li a n t
c ar e e r at th e ba r i n th e L egisl atu re o f th e State i n
th e S en ate o f t h e Un ite d States a n d as t h e C h ie f
M agistr ate o f S o uth C arol in a d u rin g a m ost p e r ilou s
a n d e vent f ul p eri o d i n h e r history
H e wa s b orn th e n a t h is p atern al m an si o n i n th e
p a r i s h o f St Pau l s o n t he l ot h d ay o f N o v e m b er
i n t h e ye ar
an d t h e gre ate r p orti o n o f h i s j u
v e n ile d ays wer e sp en t amidst th e C h ar ms o f r u ral
s ce n e ry t o w h i c h h is mi n d was al ways p e c uli arly s us
c e pt ib le
Her e h e wa s h ab itu ate d to th os e m anl y
sp o rts an d inv i goratin g Exer cises t o whi ch h e att ach
e d th e u tm ost i mp ortan c e in trai ning u p h i s s on s b e
li e vin g t h at h e was h imsel f i n n o s m all degre e in
d e b te d t o th em f o r s om e o f thos e strik ing tr ai ts o f
ch ar acter b y wh ic h h e w as d istingu is h e d i n a f te r l i f e
T h ere s eem s to b e a gen eral con cu rr enc e o f o p i n i o n
a m on g all h is e arly associ ates a t s c h o ol th at h e d i d
n ot e xhib it wh e n s ixte e n years o f a ge an y m ark e d
i n di cati o n s o f th at i ntelle ctual su p eri ority ov e r h is
f el lo ws wh i c h c o ul d h av e warr a nte d t h e anti ci p ati o n
o f th e h igh distin ction h e deservedly attai ne d s o s oo n
a fter w ards B u t th er e i s an equ ally gen eral c o n c u r
r e n c e o f op ini on am on g all wh o we r e f am il iarl y a o
u a in t e d with h i m at th at e arly age th at h e e ve n the n
q
e xh ibite d th os e h igh m o ral traits of C h ar acter whi ch
m o r e th an a n y n atur al e ndowm e nts o f m ere i ntell e ct
lea d t o th e h igh est attai n ments o f h u m an gre atn ess
It woul d i n de e d s e e m f r o m s om e o f h is pri v ate letter s
wri tte n i n h is s e ve n t e e t h year t h a t st i mul ate d by a
h igh m o ral p u rp os e h e h ad set u p i n h is o wn m in d a
s t a n d a r d o f i n t e lle ctu al attai n m e n t a n d m o r a l e xc e l
,
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20
l e n c e t o wh i c h li e resolve d to re ach an d wh ich b e
c am e i n s om e s ort a g uiding st ar t o d irect and in vig
o rate h is footste ps i n th e toi ls om e p ath o f disti n ction
W h ethe r thi s sta n dard wa s draw n fro m s o m e l ivi ng
m od e l of high t ale nts a n d exal te d worth f ro m s o m e
historic al exam pl e o r f ro m s o m e i de a ] c omb i natio n
f orm ed f ro m b oth th es e sou rces i t f or cib ly s u ggests
t o u s a r e f le cti on f ull o f en co ur age m e n t a n d h o p e to
s u c h o f th e ris ing ge ne rati on as d espi sing i gn o b le
c as e a n d in gl ori o u s obscu rity ge n erou sly asp ire t o
tr u e gre atn ess I b el iev e th a t n o y o ut h o f o rdin ary
i ntelle ctu al en d owm ents wh o th u s fi xed i n e arly l i f e
the stand ard o f h is o wn attain me n t s a nd e xe rte d
h im sel f with b ec om ing resol uti o n an d p ers everan c e
t o rea c h it e ve r f a iled t o att ai n t o a v ery high dis
t in ction I a s c on f i den tly b el iev e o n th e oth er ha nd
th at n o on e e ve r b e ca m e e m ine ntly distingu ish e d in
an y o f th e gre at a nd u se f ul d epartm ent s o f h u m a n
a ff airs wh o h ad n o t b e f ore hi m i n t h e i n cip ie n t s ta
ges o f h i s m oral a n d i ntellectu al dev el op e me nt s om e
s u ch stand ard o f e xcellen ce t o d ire ct h i s asp irations
a nd sti m ul ate h i s exertion s It i s a wis e disp ens a
t ion o f Pro viden c e th at i n all thos e u s e f u l arts an d
s ci e nces wh ich contrib ute to t h e s ubstanti al happ i
n ess O f t h e h u m an race b y i mprov in g th e i r m oral
a nd p ol itic al c ondition t h e w ill and t h e m oral a t t ri
b u te s o f m en i n comp a rably m o re th an any in t e lle c
t u al e nd owm ents fi x an d assign t h e r an k t h ey are t o
h ol d a m on g th e di stinguishe d be n e f acto rs an d o rn a
m e n ts o f th ei r ki nd
H o w m any th ou sands o f i ntelle cts n atu rally e qu al
to th at o f W A s n i NG T o x h av e s un k i nto i nglori ou s o h
livio n f o r t h e wa nt o f this h igh m o ral p owe r t o sti
m ul o te an d d i re ct the m ! I t may b e alm o s t s aid th at
w ithin c e r t a in li mits w id e e n o u gh t o grati f y th e
,
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21
high e st aspi ration s o f v i rtu o u s amb itio n m e n a re
th e a ut h ors o f th eir o wn destinies and th at t h ei r o wn
will i s th e m e as u re o f t h ei r attain m en ts T h is b ri e f
s pe c ulation W i ll s ca rcely b e co n sidere d a d igress ion
wh e n we re f l ect th at it i s s o strik ingl y i ll u str ate d b y
th e li f e an d char a cte r o f ou r l am ented f ell o w c itize n
A f te r fin is h ing h i s cl assi c al stud i e s h e appli e d
h im sel f f o r s om e ti m e t o a co u rs e o f re ad in g p ri n
c ipa lly m oral a n d h i stori c al p rep aratory to th e s tud y
o f h is p ro f essi on
It wa s i n t h is interv al th at h e in
f orm e d o n e O f hi s t h e n r e cent s ch ool f ell ows t h a t h e
h ad f orm e d a nd l a id d own f o r th e gov ern m en t o f h is
con d u ct certain r ul es d rawn p rin ci p ally f ro m eth i c al
wri te rs wh i c h h e c ons ide re d i t his d u ty t o obs erv e
th rou gh l i f e I n th e s am e c onv ers ati on th e di ff eren t
system s o f m oral p hil osoph y hav in g b een b ro ugh t
i nt o dis c u ss ion h e expr ess ed hi s ve ry de ci de d o p i
n i on
th at any syste m o f m orals not f ou nde d u p o n
C h risti anity m u st b e radi cally de f e ctiv e b ot h i n its
requisi ti on s an d its s a n ction s Inde e d th ere i s ab u n
d ant eviden ce draw n f ro m hi s conv ers ati ons an d wr i
tin gs t h a t f ro m a v ery e arly p eriod o f hi s l i f e a s e n s e
o f t h e obligati on s o f reli gio n wa s s up e rad d e d to a
d eep s ens e o f th e m o ral o bl igati o n o f all h i s v ari o u s
d u ti es
W ith hi s m i nd th u s p repare d an d i mp ressed b e
c omm en ce d th e study o f t h e l aw i n th e o f fi ce o f o ur
distin g uish ed f ellow citizen J u dge C H E V E s th e excel
len ce o f w hos e m oral ch aracter an d th e h igh p o w
ers o f wh os e i ntell ect constantly ex h ib ite d b e f or e
h is p upil c a n n o t b u t h av e con t rib ute d i n n o s m al l d e
gr e e t o d ev el op e t h e hi gh qu al iti e s h e s o o n a f te r
w e i ds d ispl ayed H e p as s e d hi s ex ami n ati on fo r
a d m iss io n t o p ra cti c e l aw b e f ore h e w as t we nty o n e
y e a r s O f age ; and J udge C H E V E S h av in g b e e n W ith
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d rawn f ro m t h e b a r by h is d uti es i n C on gress trans
f erre d t o hi m h i s i m m en s e b u si n ess wit h thi s m em o
rab le advi c e give n i n reply t o a n exp ress ion o f d iffi
d e n c c a nd o f a s en s e o f h i s r es pons ibi l ity
My
”
yo u n g f ri end i i e vc r d istru s t you rsel f
T hu s e n con
raged an d s ust ain e d n o d o ubt by t h e c ons ci o us ne ss
o f h is
o wn p o we rs
h e a ss u me d t h e resp on sibl e
c h arge a n d d estitu te o f exp eri en c e a s h e wa s c om
m e n c e d a t o n ce a c are er o f s u ccess f ul p ra cti ce an d
v ery s oon ra nk ed with th e fi rst m em bers o f th e
C h arl esto n b ar d is t in g uis li e d a s i t then wa s by th e
h igh tal en ts t h at ad o rn e d i t
Hi s f oren s i c el oqu e n c e
p oss esse d o n e str i kin g p e c uli arity whi c h w ill n o
d o u b t b e re c olle cte d by e very o n e wh o h ad th e pl e a
s u re o f h e arin g h i m T h e re wa s a p ersp i c u ity a n d
l u ci d an al y s is i n t h e s tatem en t o f h is c as e s o skil f ul
ly exh ib iti ng th e f acts th at h e h a d g e n e r a llv pr o d u
c e d c onv icti on or a dispos ition t o b e c o nvi n c e d
be
fore h e h ad e ve n c omm en ce d h is argu m ent T h is
w it h hi s hi gh c h ara cter f o r in tegrity an d c an dor as
a p ra ctiti on e r gave h im a gre a t an d m e rite d ia flu
e n ce ove r t h e m inds o f j u ri e s an d re nde re d h i m o n e
o f th e m os t s u c cess f ul me mb ers o f h i s p ro f ess i on
In a c ity Wh ere h igh tal ents d ire c te d to vir tu ou s e nds
a r e n ev e r p erm itte d to rem ai n l on g wi th o ut th e i r a p
by
th
e
e
ro ria t e rew ard h e w as soon s u m mon ed
g
p p
n eral v oic e o f h is f ellow c itiz ens to r ep res en t th e m
i n th e L egislatu re o f the St ate H e e nte re d th is bod y
w h e n h e w as o nly twenty t h re e ye ars o f a ge a n d ve
ry s o on d iscl os ed th ose p ec ul ia r p owers o f cl e ar p er
c e t io n a nd s ol id argume nt c o mbi ned with th at p ro
p
o f e n u n ci ati on
l
angu
age
distin
ctn
ess
an
d
r ie t
f
o
y
p
ge ne ral f el ici ty and pers ua s iv e n e s s o f m an ne r wh ic h
rend e re d h i m s o c llc c t ivc a s a p a rl i am e ntary sp eak e r
a n d c a u s e d h i m v ery s oo n t o b e cl ass ed a m o n g i ts
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23
m o st d is tingu is he d m e mb ers
He wa s e qu ally t e
m a r k a b l e f o r th os e le s s d azzling b u t m ore u s e f ul tal
e n ts w hi c h qu al ified h i m f o r the p ra cti c al b usi n ess o f
l e gisl ation — exhib i ti ng a c omb in ati on w h i ch ! h av e
s eld o m m e t with i n a n e qu al degre e i n th e c ou rs e o f
m y l egi sl ativ e exp e rien ce an d wi th ou t w h i ch t h e m os t
c o m m an din g p owe rs o f e lo qu en c e s e rve r at h e r t o il
l ustrat e th e o rat o r th a n t o b en efit h i s c o u ntry H e
w as e mph ati cal ly a b us i n ess m an an d a s th e h e ad o f
h e h ad f e w e qu al s i n th e l ab orio u s in
a c o m mi tte e
d us t ry an d excelle nt system wh i c h e n abl e d h i m t o
dig e st a nd p rep are me as u res f o r th e H ou se with pro m p
t it u d e an d a cc u ra cy o r i n th e j u d i ci ou s s ele cti on o f
t o p ics an d cle arn ess o f exp os itio n W h ich en able d h i m
t o carry th e m thr o ugh i t
T h ese hi gh q u al ific ati on s
gav e h i m a co mm and in g in fl uen c e i n th e H ou s e wh i ch
s o y o u n g a m a n h a d s eld o m b e f ore exerc i se d
He h ad se rv e d b u t t w o ter ms i n t h e Legi sl atu re
w h e n as I h app e n to k n ow most u n exp e ctedly to
h im sel f h e was el e cte d p resid ing O f f i cer o f th at b ody
In c onn exi o n w it h h i s ass um ing th e resp on sibl e d u
ti e s o f th i s app oi ntm ent I c a n n o t r esi st th e t e m pt a
ti o n to r el ate an an e cd ote strikingly ill ustrativ e o f th e
r e s o l uti o n an d p ers ev eran c e whi c h n eve r d e serted
b u t alway s s u stain e d h i m
It h appen e d t h a t h e h a d n eve r lo ok e d i nto a b o ok
o f p a r l iam en tary r ules an d h e f el t t h a t h e k n e w a l
A ccord ing t o th e u s u al
m o st nothi ng o n th e s ubj e ct
p racti ce o f l egi sl ativ e b od ies th e h ou s e adj ou rn e d
ov er w ith o u t d oin g an y b u si ness t h e fi rst day ex cep t
t o c o mpl ete its organ ization
H e b orrowe d f r o m a
frien d a copy o f J e ff ers o n s M an u al wh i ch h e th e n
o p en e d f o r th e first ti me r etire d t o h is r oom res o lv ed
t o m aster its c onten ts b e f ore h e slep t an d d i d n o t
cl o s e h i s ey e s th at n ight T hu s m u c h I l e arn fr o m a
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24
'
wo rth y f ri end to wh o m he c o mm u n i ca te d i t i n a n n u
r e serve d c on ve rsa ti on ma ny ye ars a f ter th e eve nt
wh il e u rgi n g hi m t o assu m e a resp ons ibl e tru st and
t o i ll ustrate t h i s re m ark abl e o pin io n by wh ic h h e o n
f orc e d h i s a dvi ce — I h a ve al ways f ou n d that oo d
g
s e ns e an d a
rm
m
os e with com p eten t gen e ral e d u
fi p p
c ati on q i i a lif y a m a n f o r any thin g
W h at f ollows
I state f ro m my o wn p erson al kn owled ge He t o ok
t h e ch a i r n e x t day a s thor ou ghly qu ali fied f o r th e dis
c h arge o f i ts d uties a s any presiding o ffi ce r I h av e
e v e r k nown
I nde e d I rem e mb er t o h av e b e en str u c k
at th e ti m e with th e un li e s it a t in g pr o mp titude an d
a cc u r a cy wit h wh ich h e d e s pa t c li e d th e b u si ness b e
f ore th e H ou se ; and d uri ng t h e w h ol e ti me h e re m ain
e d in th e ch ai r I d o n o t re memb er a singl e i nstan c e
i n wh i c h hi s d e ci sion wa s reve rsed or e v e n an app e al
t ake n f r om i t His m ann e r o f p resid in g c o mb ini ng
s u av ity d ignity fi rmness a nd sel f p o ssessi on c o m
m a n d e d t h e u n ivers al respe ct o f t h e H ou se a n d gav e
h i m a wei gh t o f a uthority an d p ower o f p res erv i ng
order wh ic h I h ave r arel y observe d i n any o the r pr e
s idin g o f fi ce r
Prev i ou s to t h e expirati on o f th e t e r m f o r wh ic h
h e wa s c ho s e n sp eake r h e was ele cte d by t h e Legis
la t ure A ttorney G e neral o f t h e State an d c onti n u e d
i n th is o ff i ce u nti l h e was el ecte d i n
to rep t e
s en t th e State i n t h e Se n ate o f t h e Un ite d S tate s
H e wa s el ev ate d to t his h ig h stati on at a v ery i nte r
e stin g p eri od i n t h e h istory o f ou r f ederal rel ation s
w h e n i t wa s de eme d hig h ly i mp orta nt to pla c e t h e
v e ry fi rs t tal e nts o f t h e St ate i n t h e f e de r al c o u ncil s
t o m ai nta i n a n d v indi cate t hos e gre at a n d p e c ulia r
i nte rests o f t h e S outhern St ate s w h ic h a re in s e par a
b ly c onn e c t ed wi t h a n n i i s li a c k lc d c o mm e r ce wit h
f ore ign n at ions agai nst t hat u nj ust a nd f atal s y st e m
,
,
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“
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'
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-
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26
‘
C h airma n o f th e C o m mitte e o n N aval A ff a irs an d
p er f or m ed th e v ari o u s and respons ibl e d u ties o f th e
stati o n wi th s uch u n i f orm i ndustry z e al an d ab ili ty
as t o s e cur e th e u n iversal c o nfiden ce o f th e Sen ate
a nd th e ge n eral e st ee m an d ad m irati o n o f th e o f fi
cers o f the N av y I bel ieve n o c hai rm a n th at eve r
pres ide d ove r a comm itte e i n C o n gress d is ch arge d
h is d uties with more h a b itu al pr o mp titud e pres e nte d
m e as u res t o th e hou s e i n a m o re p erfe ct state o f p re
a ra t io n or ca m e m o r e fully p r e p are d to s upp o rt an d
p
d e f e n d th em
O n e o f th e m axims of th at s y ste m i n b u si nes s b y
wh i c h h e a ccomplis he d s o m u ch with s o l ittl e e mb ar
—
n
m
e
t
a m axim as i mp ortant i n cou ncil as in th e
a
s
s
r
”
—
fie ld w as
n e ver t o p o stp on e ti ll t o m orr ow
No
c on f use d p iles o f n egl e cte d d o cu ments —n o su c h a n
n oy in g m on u m e n ts o f pr o crastin ating i nd o l en c e
w e re f o u nd u p o n hi s ta b l e H e w as al ways prep are d
T h e e nc o miu m p assed u p on h i m by o ur distingu is he d
f ell o w c itizen wh o th e n preside d o v e r th e S en ate
wo uld l do ub t n o t b e r atifie d b y th e ge neral con
c urren ce o f th at b ody — I h av e o f te n s a id wh ile I
p resided i n the Senate th at h e was th e b est C h ai r
m a n o f a C o mm i tte e I e ver s aw i n a ny delib e rati v e
b o dy !
S o c o mplete was h is maste ry o f o ur w hol e syste m
o f N aval de f en ces a nd so signal h is d ispl ay o f p ra e
tical adm in istrative talents that i t b eca me a v ery
gen e ral wis h a m ong the o fficers o f th e N av y a nd o f
othe rs wh o f elt a strong i nterest i n i ts wel f are th at h e
s ho ul d b e pl a ce d a t the he ad o f the N aval D ep a rt
m e nt
1 n ow prop os e t o speak o f h is m ore p ubl i c e x h ib i
ti o ns o f talen t i n th e Sen ate a s a p arl i a me ntary spe ak
e r M akin g it a m atte r o f c o n scie nti o u s d uty t o
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27
i n v e stigat e th o r o ughl y e v e r y questi o n o f i mp o rta n c e
u p o n wh i ch h e m ight b e called upo n to v ote h e s e l
d o m f ail ed t o b e ar a c o nsp icu o u s p art i n th e dis cus
s i o n o f s uc h que stions an d o ne c an not b ut b e str uck
i n reviewin g th e congressi o n al deb ates with th e m i
n u t e n e s s o f h i s in f o rmati o n o n every s ubj ect h e dis
cu ss es an d th e u ni f orm ab ility with whi c h h e main
tain s hi s op ini ons He exh ib its th e p e cul iar an d
rar e e xcellen ce as a p ubl i c sp e aker fo unde d up o n
go o d sens e an d good taste o f n ever risi ng ab o ve or
f allin g b el ow hi s s ubj e ct s ayin g j u st en ou gh an d n o
m ore and j us t a s i t o u ght to b e s aid
I c an not e ve n m ak e a p assin g all u si o n to h is v ari
o us sp e e ches o n th e n u mero u s and i mp ortan t sub
c t s b rough t b e f ore th e S e n ate wh il e h e w as a m e m
e
j
b er o f th at b o dy B ut h is m e m o ry an d h i s f a m e ar e
s o clos ely and i nsep ara b l y i dentifie d wi th t he opp o
s iti o u m ade t o th e p r o te ctin g syste m b y h i msel f i n
C o ngress and b y South C a rolin a i n th e ch ar acte r o f
a sov e reign p arty t o th e federal c o mp a ct
th at I
s h o u ld v i olate th e m o st sacred obl igati o n s o f f rien d
s hip and o f d uty i f I did n ot exhibi t with al l th e fi
d e lit y o f h istory th e p art h e acted o n th at m e m ora
b l e qu esti on i n C o n gress i n the State C onve ntion
an d fin ally as t h e C h ie f M agistrat e o f th e S tate
In e very stage o f its progress i n t h e f ederal l egis
la t ur e h e wa s th e abl e vi gilant e l oquen t an d u nc o m
p r o m isi ng op pon en t o f th at sys tem Wh e n t h e tari ff
o f 1 8 2 4 ca me b e f ore th e Se n ate h e m ade o n e o f h i s
e arli est an d m o st s u ccess f ul e ff o rts a s a deb ater in
t h at b ody i n opp osition to it exh ibiti n g at th e s am e
ti m e a compreh ens iv e k n o wl edge o f th e tr u e p r i n ci
ples o f p oliti cal e conom y an d a t h o rou gh an d m i
n ute k n o wl edge o f f a ct s a n d d e tails wh i c h e n a b le d
h im t o d e mo n strate ho w gr o ssly th o s e p r i n cipl e s wer e
,
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28
v i o l ate d by th at m e a s u r e H e r e pl i e d I thi n k m o st
t ri u mph antl y to th e sp e e ch m ad e b y M r C L AY i n th e
H o us e o f R ep resentat ives d uri n g t he s am e sessi o n
exp osi ng th e sh all ow pl au sibil ities an d o vertu rnin g
th e l u mb eri n g p il es o f m isappli e d statistics u p o n
wh ic h t he g re a t a ut h o r o f th at syst e m o f inj u st ic e
e rror and del usion h ad b e e n obliged t o r e st it I n
that sp ee c h h e distin ctly denie d t h e consti tuti o n al
p o we r o f C on gress to impos e d uti es u p o n i mp o r t s ,
f o r t h e p u rp o s e o f protecting d o m esti c m an u f actu res
—
b ein g a m on g th e firs t if n ot th e v er y firs t w h o h a d
e ve r tak e n th at gr o u n d i n C o ngress Hi s e ff o r ts in
Opp os ition t o th e tari ff of 1 8 2 8 — th e f atal c on s um
m atio n o f th at cli m ax o f u n equ al a n d o ppr e ssiv e
m e asu res wh i ch thre aten e d ab s ol u te d est r u cti o n t o
th e great agri cul tu ral i nte r ests o f th e exp o rti n g
States were i n a ll r espects equ al to th e m om e n t o u s
o cca s ion Eve r at h is p ost an d o n all o ccasi o n s
p repa re d t o m eet a nd to dr iv e b ack th e str o n ges t
ch a mpi on s o f this m am m ot h o f i nj u sti c e a n d o p
”
p ression as h e m ost appr opri ately styl e d it h e di d
e v ery th ing th at h u m a n re as oni ng a n d hu m a n e l o
ue
n
co
ul
d
do
to
s
av
e
th
e
rights
a
n
d
i
nterests
e
e
o
f
q
S o uth C arol in a an d th e other pl a ntin g St ates fr o m
thi s crown in g m e asu r e o f le g is la t ive d e sp o tism But
wh at c oul d h u m a n reas on an d h u m a n e l o qu e n c e
av ail a gains t a pre determ in e d an d i nfatu ated m aj o
r ity c omp os e d o f v a riou s i nterests b o u n d t o geth e r
b y a m erce nary le agu e to pl u nder th e exp orting S tat e s
th rou g h the p erv e rte d fo rm s o f f e d e
o f th e Un ion
r al l egisl ati o n ! T h ese w e re n o w e ap o n s t o us e i n
s u ch a contest a s th e cou rs e o f events t oo s oo n a n d
t oo f atally dem onstrated A c c o rdingly thi s o di o u s
an d opp ress i ve m eas ure passed thr o ugh a ll th e s e
le m n m o cke ry o f legisl ativ e f o r m s ; a n d i n t h e n a m e
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29
and by th e au th ority o f a gov e rn m e nt cl ai mi n g t o b e
”
p atern al on e th ird o f th e an n u al i n com e w hi c h
S o uth C arol in a de riv e d f ro m t h e exp ort o f h e r gr e a t
s tapl es wa s c onfisc ated f o r t h e u s e o f t he n orthe r n
m an u f a ctu rers T h e ann al s o f l egisl ati o n f urn is h n o
p arallel e xampl e o f ou tr age u p o n e v e ry p ri n ci pl e of
f re edom con se crate d by th e s a crifi ces an d th e b l o o d
o f o u r commo n an cestors i n t h e R ev ol uti o n a n d up
o n e very gu arante e f o r t h e enj oyme nt o f th at fr e e
d o m p rov ide d by th e wi sd om o f th os e wh o for m e d
th e com p a ct o f o ur f ed eral u n ion T h e fl am e o f
p o p ul ar in dign ati on a n d ex ci te ment b urs t fo rt h s i
m ult an e o us ly i n ev ery p l an tin g State wi th irr e pre s s i
le v iol en ce a n d this m e as u re was u n iversall y d e
n o un c e d by th e p e ople i n th e i r pri m ary as s e m b li e s ,
W ith ou t distin cti on o f p ar ty as un con stituti o n al nu
s d id
u
st
an
d
oppr
essi
v
e
I
n
n
on
e
of
th
es
e
Stat
e
j
this flam e o f i n dign a nt fe el in g b u rn w ith s o gr e a t ia
t e n sity a s i n S outh C arol in a ; and t h e mi n d o f e v e ry
r efle ctin g ci tizen wa s n atu r ally l e d t o th e i n qu i ry ,
wh ethe r th er e wa s any r e m e dy in t h e r es erv e d s o v e
b y wh ich th e p rogr e ss o f thi s
r e ig n t y o f th e S tate
in s ufle r a b le ev il c o ul d b e arrested W i th ou t res o rti n g
t o t h e l ast p ain f ul r e m edy o f withd rawi n g f r o m t h e
con f ederacy B u t as o n e r ay o f h op e y e t r e m a i n e d
t h at o n th e extin gu is h me nt o f th e p ubl i c d e b t a n
e v e n t th e n r api dly appro a ch in g C ongres s w o ul d b e
c onstrai n e d by t he p u bli c v o ice t o r el i ev e u s f r o m o ur
Oppress iv e b u rth e ns th e p e opl e o f S o ut h C a r o l i n a ,
a ctu ate d by a l o n g ch eris hed a n d d isin t e r e s t e d a t
t a c h m e n t to th e U ni on
d e termi ne d t o a cqu i e s c e in
t h e w r ongs th ey s u ff ered u nti l th at l as t h o p e s h o u l d
b e e xti n gu ish ed
In th e y e a r 1 8 32 th e p aym e n t o f th e p u b l i c d e b t
h av i n g b e e n n e arly c o m p l e t e d all p a r ti e s i n C o n g r e ss
“
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30
c o ul d n o t b u t p erce iv e th e n e c e s s it v o f a very g r e a t
r ed u ctio n o f t h e d uties u p on i mp orts if f o r n o o th e r
p u rp os e t o p rev en t th e a cc u m ul ati on o f a l arge s ur
p l u s rev en u e wh ic h a ll a ck n owl edged t o b e a v ery
gre at e vil a n d th e al m ost ce rtai n s o u rc e o f c orru p
tion i n s u c h a p oli ti c al syst e m a s ou rs In orde r t o
a nti cipate any m ove m ent f o r a gen e ra l red uctio n o f
d ut ie s Mr C L A Y e arly i n J an u ar y o f t h at y e ar i n tro
d uc e d a res ol uti on i n th e S en ate d e cl arin g th e e x pe
d ie n c y o f r ep eal ing f orthwith t h e d uti es u p on all a r
t ic le s i mp orte d f ro m f orei gn c ou ntri es whi c h d id n o t
c om e i n c omp etiti on wi t h d o m esti c m an u f a ctu res
l e aving th e e n orm o u s d uti es o f th e p ro hi bitory s y s
te m e ntirely u n tou ch e d ; a nd th u s th rowin g t h e wh ol e
b u rth e n o f f ede ral taxatio n u p on th e f orei gn ex
chan ges o f th e pl anting States w h il e th e m a n u f a c
t u rin g St ate s d isti nctly a ck n owl edged by th e al mos t
t h at e v e r y
u n an im o u s v o rc e o f th eir rep res entativ es
d u t y wh i ch w oul d rem ai n o n th e statu te b o ok was a
b o un ty t o th e m i nstead o f a b u rt he n O u r la m en t
e d f ri end al ways to o m u c h o n th e al ert t o b e s urpri
s e d by any d isgu ised m ovemen t a gai ns t th e i nte rests
o f h i s c on stitu e nts with th at re adi n es s a nd pro m p
t it u d e f o r whi ch h e was re m ark abl e i m medi ately ex
p osed th e tru e ch ara cte r o f M r C L A v s r esol uti o n
d e clarin g th at i t wo uld a ggrav ate t he e vils o f th e
p r o te ctin g syste m in crease its i nequ al ity a n d rive t
its ch ai ns u p o n h is c onstitu ents f orev e r H e warn
e d th e S e n ate in th e m ost s ol em n and i mp ress iv e
m an n e r o f th e d angers by wh i c h i t wa s s u rrou nded ,
an d de cl ared th at in th e pre sen ce o f t hat a ugust
b ody an d b e f ore hi s G od it wa s his d e ep conv iction
th at th e con s equ e n ces to grow o ut o f th e adj ustmen t
o f th at gre at qu e stion i nv ol ve d t h e f utu re d es tini es
”
H e o ff ere d a n a m e n d m e nt to the
o f thi s c o u ntry
,
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,
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’
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,
3|
‘
of
a ll th e
M r C L A Y t o th e c fle c t t ha t
e xistin g d u t i e s u pon a rti cl es i mp orte d f ro m f oreig n
c ou ntri es h e s o red u ced th at th e am o un t o f th e p ub
l i c re ven u e sh oul d b e s u f fi ci en t t o de f ra y th e e xpe n
a f te r th e extin gu is h m e nt o f
s e s o f th e govern m ent
the p ubl ic debt ; an d t h at allowin g a r eas on abl e ti nie
for th e gradu al redu ction o f th e p r ese n t h i gh d ut i e s
o n articles com in g i n c ompetit ion w it h si m il a r arti
cl es mad e o r p ro du ce d withi n t h e Un ite d States th e
d utie s sh al l b e ultim ately equ al ized s o th a t th e d u t y
o n n o article sh ould a s compare d wit h th e v al u e o f
th at arti cle v ary m ate ri ally f rom th e gen eral av er
”
It i s to b e re mark ed th at this p ri n cipl e o f
age
grad u al re d u ctio n w as den ou n ced b y M r C L AY a s
sl ow p ois on l eadin g t o th e in evita b l e destr u cti o n o f
th e m an u f a ctu rin g i nter est th o ugh i t s ubs e qu entl y
f o rm e d th e b asi s o f th e c ompromis e wh i ch h e h ad
an activ e agen cy i n p rodu ci n g O u r i ll ustriou s f e l
l o w citizen r egard ing this d ecl aration a s cl osi ng t h e
o
f
ates
h
op
e
h
i
s
l
on
g
fl
i
c
o
nstit
u
e
nts
de
n
o
n
s
u
e
i
g
g
l i vered o n e o f t h e b e s t s u staine d a rgu m e nts an d
m ad e o n e o f t h e m ost f erv id an d el oqu en t a pp e als t o
th e s eal e d e ars of o ur opp ressors th at I ev e r h ear d
i n any d elib erati v e a ss embly H e exp os ed i n th e
m ost u n an swer ab l e m an n er th e gross in equ ali ty o f
th e existin g tari ff ; s h owin g th at i t h ad p rod u ce d th e
m ost bl ighti ng i nfl u en ce up on th e p rosp er i t y o f S o u t h
C arol in a and th e oth er pl antin g States a nd th at i t
h ad p r o v e d to th e W este rn State s a m os t s ui cid al
p ol icy cu tting th e m o fl f rom their b est an d o nly c u s
He
t o m e r s by r ed u cin g th e v al u e o f th ei r s tapl es
d es crib ed i n th e m os t gl owing l an gu age of in d ig
n an t p atri otism th e m e l an c holy m e mori al s o f des o
l ation an d p rem atu re de c ay i t had p ro du ce d i n S out h
C a r oli na d e str o ying th e fl o ur ish i n g c o m m e r c e w hic h
r esolu tio n
.
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32
the e nterprize o f the mercha n ts o f
this c ity a nd c om p elling o ur pl an te rs t o gather u p
t h e f ragme nts o f the ir ru in e d f ort un es an d desertin g
t h e m ansions and th e tomb s o f th e i r an cestors t o
fl y t o th e w ilds o f th e s ou th w est i n th e h op e o f m i
t ig a t in g th e b u rth e n s o f a n opp res siv e system wh ic h
”
t h e y c o ul d n o t h e p e to e s cap e
S ir s aid h e
wh en w e l oo k a t o u r f e rtil e fiel ds a nd c ons ide r t h e
en
i
al
cli
m
ate
wit
h
whi
ch
h
as
bl
ess
ed
t
h
e
S
o
ut
h
G
d
o
g
wh e n w e con te mpl ate th e r are f el icity o f o ur po
s it io n as th e p rod u cers o f a n arti cle wh i ch u nd er
a
s y s t e m of f re e trade would c o mm an d t he m arkets o f
th e w o rl d — i s i t n o t e n ou gh to fill o ur h e a rts al m o st
t o b u rstin g t o find the ri ch es t bl essings th at a n i n
d ulg e n t Pr o v ide n ce eve r s howered d own u p on a n y
p e o ple t o rn f rom u s by th e cru el p oli cy o f o u r own
”
9
H
e
wen
t
i
nto
a
n
a
n
alyti
cal
exam
in
a
o
v
e
rn
me
nt
g
ti o n o f th e t r ue ch a racter a n d p ra ctic al op er at i on o f
t h e p r o te cting sys tem de m on str ati n g b y a m ost p o w
e rf ul an d l u cid process o f re ason ing an d illu strati o n
it s u n constitu ti on al ity i n equ al ity inj u sti ce an d o p
p r e ssi o n C o mi ng t h en t o th e con s i d erat ion o f th e
—
qu esti o n m ore i m medi ately b e f ore th e S en ate th e
p o li c y t o b e adopte d on th e gre at e ra o f th e e x t in
”
W
e h av e a r m ed
i
s h m e n t o f the p ubli c d eb t
u
g
s ai d h e at a m ost i ntere stin g cris is i n o ur n ati o n al
a flairs ; o n e to w h ic h the p e opl e h av e b e e n l o o k in g
fo rwa rd wi th i ntens e anxiety f o r s ev eral ye a rs p ast
T h ey h av e co ntem pl ate d the extin ctio n o f t h e p ub
l i c deb t as t h e gre at d a y o f j u bile e w h e n they wer e
to b e reli e v e d f ro m th e oppression s t hey h av e s o l on g
p atie ntly e nd ured T h e p eopl e o f the S ou th si r l ik e
th e c h ildre n o f Isra el h av e pa ssed th ro ugh t he wil
d e r ness an d a re n ow i n sigh t o f th e p romised l and
Th e y s tan d o n the t e l) 0 1 t h e M ou nt a nd l ook with
on ce
r e ward e d
,
,
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'
,
34
y e ars p ast t o thi s cri sis f o r th e f ulfil me n t o f th e i r
h op es o r t h e confirm ati on o f th ei r fe ars A n d G od
”
gran t th at th e res ul t m ay b e au spi ci o u s
S ir I c all u p on ge ntle me n o n all s id e s o f the
H o u s e t o m eet u s i n t he tr u e spi ri t o f c on cil i ati o n
a n d c on cess i o n Re m o ve l e ar n e stly b es e e ch you
fro m a mong u s t his n eve r f ailing s ou rc e o f c o n t e n
ti o n R estore t h at h arm ony w h ic h h as b e e n distu rb
e d th at m u tu al a ff e cti on a n d c onfiden ce wh i c h h av e
b e e n i m p ai re d D ry u p at its s o u rce t hi s f ou ntai n o f
th e w at e rs o f b it tern es s It i s i n y ou r p o we r t o d o i t
t his d a y by d o i ng e q u al j usti c e to all A n d b e as
s u red th at h e to wh om th e c o u n try s h all b e i ndeb te d
f o r thi s b lessing wil l b e cons ide red th e s e co n d fou n
de r o f th e R ep u b l ic He will b e regarde d i n all a f
te r ti mes a s th e mi nisteri ng angel v isiti n g the tr o u
bl e d waters o f p ol iti cal d iss en si o n an d r est o rin g t o
”
th e el em en t its h e alin g v irt u es
S u c h wa s th e lo f ty spirit o f p atriotis m an d l i b e rt y
wh i ch pe rv ad e d thi s grea t e f f ort o f o ur ill ustri o u s
f ell ow citizen t o rescu e S o uth C arol in a fr o m h e r un
c o n sti tu ti on al an d oppressiv e b u rth ens an d to p re
o ccu rrenc e o f t h at con flict o f s o v erei g n
v e n t t he
a u th ori tie s whi c h h e s a w to b e u n avoidabl e if t hes e
b u rthens we re n ot removed T h e e ff e ct i t p rod u ce d
u p o n e ve ry i mp arti al au ditor m ay b e inferre d from
th e rem ark o f a v e r y talente d an d a ccompl ish e d
l a dy wh o resi de d i n a m an u f act uri n g S tate
W he n
I h eard G en eral H A Y N E sa id sh e pou rt ra y th e
w r o ngs o f S ou th C arolin a with s o m u ch el oqu en c e
a n d a pp e al to h e r Oppress ors i n a spiri t s o gen erou s
an d patriot ic I co ul d scarcely comman d mysel f ; a n d
I alm ost f elt th at woma n as l a m I c o uld take u p
”
arms i n he r d e f e nc e
S uc h was t h e nobl e s enti
m ent excited i n a mind u nsop histic ated and unpe r
.
,
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“
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“
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“
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35
v e r t e d by s e lfis h ends an d e p e n to th e force o f truth
an d th e clai ms o f j usti ce But widely d ifle re n t wa s
t h e i mp ressi on m ad e u p o n thos e grav e a n d p ote nt
S e n ators wh o were sittin g i n the s o l e mn m ock ery o f
j udgm ent t o de cid e h o w f a r th ey s h oul d p ers evere
i n a syste m w h i ch m ad e th em rich
b u t m ad e u s
”
p o or i ndee d
R easo n an d el oqu en ce h a d n o p ow e r
t o r elax the grasp o f o ur o ppress ors A c c ordi n gl y
th e p rin ci pl e s o f M r C L A Y s res ol ution were e m b o
die d ia a B ill whi ch p asse d b oth Ho use s o f C ongress
an d r e c e i ve d th e s an cti on o f th e Presi dent ; an d i t
w as o p enl y de cl are d by the whole T ari ff p art y of
b oth p o liti c al d e nomin ati ons to b e th e s ct lled p olicy
”
T
h
e
l
ast
eeble
ray
of
h
op
e
was
th
us
(
o un t r
f
t
h
e
c
f
y
e x tin gu ished an d i t r e m ai n e d f o r Sou th C a rol in a to
d e ci de wh ethe r sh e woul d perm it h e r citizens t o l iv e
d t heir ri ghts
u n de r a p erpetu al cu rs e w hich viol at e
b l aste d the i r p r o sp erity an d su bv e rted thei r l ib erti e s
o r arr e st i ts d es o l atin g progress by in terposin g th e
“
—
in
a p ow e r
s a cred s h iel d o f h e r s ove reign powe r
”
e s tim abl e t o u s an d f or m id abl e to tyrants only
H av in g re a ch e d thi s eve nt f u l crisi s i n th e p olitic a l
h ist o ry o f S o uth C a ro lin a f a n d i n th e li f e o f o u r dis
t in g uis h e d f ell o w citize n let u s p a u se f o r a m o m e nt
a n d c o nsi der disp assi on ately th e ca u s es wh i ch p ro
d uc e d o ur m e morabl e controversy with th e F ederal
G o v ern ment an d th e p ri n ciples i n volv e d i n th at c o n
S o uth C arolin a wa s a n exp orting St ate
t r o ve rs y
an d h er g r e at stapl e produ ction s der iv e d th e i r v al u e
p r incip ally from th e d em and f o r the m i n foreign m ar
k e ts a n d th e fre e exchan ge o f the m f o r f oreign m a n
C o ngress p ossesse d th e p o we r to i mp o s e
u f a c t ur e s
d uti e s u p on foreign imp o rts b ut thi s p ow er i s express
ly l imite d t o th e o bj e ct of rais i ng r ev e nu e
C o ngres s
f
or
h
o
ss
e
s
s
e
d
t
p
ow
e
r
t
o
r
egu
l
at
e
c
o
m
m
e
r
ce
w
ith
e
P
,
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,
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’
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,
“
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36
b u t f o r th e s ol e p u rp ose o f extend ing
In this state o f thi ngs w he n th e
a n d p rote ctin g it
f ed eral trea s ury was f ull to overflowin g a n d ther e
w a s n ot a sh ado w o f co mpl aint agains t any fore ign
p ower f o r any impu te d v iolati on o f o ur comme rci al or
se cu ring a m aj ority b y
n ation al rights ; t hat b ody
b ri bin g va ri o us oth er i nterests to u nite w i th th e m a n
u f a c t uri n g i nte rest an d by m e an s of certa in p ol iti ca l
c ombin ations con n e cted wi th t h e p reside ntial el e cti on
p asse d tha t m os t ext ra ordina ry comp ound o f h etero
ge n e e n s an d c on flictin g el em ents th e T ari f f o f 1 8 28 ;
a m e asu re c onsisten t i n n oth ing b ut i ts re morseles s
wi ck ed ness an d opp ressi on a nd wh i ch m ay b e e m
p h ati cally sa id to h ave b ee n b orn i n si n a nd b ro ught
”
f orth i n i niquit y
I exemp t n eith er o f th e gr e at po
li t ic a l pa rt i e s o f th e ti m e f ro m th e odiu m th at s h ou ld
forev er r es t u pon th e a uth ors of th is i n f am o u s m e a
s u re It wa s a contest b etwe en t he m w hi c h sh o ul d
b id h i ghest in S outh ern pl u nder f o r pr esiden tial v o tes
an d th e p ri n cipl es o f t h e consti tu ti on a s well as t h e
i n te rests o f n in e s ove re ign St at es w e re b artere d
a way i n an i ngl ori ou s struggle f o r p oli ti cal p o we r
T h e T a ri f f o f I8 32 as we h ave see n aggrav ate d a ll
th e e n ormiti es o f th at o f
by i nc re as in g i ts in
e q ual ity W h at then wa s t he c o n sti tutio nal a n d
w h at th e a ctu al rel ation o f t h e F ede ra l G overn m e n t
t o S ou t h C a roli n a ! C on gress wa s c onstituti on all y
b ou n d t o pres erve p rotect a n d exten d o ur com m erc e
t his b ei ng t h e p r i ma ry c au s e o f call ing the C o n v e n
ti on t ha t f orm ed th e f ederal con stit ution ; y e t di d
th at C ongress re g a rdless al ik e o f its m ost s ol e mn
c onsti tut ion al d uti es an d th e pri nciple s o f etern al
j us ti ce p ass l aws th e !avowe d fi
o b e c t and obvi o u s
j
t enden c y o f w h ic h were to an ni h il ate a bran c h of
th at c om m erce va s t i n its e xte n t l awful i n i ts ch a r a c
e ig n
n a t io ns,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
“
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37
be nefici al i n i ts g e n eral res ults an d ab sol ut e l y
essenti al t o th e p rosperity o f th e pla nting S tates f o r
t h e u nrighte ou s an d partial p u rp ose o f n ou rishing an d
s ustain in g th e m an u f actu rin g a n d othe r i nte rests o f
d istant States o f th e confe dera c y
C ongress wa s un
d e r th e m ost s acre d obligation s o t o r egul ate the d u
ti es i mp os ed u nde r th e reven u e p owe r as to p rod u ce
t h e u tm ost practi cabl e equ ality i n t h e b u r th en s th ey
i mposed o n th e di ff erent States o f th e Uni on ; y et di d
th at C ongress i mp os e d uti es rangin g f rom 5 0 to 2 0 0
p er cen t o n o ur f oreign ex chan ge s wh i c h wer e av ow
e d l design e d to oper ate a s b o u nties to th e m a nu f a c
y
tu ri ng States wh ile th ey op er ated as a two f ol d b u r
th e n o f t axation an d p roh ibitio n on al l th e States
p r o d u ci ng o ur gr e at staples o f e xp ortati on S o u t h
C ar o l i n a fou n d h ers elf pl ace d i n an e xtraord i n ary po
s iti o u in relatio n to h e r com merci al ex ch an ges Sh e
exh i b ite d th e si ngul ar sp e ctacl e o f a s ov e reign St ate
i n a con f ed er a cy o f e qu als d epr iv e d o f th e righ t of
b ringin g the pr o d uct io n s o f he r o wn i nd u stry th rou gh
h er ow n cu stom h o u ses w ith ou t p ayin g a d uty eq u al
t o h al f t he ir v al u e a s a b o u nty t o c ertai n o f h er con
f e derate S tat es wh il e th e v ery sa m e d es crip ti o n o f
p r o d u cti on s m ad e b y th e ind ustry o f th o s e c o n f ed er
ate s wa s admi tte d throug h th o s e cu st o m h o u s e s
w ith o u t p ay in g any d uty at all T h u s d id th e arb itr a
a
n
d
tyrann
i
cal
l
egisl
ati
r
o n o f C o ngr es s m ak e th is
y
e norm o us di s cri m in ati o n b etwe en th e p r o du cti o ns o f
th e di ff er e n t S tates di m i n ishin g t h e v al u e o f th e o n e
class a s comp a re d w ith th at o f th e o th e r i n exact p ro
p o rtion t o th is d is cri min ati o n
I n f act we were r ed uce d to th e v er y w orst c o n d i
ti o n o f colon i al d ep enden ce an d trib u tary v ass al age
w h i ch th e worl d h as witn essed sin ce th e Proc o ns ula r
desp o tism o f R o m e o v e r h e r c o n qu e r e d p r o v i n ces
t e r,
,
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38
aggrav ate d b y th e c on s ide rat i o n th at th e f ree s ove
r eign a nd i nd epen den t State s o f a con f ed era cy o f
eq u als were th u s d egrade d an d oppressed i n palp a
bl e v i olation o f th e c omp act o f t h e i r p ol iti ca l u n ion
a n d i n u tte r conte mp t o f e ve ry p ri ncipl e of that gl o
r io us stru ggl e by wh ich th ey h ad a ch i eve d th ei r c om
m on i ndepend e nce an d th ei r com m on l i berties T h e
c oloni al restri ction s a n d u n con stituti on al taxes i mpo
s ed u pon o ur co m m on ancestors by G re at B rita i n
we re t r ifle s li gh t a s a i r i n c om pari s on wit h th os e
i mp ose d u p o n u s u nd er th e p e rv e rte d f orms o f a
f re e gov ern ment
N or wer e th e p ri n ciples u p o n
w h i c h th es e b u rthen s we re i mp os e d u po n u s l es s
s u bv e rsiv e o f all the constitu tion al gu ara nte es o f o ur
l ib erty In a c on f edera cy o f m a n y States h av in g v a
r io us a n d confli cting i nterests th e l i mita t i on s o f t h e
c on stit u tion f u rnish the onl y s a f egu ard fo r t h e se pe
t h e gu a rdi ans hip of
c uli a r an d sep arate i nterests
wh ich h as b een wi sely reser ve d to th e S tates Th e
p rin ci pl e o f rep resentativ e resp on s ib ili ty except a s
t o t h e s e com mon i nte rests wh i ch h ave b e e n c om mit
te d t o t h e c h arge o f th e f ede r a l gove rn men t i s th e
m ost e m pty a nd del u si ve o f al l t h e s ec u riti es o f l i
b ert y It m ay i nd ee d b e s aid th at th e m os t odi o u s
an d i ntol erabl e o f all the k n own f orms o f d esp o tis m
i s th at o f a n i ntere sted m aj ority i n a c on f ede rate d
gove rn m ent a cting u p on the s ep arat e p e c uli ar i nte r
e sts o f a m in ority by us urpi ng p owe rs n ot gran te d
b y th e c om pa ct f orm ed f o r the express p u rpos e o f
r es trai nin g th at m aj ority an d p rote ctin g tha t mi n e
rity
Indeed th e p rin cipl e o f represen tativ e r esp o ns i
b ilit y wa s co nv e rt e d i nto a p ri n ci pl e o f d espotism
th e m ome nt the f ede ral gove rn me nt u su rpe d th e po w
e r o f i nv ad in g the san ctu a ry o f p riv ate p r o perty
,
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39
and
State j u risd i ction by assum ing to regul at e th e
whol e i nd u stry o f th e co u ntry an d fi x th e v al u e o f its
p rodu ctions a cco rdi n g to its arbitra ry will F o r th e
m aj ority i n C on gres s wh o i mp ose d the d utie s o f th e
p rote ctin g syste m we re n ot t h e repre s entati ves o f
th ose wh o bore the b u rt h e n b ut o f thos e wh o re
They
c e ive d t h e b o un ty re s ulting f ro m th ose dut ies
c o nstitu ted the re f o re a h e artless me rc en ary a n d i r
r e sp ons ible d esp otism wh ich
fe el in g p owe r an d
”
was de a f to eve ry cl a im a n d d ead
f orgetting right
t o e v er y s ense o f j u stic e T o h ave h op ed f o r a re
dress o f ou r gri ev an ce s u nder su c h au sp i ces a f te r
th e p assage o f t he ta ri ff o f 1 8 32 a vowedly e st ab
lis h in g th e s ettl ed p ol i cy o f th e cou ntry wou ld h av e
b e e n to look f o r a sp eci al i nterposition o f Prov iden ce
c hangin g th e w h ol e n atu re o f m an A nd I h e re s e
le m n ly de cl are th at i t is m y d el iberate conv i cti o n
th at w e sh o u ld h av e b e en thi s day l ab oring u nde r
th e u n miti gate d cu rs e o f t h e p rotectin g system b u t
fo r th e n o bl e a nd h eroi c attitude ass um e d by S out h
C arol in a T h a t syste m was i n its v ery n atu re pr o
re s s ive
f
a
cqu
i
rin
g
rom
e
very
i
ncre
as
e
addi
ti
on
al
g
th at d e
s tre n gth an d v e ra city — a m onste r in de ed
”
r i ved i n creas e o f app etite from wh at i t f e d o n
wi th
a power as omn ip oten t as i ts appetite wa s i ns atiabl e
Un der thes e circu mstan ces o ur ill ustri ou s f ell ow c i
t ize n an d h is associates i n C ongress h avi ng witness
e d th e progress and studied th e g en i us o f this sys
tem d u rin g ei ght years o f u n av ailing rem onstran c es
an d protests
c a me to t he sol e mn c o n cl u si o n th at
”
p atienc e h ad c eased to b e a v irtu e and th at s u b
m issi on h ad ceas e d to be a d uty
Fell o w c itizens
th e excitement conne cted with th es e t ran sacti on s
h as long s i n ce sub s ided — m any o f th e p rom in en t a c
t o r s h a ve b een gath e red t o thei r f ath e rs an d th e
,
,
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,
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'
,
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,
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,
,
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,
,
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,
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,
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,
“
,
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40
t r a ns a c ti o n s th e msel v es b elong to hist o r y Ye t w hile
p repa ri ng this b rie f n oti ce o f th e m i n t h e retiremen t
o f my chamb er s u ch wer e th e re colle ctions e xcited
tha t m y blood b o il ed within m e my wh ol e f ra me wa s
agitated an d my p en al m ost re f use d to d o i ts o ff i ce
W h at th en m ust h ave b ee n th e i n dign an t ex cite
m e n t o f o ur delegati on i n C o ngress whe n th ey stoo d
b y a s u nwilling witnes ses an d s aw t he s acre d rights
a nd vital i nteres ts o f S out h C arol in a i mm ol ate d o n
!
th e un h oly altars o f av arice an d amb iti on
W o ul d
th ey n o t h av e p rove d re crean t to ev e ry d uty o f pa
t rio t is m i f th ey h ad advi se d th e State to t arnis h th e
e nsigns o f h er s ov e reign p owe r by a p erp e tu al sub
m iss io n to a syste m whi ch red u ced h er to a condi tio n
o f colon i al v assal age and h er citizens to p overty an d
!
r u in
L et p osterity an swer thi s qu estion 1 c o n fi
d e n t ly a ppe al to th e j udgm en t o f that i mp arti al tri
b u n al
I d o m ost s ol emnly an d cons ci en ti o u sly b eli e v e
an d th e op in i on h as n ot b ee n h astily f orm ed n o r i s i t
l ightly h azarde d — th at if t h e oppressi ve b u rth en s to
whi c h S o uth C arolin a wa s s ubj e cted h ad n ot b ee n
d isgu ise d an d c o nceal e d f ro m th e v i ew o f th e p e o
pl e by th e i ndire ct mode o f t h ei r O pe ra t io n t h e y woul d
h a v e be e n s u ff i cien t to h av e d rive n any civilized po
p al ation i n Eu rop e t o th e e x tremi ty o f t h ro win g t h e m
o ff b
ope
n
reb
ell
ion
T
h
e revol u tio n wh ich b r ought
y
C H A R L E S th e l s t o f Engl and t o the bl ock an d th a t
wh ic h d rov e C H A R L E S the l 0 t h o f F ran ce i nto ex il e
an d fin ally el ev a ted the h ou se s o f O R AN G E an d O R
L E A N S t o th e re sp e ctiv e t h ron es o f thes e two king
d oms we re n ot p rodu ced by usu rp ati on s an d O ppr e s
s ions by any m ea ns s o aggrav ated an d i ntole rabl e
a s th os e wh ic h i ndu ced Sout h C arol in a to resort to
th e m o re s ole mn deli b e rate an d p e ac e fu l re m e d y ,
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42
K entucky
resolution s d raw n up by M r M A D IS O N a n d
M r J E F F E R S O N th at it wa s i n f act th e d o ctrine o f
th es e two States an d th ese two illustriou s p atriots
th e v ery d o ct rine th at h ad ov erthrown t he f edera l
p arty O f 1 7 98 an d pl aced th e au th ors O f th es e res o
l uti on s su ccessiv ely at th e h e a d o f th e g overn ment
A s M r W E B S T E R i n th e the n existin g state O f h is po
lit ic a l r el ati ons c o ul d n ot s afely v enture to den y th e
a uthori ty o f thes e two gre at exp ou nders o f th e f ed e
ral constituti on n o th ing co u ld h av e bee n m ore e m
h arrassi ng th an th is j udiciou s an d well exe cut e d
m o ve me nt O f h is skil f ul a n tagonist It completely ar
r este d his cr u s ade against S o uth C ar o lina by i nter
p osin g th e a uth or ity O f two h igh m inde d S tates an d
two v en erate d n ame s— a n a u thority too s o cle ar
an d expl icit as to p re cl ud e th e p oss ibil ity o f e v a
din g it o r expl ainin g it aw a y T h e reply O f M r
—
E
B
S
T
ER
s
o
mu
c
h
eul
ogized
by
his
admirers
an d
W
u nd oubtedly a p ower f ul di spl ay o f con troversi al di a
—
was m ade u n der t he exciteme nt n atu rall y
s
le c t ic
p r o d u ced by b ein g t hu s b a fli e d i n hi s plan O f i nva
d in g S o uth C a ro lin a a n d compelled to ass um e a de
fe nsiv e position
It wa s disti ngui sh e d by al l th at s el f p oss e ss i o n an d
p owe r o f s ar c as m and i nve ctive f o r wh i ch h e i s r e
m ark abl e ; b u t t ho ugh f e w me n ar e hi s su peri ors as
a mer e argu m entativ e deb ater I th ink t h e i mp arti al
h istorian wh o sh al l record th is i ntelle ct ual con flict
will pronou n ce th at o n th e gre at qu esti on at issu e
hi s disti ngui s he d adv ersary a ch iev e d a de cid ed v i c
tory T h is w ill b e m ade app a rent by b riefl y stating
th e p romin e nt p ositi on s ass u me d by M r \V E B S T E R i n
h is exposition o f ou r p ol iti ca l system an d the m an
n e r i n w h i c h t h ey were re f u ted — b eari ng in mind th at
h e did n ot and da red n ot d i sp u te th e a uth o r ity of th e
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43
V
irgini a and K entu cky r e s o l ut i o n s s an cti o n ed b y th e
v e n erated n a mes o f M A D IS O N an d J E F F ER S O N Hi s
gre at an d fu nd amental prop os ition th at whic h gav e
c h ara cter t o his wh o l e th e ory was th at th e peopl e
o f the Un ite d States in t he ir aggregate cap acity as
made an d adopte d the c onstituti o n by
o n e n ati on
w h ic h th e f ederal govern m
en t was b ro ught i nto ex
ist e n c e
It was rej oin ed th at t hi s pro posi tion wa s
d i rectl y an d palp ably c ontra di cted by h istory a n d
m o st expl icitl y by th e r es o l u ti ons w h i ch h e di d n o t
v e n tur e to contr o v ert T h at the f ederal conven tion
w as comp osed O f delegates electe d by th e States
a ctin g s ep arately th rou gh thei r Legislatu r e s ; th at
t h es e d e l egates v ote d i n th e c o nve nti on n ot a s a
c om m o n m ass b u t as th e rep resentativ e s o f th ei r
r e spe ctiv e Stat e s e ac h State w ith o ut r egard to i ts
p o p ul ati on h avi n g on e v ote as a sov ereign equ al ;
an d t h at th e con sti tu ti o n thu s f ormed was a dopte d
by th e s everal States e ac h a cting s ep aratel y i n its
h ighes t s ov e r eign c ap acity T hat thes e w e re n ot o
ri o u s h ist o ri cal facts an d that th e su b stanc e o f t he m
w as thu s pl ainly st ate d b y M r M A D I S O N i n th e V irg i
n i a res ol utions
T h e constituti on o f th e Un ited
States w as f orm e d b y the san cti on O f th e States
”
give n by ea ch i n its s overeign cap aci ty
T h e n ext
p r o p osition O f Mr W E B S T E R th e legiti m ate o ff sp rin g
O f t he f orme r was that th e f ederal gove rn m e n t h a s
th e e x clus iv e right to d etermine the extent O f its o wn
p o wers an d th at the Sup reme C ou rt wa s th e o rga n
t h r o ugh whi ch th at det e r m inati o n s ho uld b e m ade i n
th e l ast r e s o rt To this i t was rej o i ned th at it was
a p o l iti cal s o l e cism t o tal k ab ou t a d ivi sion o f
o
w
p
e r s b etween s o vereigns an d yet to assu m e th e ex cl u
s iv e righ t O f o n e O f these s over e igns t o determi n e
th e exte n t O f its ow n p o w e r a n d by n e c e s sary con
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44
sequ e n c e t o l im it the p ower of th e othe r at its dis
c reti on T h at h owever tru e i t was i n a simpl e con
s olid ate d g o v ern m ent th at this right o f excl usi v e an d
fi n al j udgm ent existed i t was ab solutely in c o m pa t i
b l e w ith th e ve r y n otion o f a con f ederated g o v er n
m ent form e d b etwe e n indep en dent s o vereign St ates
b y a constitut ion al comp act definin g t he p owers t o
b e exercise d by th ei r common agents f o r th e ir com
m o n b en efit an d res erv ing al l other p owe rs to th e m
s elv es resp e ctiv e ly H e re als o the V i rgi ni a a n d
K entu cky r e s o l uti ons were too cle ar to b e refin e d
away b y any l ogic al s ubtlety T h e f ormer de cl are
th at i t i s a pl ai n prin cipl e f oun de d o n common
s e nse ill ustrate d by com m on pr actice an d essenti al
t o th e n atu r e o f comp acts that wh ere res ort can b e
h ad to n o com m o n s up eri or t o th e a u thority o f th e
p arties th e p arti e s th emselves m us t b e the right f ul
j udge s i n th e last resort wh ether th e b arg a in m ad e
”
h as be e n p u rsu ed or v i olated
T h e K e ntu cky reso
l ution s sp e ak e ve n a stronge r l anguage : that th e
gove rn m en t create d by th i s comp act was n o t m ad e
t h e e x cl u siv e or final j udge o f t he exten t O f th e pe w
e rs del egated to itsel f since t h at wo ul d h av e m ad e
i ts discre tion an d n ot the con stitu tion th e m eas ur e
O f its p owe rs ; b u t th at as i n all c ase s o f a c om pact
am on g p arties h avi ng n o c om m on j udge e ac h p arty
h as an equ al right to j udge f o r i ts el f as well O f in
”
fra ctions a s O f the m ode an d m e as u re o f redress
A n d a gai n : “T h at th e principle an d constru c tio n
c o nt e nd ed f o r by several o f t h e State Legisl atu res
th at th e G e n eral G ove rnmen t i s th e excl usiv e j udge
O f th e p owe rs d elegated to it s t e
Of
n
othing
s
hort
p
d esp otism ; sin c e th e discreti on O f thos e wh o ad mi n
i ste r th e g o vern ment an d not t he constitution woul d
”
b e th e m ea su re o f thei r p owers
B e f ore the se h igh
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45
uth o riti e s and lu ci d exp ositi on s M r WE B S T E R s eem
ed to cower f o r n ot p reten ding to re si st h e ma de a
v ery f eebl e attempt to evad e t h em by givi ng th e m a
constru c tion i n dire ct contradicti on t o the i r pl ai n an d
l iteral import
T h e l ast l eadin g prop osition o f M r WE B S T E R was
th at i n n o case o f f ederal u s u rp ation an d Oppression
h oweve r en orm ou s co ul d a State i nterpos e i ts s ove
r eign au thori ty t O pr ote ct th e rights prop erty an d
lib erties o f its citizens agai nst a n u n auth orize d A ct
o f C ongress with o ut i n cu rrin g th e gui lt o f treason
i n th e p erson s o f h er f u n cti on aries
T o this i t wa s
r ej o in ed that th e i de a o f a State com mittin g treas on
against i ts con f ederates o r agai nst any h u m a n a u
t h o rit y was i nconsisten t wit h th e first ele ment ary n o
ti o n O f s overeignty and was essentially f ou n de d up
o n th e a ssu mptio n th at th e States were dep en den t
c o rp orati ons o r u n orga n ize d m asses o f indivi d u als
T h at the i nte rp osition O f a State i n cases o f gross
wa s a r igh t f ul and con
u su rp ati on a n d opp ressi on
s t it u t io n a l rem edy an d b ei ng th e a c t o f a s overeign
p owe r t hrough its ci vil organs was i n i ts el f p e ace f ul
and coul d only b e m ade oth e r wise by th e l awl ess a p
pl ication o f f or ce o n th e p art O f th e F ederal G ov
In sh ort that i t wa s the h appy exp e d ien t
e rn m e n t
an d coercing a
O f res isti ng i ntol erabl e Op pressi on
c omp romise u nde r o u r f ede ral system i n cases whi c h
w oul d p r o d u ce civ il war and rev olu ti on u nder o ther
forms o f govern ment T h ese positions were u n an
h
su
staine
d
b
y
irgini
a
and
entu
ck
y
s we r a b l
t
e
V
K
y
r esol ution s
T h e f ormer de cl are
th at i n case O f a del iberate ,
p al p able and d angerou s exercis e O f p owe rs n ot gran
te d b y ih e s ai d comp act t h e States wh o a re p arti es
t h e r e t o h av e th e r ight a nd are i n d ut y b o u nd t o ii i
a
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46
t e rpo s e f o r
a rrestin g th e p r o gress O f th e ev il and for
m aintain ing with in th ei r resp e cti ve l i mits th e auth or
”
i ties rights an d l iberties app ertain ing t o them
T h os e o f K entu cky declare
th at th e s everal
S tate s wh o f ormed t h at i n stru m e nt (the f ederal c o m
p act ) b e in g s ov ereign a n d i ndep endent h av e th e u n
q u estion abl e right to j udge o f its i n f ra ction an d th at
a n ullific a t i o n by th ose s overeignti e s o f all un aut h o r
ize d a cts don e u nder color o f that i n str ume nt i s th e
”
right f ul rem edy
M r J E FF E R S O N adds o n anoth e r
o ccasi on
it is th e p e cul iar f el i city o f o ur c o n s t it u
t i o n t o h av e p r ovi de d this p e ac eabl e app eal wher e
”
th at O f ot h e r n ati on s is at on ce to f or ce
No th in g
c an b e m ore con cl u si v e tha n t hes e au th o rities
S u ch i s a b ri ef ou t lin e o f t hi s cel eb rated sen at o
r i al c o nfli ct
a nd l t hin k e very imp arti al j udge will
agre e th a t th e great ch ampi on o f a c onsol id ate d g o
v e rn m e n t
witho ut limitation O f p owers wa s c o m
l
e
l
t
e
overthrown
p
y
T h rc e ye ars a f terwards w he n th e p rogress o f
e ve nts h ad brought on the cris is wh ic h c onstr ai n e d
S o u th C arol in a to m aintai n an d exerc ise p ractically
th o s e s overei gn righ t s a n d p owers wh ich h ad b e e n
s o a b ly v indi cate d l n th e F ederal S en ate by o ur l a
m e n t e d f ello w citizen h e wa s ch os e n a m ember o f
th e S tate C o nventi on A s C ha irm an o f th e C o mm it
te e o f T wenty on e h e rep orted th e O rdin a nce O f
N ullific a t io n p rec e ded by a n able an d el oqu e n t exp o
s it io n Of o ur wrongs showing the utter li O e le s s n e ss
p
O f r e d ress f r o m C ongress
an d th e undou bte d righ t
a n d s ol em n d uty o f the S tate to m ak e v o id th e un
c o n sti tuti on al acts by wh ic h th o s e w rongs we re in
flic t e d
A s ho rt tim e a f te r th e pass age o f this im
”
p o rtant m eas ure he was ele cted G ove rn o r o f th e
S t a te —a stati o n of the v ery high e st r e sp o n s ibility i n
,
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47
th e th en c r itical s tate of o ur rel ati o ns w ith th e F e d
eral G o vern ment and dem an d ing th e r arest co mb i
n ation o f tal e nts to m eet the p ossi b le
exigen cie s
w h ich might grow o ut o f thes e rel ations N O high e r
evi den ce coul d h av e b een give n b y th e State O f h e r
confide n ce i n h is wi sd o m firmness p ru den ce an d pa
t rio t ic devoti on ; an d n ev er wa s p ubl i c confi den c e
m or e f ully j ustified o r p ubli c exp e ctati on m ore c o m
l
e l f ulfilled th an by the cons u mmate ab il it y w it h
e
t
p
y
wh i ch h e p er f orme d h is ard uo us d uties
O n ass u mi ng thi s h igh trust o bv iou sly i mpr e ss e d
w ith a p ro f o u n d se ns e o f th e ev en t f ul i ss ues whi ch
m igh t grow o ut o f th e cri sis th e s acre d prin cip les ia
v o l ved i n th e app roach ing con test and hi s own sol em n
and resp o n sible duties h e del ivered an a ddress w h i c h
f o r l o f t y a n d heroi c p a tri otis m s oul i nspiri ng el o
q ue n c e an d p er f e ct ad aptati on to th e o cc as i o n
was n eve r su rp assed by any similar e ff ort A f t e r
prese nti n g a l u c id exp os ition Of o ur wr o ngs , o f
t h e s o vereign right an d d uty of th e State t o a r
r e st thei r p rogress a n d all uding t o th e p ossi b ilit y
o f a n atte mp t o n t he p art o f ou r fe d e r al r ul e r s
t o re du ce her to s ubj e ctio n by mil itar y f orce b e
thu s p roceeds : S h e h as warned h e r b rethre n o f
t h e i nev itabl e consequen ces o f a n app e al t o arm s ;
a nd if sh e sh all b e driven i n de f e nce o f he r deares t
ri ghts t o res ist aggressi o n let i t b e r e me mbere d th a t
th e i n n o cen t b lood w hich m ay b e s hed i n s u c h a
c o ntest will o n th e gre at d ay o f accou nt b e re
qu ire d Of thos e wh o sh all p e rsevere i n the u n h al
lowe d atte mp t t o exercis e a n u nwarr antabl e j u ri s
”
di ction o v er u s
If su ch fell ow citizens s h o u ld b e
o u r l o t if th e s acre d s o il o f C ar o l in a sh ould b e p o l
l ut e d b y the f ootsteps o f an inv ade r o r b e staine d
b y th e b lo o d o f her citiz e n s s h e d i n h e r d e fe n c e I
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48
t r ust in A l mighty G o d th at n o s o n o f h ers n ative o r
ad op ted wh o h as bee n n o uri sh e d at h er b osom o r
ch eri sh ed b v h er bo unt y will b e f o u nd raising a p arri
”
e idal a r m agains t ou r c om m on m oth er
S hould
h e r s w il l b e gl ory en ou g h to h ave led
s h e s uc ceed
th e wa y in t h e n obl e w ork O f r e f or m A nd if a f te r
m ak ing these e ff orts d u e to h e r o wn h on or an d th e
gr e atness o f the c au s e s he i s d e stin ed u tterly to f ail
th e b itter f ru its o f t hat f ail u re n ot to h e rsel f al on e
b u t to t he e nti re So uth n ay to th e wh ol e Un i on will
T h e sp eedy establ i s h men t up o n
a ttest h er v irtu e
t he r u in s of th e ri ghts o f th e States and th e l ib er
ti e s o f t h e p eopl e o f a gre at C O N S O L ID A T E D G O V E R N
M ENT
r iding an d r ul ing ove r th e pl u ndered pl ough
m an an d b eggared v e o m a n ry o f o ur o nc e happy
l and — o ur gloriou s con f edera cy brok en i nto s h at
—
an
d
dish
on
ored
fragme
nts
th e l ight o f l i b erty
r
e
d
e
t
e xtinguishe d n ev e r p erh aps t o b e r el u med — th es e
t h es e W i ll b e th e m el an ch oly m e m ori als o f th a t wis
d o m wh ich s aw th e danger wh il e yet a t a distanc e
an d o f th at p atri otis m w h ic h str uggl e d glori ou sly t o
avert it ; m em ori als over wh i c h r ep enta nt th o ugh
u n availing tears will assu redly b e s hed by thos e wh o
w ill disc o v er w he n to o l ate th at they h ave s u ff er e d
th e l ast o ccasio n to p ass away wh e n th e l iberti es o f
th e c o u ntry m igh t h av e b ee n rede em ed and th e
Un i o n estab lish e d u p on a f ou nd ati on as e nd uring as
the ev erlastin g rocks We m ay n ot l iv e to witness
thes e things T o s ome o f u s i t may n ot b e allotte d
t o s urv iv e th e rep ubli c B u t if we a r e only tr u e t o
o u r d u ty o u r exampl e will i n that dark h ou r h e a
r ic h legacy to o u r ch ildre n — an d whic h o f u s woul d
d esire a high e r reward th an to h av e i t i nscribed on
h is tomb
h ere l ies th e m an wh o s acri ficed h imsel f
in a n o ble e ff ort to re sc u e the C o n s titution f r o m vio
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50
.
p u r p os e s w hic h a n im ate d o ur ill ustr iou s fe ll o w c it i
zen wh e n h e ass u m e d the h el m o f o ur Sta t e a m idst
t h e trou b l e d el eme nts that s urro u nde d h e r an d wh ich
co m b i ned wi t h c on s u mm at e p ru den ce i nflexi b l e firm
n e ss an d u n con qu e rable p ers ev eran c e en abl e d h i m
t o c arr y h er tri u mp h antly thro ugh th e stor m wh i c h
s oo n a f terwards thre atened t o ove rwh el m h e r It i s
a stron g p roo f th at a j ust Provi de n ce t akes s i de s
w ith t h e f eebl e in th ei r n obl e daring an d app are n t l y
h o p el ess stru ggles for thei r r ights a n d l ib erti es th at
h e always r ai ses up i n s u ch gre at e mergen cies s o m e
l e ade r e n dowe d wit h qu alifi cati ons s u ite d t o th e o c
cas ion N ev e r wa s thi s sign O f a n app r o vi ng Pr ovi
d en ce m o re cl early give n t h an i n th e p res en t i nsta n ce
O u r chi e f was th e p ers on ific at ion i f I m ay s o sp e ak
o f th e gre at p ri n cipl es o f o ur contest
a nd O f t h e
qu aliti e s n e cess ary t o con d u c t i t W e wer e i n t h e
m ids t o f c on fli cting opi ni on s a n d v i ol en t p art y e x
c it e m e n t a t h ome ev e ry m om e nt l i abl e to b e r e us e d
i nt o a fl a me w h ic h bl ood only c o ul d exting uis h a n d
requ irin g th e highest p r ud en ce to pr ev ent s o f atal a
d is aster ; h e p ossessed th at p ru de nce
W e wer e
th re aten e d wit h ov erw h el m in g p owe r f ro m with o u t
s u ffi ci en t t o app al a n y b ut th e s to u test h e arts an d t o
p rod uc e falteri ng i n a ny bu t t h e firm e s t p u rp os es r e
qu i ri n g el oque n ce to an im ate firm n es s an d c ou rage
t o i nsp ir e con f i de n ce ; h e p oss ess ed th at el o qu en ce
firmn ess an d c ou rage W e we re b el eag ue re d by t h e
and
n av al an d m il itary f orce s o f th e U n ite d States
h e ard th e distan t n otes o f p rep arati on f o r a gre at
m il itary c ru s ade against S o uth C arol in a d e m an din g
th e h ighest p owe rs o f mil i tary c omb in ation t o b e
p rep are d f o r th e d e f en ce o f ou r fire s id e s an d o u r a l
ta rs ; h e displaye d t hos e p owe rs In a word th e
gr e at v ari ety O f d i ff i cu l t a nd r e sp o nsibl e d ut i e s civi l
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51
an d m ilitar y w h i ch d ev olv e d up o n th e G o v e rn o r an d
C om m and er in C h ie f i n th e p e c ul i ar conj u n ctur e o f
re qu ired gre at wisd o m to p rep ar e f o r
o ur a ff airs
e very contingen cy ; an d h e p osses se d th at wis d o m
In confirm ation o f wh a t I h ave h er e sai d p e rmit m e
t o quote t he Opini o n s o f thos e wh o were i n th e midst
Of th e s cen es o f whi ch th ey sp e ak an d em in entl y
l
i
f
fi
t
o
for
m
c
o
rre
c
t
Op
in
i
o
n
s
rom
th
e
i
n
cident
s
ua
e
d
q
.
th ey relat e O ne o f th e m ost p io u s an d i ntellige nt
cl ergym e n o f o ur cou ntry wh o l iv e d i n this city d u r
in g th e w hol e p eri od O f o ur d i ffi culti e s and d an gers
a n d was a n e ar an d i ntim ate n eighb or o f th e G ov
e rn o r a f ter rel atin g a n i nci dent illustr ating h is gr e at
p r u d e n ce an d s el f p ossess ion b y w h i c h y o u r stre e ts
w er e i n al l h u m an p ro b ab ility p revente d f r o m b e in g
s tai n e d w ith civ il b lood s ays :
u p o n e very r ev i e w
o f th e e v e nt s o f th at f ear f ul crisis I a m w ell co n
vinc e d th at R O B E R T Y H A Y N E was an i nstr u ment
p r e p ar e d b y He av en to s av e th e c o untry f r o m th e
h o rr o rs O f a ci vi l war N 0 othe r h u m a n b e in g b u t
h e al o n e c o ul d h av e c o ntrolle d thos e angry el e m e nts
a n d gu id e d th e State th ro ugh th at stormy p erio d
w ith o u t a c oll is io n of arm s Every d ay o f my li f e
I t h a nk e d G o d f o r s u ch a m an an d s uppl i c a te d th e
t hr o n e o f m er cy i n h is b ehal f u ntil the dan ge r wa s
”
p as t
T o s h ow i n wha t m an ner h e an swe r ed th e
n o tori o u s Pr oclam at ion o f Pr esiden t J A C K S O N w h ich
if i ts p ri n cipl e s an d threats h ad b e e n c arri e d i nto e x
s e n ti ou wo uld h av e stru ck e ve ry star f rom ou r p ol iti
c al fi
rm a m e n t an d con sol id ate d o u r f ederal r ep ubl i c
i n the b l ood o f its c it ize nt s I agai n qu ote th e l an
gu age o f th e d istin gu is h e d citize n h e re t o f o re m e n
t i o n e d w h o was the n a m e mb er o f the Legisl atu re
T h e re w as a r e m ark able instan c e o f th at e ntire
r e adi n e ss fo r e ac h e m e rg e n c y as i t o c cu rr e d i n th e
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52
m a n n er i n w h i c h h e m e t th e n otor i o u s Procl am ati o n
o f G e n eral J A C K S O N against So uth C arolin a
T h at
do c u m en t wh i c h spre a d terror wit h its p rogress
th r o u gh th e Un i o n ar rived at C o l u m b ia wh en th e
L egisl atu re wa s i n Sessi on an d was at 1 0 O clo ck
l ai d b e fo re t h e C om mi tte e o f F ederal R e l ations
W h ils t th at comm i tte e h ad i t u n der c o ns id e rat i o n
th e C h ai rm a n stepp e d i nt o th e Exe c u tive C h am b er .
a nd en qui re d o f th e G overn or wh ether h e woul d un
d e rt a k e a p rom pt a n d O ff i ci al reply to th e Proclam a
“
t ion T h e G ov e rn or r epl i e d
I will u n dertak e i t if
”
th e L egisl atu re s o d e s ire
A t th e m eeting of th e
H o u s e t h e C omm itte e r e p ort e d th e Pro cl am ati on
w i th a s et o f R esol ution s am ong whi ch was o n e re
q u e sting th e G overn o r to iss u e h is c ou n t e r Procl am a
ti on I n two d ays afte rwards i n as littl e ti me as was
n e cess ary f o r th e m ere p en m anship the re was issu e d
a d oc u m ent w h o s e el egan c e o f c omp o sition el ab o
r ate an d con clu siv e argu men ts j us t an d cl ear co n
s t it u t io n a l exp os ition c o n f ute d all t h e s h o w o f argu
m en t i n th e Presi dent s Pro cl am ati o n ; teari n g away
t h e s u btl e d isgu i ses o f it s l ab ore d soph istry an d r o us
i ng by i ts t o n e o f pr o u d d efian ce devote d p atri o tism ,
a nd sp irit e d r eb uk e th e high est f e e lings o f th e c ou n
try NO p er f orm an c e coul d h av e b ee n m ore p er f e ct
f o r th e oc cas ion a n d I dou b t wh eth e r s u ch a docu
m ent h as e ver b ee n th rown O ff i n t he s am e sp ac e o f
”
t im e
It wa s c onfide ntly an ti cip a t e d b y th e au th ors an d
i nstigato rs o f th e Pr o cl am ati on th at th e p e opl e o f
S o uth C a r o l in a wou ld p r o mptly Ob ey its i mp erial m a n
”
d ate by sn atc hin g fro m th e a rch ives o f th e State
”
th a t gl ori o u s O R D IN A N C E wh i ch will attes t t o f u
tu re gen erati ons th ei r ex alted p atri otism an d h eroi c
d ev o ted lov e o f l ib e rty
I n fact i t c o m es wi th i n m y
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53
ow n kn ow l e dge th at th i s wa s th e pr e vailing opi ni on
,
at W ashin gton and that s u c h were t h e art f ul pl au si
b ilit ie s whi ch threw a ve il ov er th e h orri d featu res o f
th at Proclama t i on th at m any o f th e tru est an d b ol d
est fri ends O f S ou th C arol in a c o nsid ere d h e r desti ny
a s se aled an d absol utel y desp aired O f th e R ep ub
”
l ic
B ut wh en th e co unter Pro cl am ation tore o ff
this veil and expose d th e m onster i n all its n ake d
de f orm ity th e re acti on was o verwh el min g n o t onl y
i n S ou th C arolin a bu t i n al l the oth e r S outh ern S tates
a nd v o l u ntary O ff ers o f m ilitary s erv ice i n de f en c e
O f o ur gre at c au se p ou red i n f r o m ev ery qu arte r
It
r ou se d t he ci tizen s O f S outh C ar o lin a to th e m os t
e xalte d p itch o f e nth u si asm an d I h av e O f te n s aid
a s I s in cerely b eli ev e th at i n th e m o st gl o rio u s d ays
o f G ree ce an d R om e
th e se ill ustrious States n ev e r
displ aye d a more s el f d ev ote d p atri o tism a p u rer spiri t
o f l ib erty o r a more he r oi c and u n c o nquerabl e res ol u
t i on t o defe n d it th an o u r c itizen s o f al l classes e x h i
b ited i n th at u n e xp e c te d an d fear f ul e m erge n cy It
w as th at h eroi c spi rit i n fla m e d b y th e el o qu en c e a n d
dire ct e d by t h e wi sd o m an d fi rm ness O f o ur illustri o u s
f ello w citizen t h at c arr ie d S ou th C arol in a tr iumph an t
ly thr o u gh th e dan gers an d di ff i culti es o f thi s p erilou s
a n d u n equa l contest an d se cu re d f o r th e wh ol e S o uth
a v i ctory wh i c h th e m ere wi sd om o f h er s t atesm en
an d eloq uen ce of h er o r at o rs c o uld n e v er h a v e a c h ie v
ed in C o ngress We h av e b ee n m any ye ars enj oying
th e fru its o f th at v i ct o ry i n th ei r p rogress iv e d eve
lo pe m e nt an d h av e n o w a ch e eri ng p r o sp e ct b e f ore
u s o f re alizi ng at n o distan t d ay a ll th at h is anxi ou s
a nd p atrioti c h op es a nti cip ated f rom thi s gre at strug
gl e f o r o ur constitution al ri ghts an d l i b erties A n d
t ho u gh i n th e inscr uta b le disp ensati o ns O f a n all wise
P r o v i d e n c e i t ha s n o t b e e n all o tt e d t o h im t o w i tn e ss
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54
th is c ompl et e c o n su mmatio n O f h i s arde nt h op es
an d th i s h i gh r ewar d Of h is p atri o ti c l ab ors ; yet wil l
th os e l a b ors b e re collected a n d h i s m e mor y c herish ed
wit h ad mirati on a n d grati tu de thr ou gho u t th e S o uth
e rn S tates a s l on g a s p atriotism s hall b e dee me d a
v i rtu e constit ution al l iberty a blessing o r th e s o ve
r ei gn rights an d p ow e rs O f th e S tates th e m e an s O f
p res erv i ng i t
I h av e n ow b rou gh t t o a cl os e t h is v ery i mp erfe ct
o u tlin e O f h is e arly l i f e an d pu b lic s e rvic e s Imp er f e ct
a s i t i s i t s o f ully i llu strates hi s ch aracte r th at v ery
l ittle r e main s b u t to gr o up togethe r th at rare combi n a
t i o n o f h igh en dowm ents and s h in ing v irtu es dis cl o s e d
b y e very p age o f th e n arrativ e whi c h m ake u p t h e
p ortrait O f a v irtu o u s m an a n i n corru ptibl e p atri ot
a n el oqu en t orator an d a p r o f ou n d states m an
Th e
Intell e ctu al endowm en t th at gav e to his m in d i t s d is
t in c t ive ch ara cter w a s a s o u n d a nd discrim in atin g
j udgm ent th at gre at m aster fa c ult y O f th e h u ma n
i ntel le ct withou t wh i ch all th e others ev e n i n t h e
m ost d azzl in g comb in ati on s o f gen i u s are b u t w an
derin g ex h al ati ons o f t he n igh t w h i c h s erv e only t o
b ewilde r an d m isl e ad t h os e wh o com m i t the mselve s
to th e i r gu id ance A n d wh e n w e c o nsider th at i t i s
v ery l ittl e m o re th an th e p owe r o f applyi ng th e p ri n
c i le s o f c om m on s ens e to th e a ff ai rs o f h u m a n l i f e
p
gre at an d sm all i n t heir v ariou s ch anges an d c omb i
n ati ons i t is wonde r f u l to r eflect h ow rarel y i t i s f oun d
i n th ose w h o a re t h e r u lers o f m ank i nd In o u r il
l ustri o n s a nd l am e nte d f ello w citizen this card in al
facul ty w as u n ite d wi th th os e h igh m oral qu a l i
ti es j usti c e c o n s c ie n c io us n e s s firm n ess a nd pers e
v e r a n c e wh i c h gav e a wis e d i recti on t o i ts decis ion s
and en e rg y to th eir ex e c uti on A v e ry l on g an d i nti
m at e a cq u ai ntan c e j u stifi e s m e i n s a y i n g that I n ev e r
,
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i
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55
h av e kn o wn a ny p u b l i c m an w h o m o r e h ab ituall y
a cte d u nd er th e i nflu en ce of a d e ep an d c o ns c ie n
c i on s sen s e o f th e o bligati o n s O f d uty It w as in
d eed th e govern in g m o tiv e an d an im atin g pri n cipl e
A l l other consi derati on s wer e
O f h is w h o l e con d u ct
ab s o rb ed i n i t Bu t i t w as n o t s o m u ch b y a ny on e
f ac ulty standi n g o ut i n p romine nt rel i e f a s b y th e
a dmirabl e adj ust m e n t o f all hi s m oral an d in t e lle c
t ual qu al iti e s th at h e w as d istinguis hed f r o m o th er
m en S o h arm o n i ou s i nd eed wer e th es e e n dow
m e nts s o p er f e ct was the ir sym m etry a n d s o e ntirel y
f re e f ro m th e contras t o f opp osin g qu alities th at w e
al m o st l o st sight o f e ac h p articular tra it i n o ur a d
m ira t io n o f the b eau ti f ul an d consistent wh o l e
It
w as this h appy c o n cor d o f h igh m o ral an d in t e lle c
t u al qu alities all a ctin g i n c on cert an d m u tu ally s us
t ai nin g e a ch o th er th at r en dered him i n ev ery e m er
g e n ey o f h is e ve nt f u l c are er i n all resp e cts equ al t o
t h e o ccasi o n In a w o rd th e y constitute d wis do m
in c o u n cil an d u n f alterin g firm n e ss an d s el f p o ss es
s io n i n a ction — qu al ities for w h ich fe w m e n h av e
b e e n s o eminently distingu ished P erm it m e t o in
t ro d uc e a testi moni al o n th e s e p oints whi c h e very
o ne p resen t w ill r e ce iv e wi th res ect and c onfiden ce
p
D uri ng th os e f ear f ul s cen es i n thi s city w h i c h f o l
lo w ed th e Pro cl am ati on O f the President O f th e Un i
t e d States agai nst S o u th C arolina frequ en t c o ns ul ta
t ions w ere h el d b y t he G o vern o r wit h s o m e o f th e
m ost distin gu ish e d O f h is p ol iti cal frien ds to de cide
up on th e c o urs e p rop er to b e p urs u e d i n th e p r ob a b l e
e mergency o f a n attempt to ar r est th e G overn o r o r
a n i nv asion o f S ou th C arol in a A t thes e c o ns ulta
ti o ns th e v e nera b l e J u dge C O L C O GK wh os e le s s we s o
j ustly d e p lore wa s u s u ally p res e nt ; a n d sp e akin g t o
a f r i e n d , o f th o s e t r y i ng ti m e s s o m e y e a r s a f te r wa r ds
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56
h e e mp h aticall y s ai d : H A Y N E i s t h e w is e st ma n I
e ve r m et i n C ou n cil : an d wit h al l hi s c h aracteristi c
p ru d en ce h e n ev er f alters wh ere e v e n th e b r av e s t
”
m igh t h es itate
H igh a s h i s i ntelle ctu al e nd o w
m en ts u ndou b tedly were his m or al qu al iti es we r e still
m ore stri kingly develop e d H e w as a wis e m a n i n
t h e h i gh est se ns e o f t he exp ression He n ot o nl y
p oss ess ed th e m e r e i nt e lle ctu a l p owe r o f ad apting
h i s m eans t o his e nds b u t h e p o ss esse d th e still hi ghe r
qu ality o f s o d ire ctin g th at p owe r th at all th e e nd s
h e a im ed at were h is cou n try s h is G od s an d
”
tr uth s
It resulte d f ro m al l th is th at h is p ubl ic c a
r ee r was sin gul arly an d u ni f or mly f ortu n ate an d tha t
h is c h ara cte r was n eve r exp os ed eve n d urin g th e
m ost angry an d emb ittered stri f e O f c onte nd in g p a r
ties t o a m o menta ry imp u tati on wh i ch co uld ca st t h e
sl ight e s t bl e mish o n h i s fa m e H e wa s always a
p op ul ar f avorite u n i f o rmly r etai n ing th e confiden c e
o f h is fell ow citizen s
th o ugh f e w p ubl i c m e n were
m or e p e rfe ctl y free fr o m t h o s e v ulgar arts an d d e gra
din g com pli an ces b y w h ic h p o p ul arity i s b ut t o o f r e
q uently s o ught and t o o f requ e n tly a cq uire d An d i t
i s a f a ct e very w a y worthy o f bein g re c o rd e d t o h i s
o wn h o n or an d as an exampl e to al l yo uth f ul asp i
r a nts a f ter d isti n ction and f a me i n th e s erv i c e O f th ei r
c ou ntry th at d u r i n g h is wh ol e c are e r as a pu bli c m an
c o m me n c in g at a v e ry early age a n d e mb racin g a l
m ost e ve ry grade O f o fli c e civ il an d military h e n e
v e r i n a s ingle i nstan ce s o l icited e v e n i n the m o s t
i nd ire c t m ann er th e s uflra g e o f a f ell o w citize n
H o w au gus t woul d b e th e a ss embl a ges o f th e p eopl e
t o exe rcis e th e h igh p re rogativ e o f s el f govern m ent ,
if a ll th e c an dida tes f o r th ei r f av or woul d f ol low th is
n obl e exam pl e I In com m e nd i ng i t t o th e risi ng
gen e r ati o n o f p u b li c m e n I c a n c o n fide n tl y ass u re
“
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-
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d en ey o f t h e Un ite d S tates : a sen t i ment i n whi c h
”
v ery m any c oin c id ed
A n d s u ch w ill b e th e e sti
m ate wh i c h p oste rity will pl ace u pon h is c h ar a cte r
B u t I s houl d p e r f or m th e task assi gn ed to m e i n a
v e ry i mp er f ec t m an n er we re I t o b e s ilen t a s to th e
v i rtu es th at ad orn ed h i s p r i vate ch ara cte r F o r a f
t e r all th e s e a e th e onl y sol id f o undati ons o f tr u e
gre atn ess th e only gu a rantees o f th e i ntegri ty an d
f id el i ty O f p ubli c m e n an d t h e i r onl y gen u i n e ti tl e s
t o t h e c on fid en c e o f th e p e ople It w o ul d b e w el l
f o r o ur c ou ntry if th e p eopl e t he ms el ve s w o ul d a l
w ays re al i z e thi s i mp o rtan t tr u th an d e n tir ely rej ec t
th at p ern i cio us h e resy w h i ch h olds th at n ro r a l d e pra
v i t y i s n ot i n c ompati bl e w it h p u bl i c i ntegrity
I n a ll t h e relations o f p ri v ate l i f e h e wa s a n e xa m
pl e wh i c h th e b es t a m ong u s m ight well a spi r e t O
equ al T o u se the l ang u age o f o n e wh o k n e w h i m
i n ti m ately i n t h e s h ade s o f f am ily r et i rem ent a n d
a midst th e v ario us e ngage me nts a nd d uti e s O f d o
A ll wit h h i m wa s i n p er f e ct k e ep in g
m e s t ic l i f e :
A l iv e to ev e ry d uty f e eling e ve ry ti e wh i c h c onn e c ts
a m an w i th h is k ind h e gav e t o e ach its p rop e r e sti
m ate I h av e k n o wn h i m i n t h e m id s t o f a v ery n u
m e ro us con n ex ion (c o m pr is m g gre a t va ri et y O f c on
d iti on ) refle ct i n g h on or u p on a n d d O i ii g goo d to a ll
—t he s y m pa t h iziii g f ri end th e f a ith f ul a dv is er t h e
a ctiv e c oadj utor o f e ach a s h e o r s h e m i ght n e e d
h is e ve r r e ady O f fi ce s o f k ind n ess Un cl es a u nt s
a n d re mote st c ous ins wil l bless h is m e mory f o r a c ts
If gratitud e an d
o f wh ic h t he w orld c an ne ve r h o u r
a f f e ction were th e consequ enc es h e c ou ld enj oy a n d
ap pre ci ate the m ; b ut th e s ol e rewa rd h e l ooke d t o
wa s t he gratificat io n o f h is o wn ge ne ro u s f eelings
H un
a n d th e a p prob a ti on O f h is o wn c ons c ie nc e
d reds i n t his a s s e mbl y wil l n o d o u b t h e a r m e o u t i n
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59
th e Op in i on th at the re h a s s eld o m existed a pu b l i c
m an i n wh o m a de ep and abi di ng se n se O f th e va
r io u s d uties a n d respons ibil iti e s O f p ri vate an d d o
m e s t ic li f e wa s s o l ittle imp ai re d by th e e xciti n g care s
Hi s
o f p ubli c bu sin ess o r the p u rsu its o f a mbi ti on
i nde ed was a c ircl e o f d om esti c fel i city
o wn f amily
an d hi msel f t h e p residin g gen i u s A n d O f te n h av e I
r emark ed wi th ad mi rati on th e f a cil ity wit h wh i ch h e
c oul d withd raw h i msel f f ro m th e toils an d c o n t e n
tion s o f th e gre at p ol itical are na an d d evote h i mself
ex cl usi vely i n th e b osom o f h i s f a mil y t o all th e a f
f e c t io n a t e o ff i ce s an d tend e r enj oy ments of a b us
b an d a f ath e r an d a f rie n d
H e was s crup ul ou sly j u st an d h on or abl e i n hi s
d e al ings wit h m a nki nd a n d h is h ea rt a n d h i s h a n d
w ere al ways op e n to cl ai ms u p on his ge ne rosity o r
h is p ubl ic sp irite d l ib eral ity It i s th e re m a rk o f on e
w h o k n ew h im well th at m on ey e xcep t as a m e an s
s i m pl e c o m p e te n ce an d i ndep ende n ce was as
Of
l ittl e r egard e d b y h i m a s if h e h ad n ot i n f a ct b e
l onged to t h e 1 9t h centu ry and th at O f all acti v e
m e n h i s th o u g h ts we re l e ast o ccup ie d wit h s ch e m es
”
f o r i n cre asin g hi s p riv ate f ortun e
I b el i e ve th e r e
i s n ot th at m an l ivin g wh o c an i mp ute to h i m th e
c om m i ss ion o f a n i n tention al wron g o r a v i ol atio n of
a ny Of th e obli gat ion s o f f ai t h j usti ce tru th or h on
or
J u st t o al l oth e rs h e wa s al s o j us t t o h i ms el f
H e enj oye d th e goo d thi ngs o f t h is l i f e with h abitu al
t e mp e ran c e
placi n g a j u s t a nd p h il os op h i cal esti
m ate u p o n t he m all H e was n ot i ns en s ibl e to th e
r ati on al pl e asu re s an d am us e m ents O f s ocial l ife
b u t h e al ways enj oyed t h e m i n m o de ra ti on a n d
n ev e r p erm itt ed the m to i nte r f e re wi th h is d uties
H is h ou s e wa s th e se at of u n oste n tatio u s h ospitality
wh er e h i s f ri e nd s w ere al ways r e ceiv e d wit h a wel
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60
com e as h e arty and si n cere a s i t was u npret end ing
Possessi n g n at urally strong s ensi biliti es e asily e x c i
t e d th e p ru den c e a n d s el f com m an d f o r wh i ch h e was
re m a rk abl e in d e e d I m a y s ay h is w h ol e ch ar a ct er
w as i n a gre at d egre e th e res ul t o f m o r al d is cipl i n e
r e straini n g e very i mp uls e with i n i ts prop e r l i mits
a n d c onfini n g e a c h to its p rop e r fu n cti on
In a wo rd
h is p ri vat e ch ara cter wa s a sz
re a s h i s p ubl i c ch ara c
u
p
”—
t e r w as illu stri o u s an d
tak e h i m for all i n al l
s el
d o m ve ry s el dom h av e we l ook e d u p o n h is lik e an d
”
seld o m sh all we l o ok u pon h is l ik e again
The
s udde n an d u ntimely departu r e O f s u c h a m an f ro m
th e c ares an d r e sp on sib il iti e s o f h is e arthl y car e e r
w h il e i t i m pressively ad m onish es u s th at n ei th e r wis
d o m n o r v i rtu e ca n p ostp on e t h e i n ev it a b l e h ou r i s
n ot with ou t its consol ati o n s e ve n t o t ho s e wh o ar e
m ost d eepl y a ff e cte d b y th e aw f ul b ere av e ment If
h is c ou ntry h as b ee n d ep rive d O f h i s l ivi n g s ervi ces
h i s h igh e xampl e will i ll ustrat e h e r an n als an d an i
m ate th e p atrioti c stru ggl es O f h er f r e eb o rn son s
w h e n s u c c essiv e gene rations sh al l h av e p ass ed awa y
If h is a fllic t e d widow h as b ee n d epriv e d o f th e a fle c
t io n a t e O f fi ces O f hi s p rote ctin g k i ndn ess a n d c o nj u
gal l ov e s he ca n dwel l wit h a m el an ch oly a n d i n
c r e a sin g pl ea s u re on th e me mory o f h is v irtu es and
d e ri v e a s oothi ng con sol ati o n fro m th e u n ivers al
sym pathy o f a wh ol e comm u n ity i n h er s orrows If
h is c hild re n h av e b ee n d epri v e d o f h i s p are ntal gu i
d an ce an d f oste ring c are h e h as l e f t th e m t h e i m
—
p e ris h a b l e i nh e rita n c e o f an ill ustri ou s n am e an d
l on g l on g m ay th ey pres erv e t h at i n her it an ce and
t ran smi t i t f ro m gen e ra ti o n t o ge n er atio n i n all i ts
o rigin a l p u rity a n d l u s t re
.
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APP EN D I X
.
w i n g c o m m u n i c a t i o n w as re ce iv e d si nce t h e d e l i v e ry f th E l
d i s i ns e r te d t o ll us t r a t e m o r e t h an o n e f e a t u re f G e n e r a l HAY E
Th e f o ll o
g ra m , a n
c h a r act e r
o
e
u ov
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N
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S
.
C H A R L ES T O N
FE B
,
l st, 1 84 0
.
My D E A R M D UF F IE
My a b se n c e f ro m S o u t h C arol i n a d u r i ng t h e p rese n t
.
’
,
i n te r h as
p re v en te d m y atten d i n g m o re earl y to y o u r re q u est t h a t I S h o u l d
f u rn i s h y o u w i t h an y e c ollect i on s I m a y h a v e p rese r v e d
f ou r
i n est i ma b l e a n d lame n te d f r i e nd H AY N E w i t h w h o m i t w a s o u r
p r i de a n d h pp i n ess to h a v e b ee n i n t i m ate l y asso c i ated b ot h p u b
h o l y an d p r i v atel y d u r i ng t h e b est port i o n o f o u r l i v es
A s y o u r w n kn o w ledge o f h i s ad m i ra b le c h ara c te r a n d t h e
c om m u n i cat i o n s o f o t h e s h a v e d o u b tless a ff orded y o u t h e most
i n te rest i n g i ll u strat i on s o f h i s l i f e I w i ll b r i e fly c on fi n e m y sel f t o
on e a n e cdo te w h i c h f u rn i s h es a n e x po n e n t o f t h e f eel i ngs h e a r
r i ed i n to t h e p u b l i c se r v i ce o f h i s c o u n tr y at a momen t o f n o s m al l
d i ff c u lt y an d per i l I n t h e m i dst f t h e p a i n f u l e x c i te me n t w h i c h
e x i sted i n t h i s C i t y i n t h e i n te r v al b e t w ee n t li e p s g o f t h e A c t
f N u ll i fi cat i o n an d Mr C L A Y S p ro ff e red co m p ro m i se on e e v e n i ng
a b o u t n i n e O c lock G e n H A x N E desp atc h ed a messe nge r to m e
I fou nd
w i t h a re q u est t h at I w o u ld i m med i atel y c al l t o see h i m
h i m a lon e H e h ad bu t re centl y g i v e n m e t h e co mm an d o f t h e
C h arleston a n d i ts v ic it y To b e p re pa re d aga i n st
v o l u n tee rs i
a n assa u l t f t h e f edera l f orces f t h e G o v e rn men t t h e n i n t h e
h a r b or f C h arleston w e w ere b ot h e n gaged d a i l y i n c omplet i ng
o u r fi e ld t ra i n a d t h e h e a v y o rdn an c e i n te n de d f r o u r stat i o n a r y
b a tte r i es a t d i ff e re n t po i n ts i n t h e c i t y A f te r g i v i n g m e some o r
de rs f r t h e s u cceed i n g d a y h e a p peared to b e ex c ee d i ngl y t h o u g h t
as b i u ly o pp ressed W i t h m u c h a n i et y an d care H e
f l nd
sa i d to me I h a v e a l w a y s s u ppose d G en e ral t h a t i f u n f rt u
st u ggle b e t w ee n t h e G e n e ral G o v ern me n t a n d o u rsel v es
t ly t h
d i d c o me
i t w o u ld b e c o n fi n e d to a n i ss u e b e t w ee n t h e reg u lar
t oops f t h e a r m y f t h e Un i te d S t a t e s a n d o u rsel v es an d h o w
,
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ni
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3
(3
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v er gre at l y I ma y regre t s u c h a n i ss u e n e v ert h l e ss i n d e f en c e
Bu t I h a v e
m “ t h g i n b l ood to a bi de i t
o f o u r o w n la w s I
c ome pa i n f u l l y to t h e c o n v i ct i on w i t h i n a f w d a y s past t W t h
stan d i n g o u r h opes t o t h e c on tra y t h at f rom a m i stake n se n se o f
d u t y a l a rg e p o t i o n o f t h e Un i o n p t y i n t h i s C i t y W i ll stan d I
t h e ra nks w i t h t h e Un i ted S tate s a rm y an d t h a t o u r st reets m y
G od kno w s h o w soo n w e m a y b e c u rse d
r u n w i t h f ratern a l b lood
w i t h t h i s c al am i t y
I n t h i s e v e n t t h e st ru ggle w o u l d al most c ease
t o b e on e b et w ee n t h e G o v ern men t o f t h e Un i t d S ta tes an d o u r
sel v es bu t b e c ome a domest i c c i v i l w a r f t h e w orst c h arac ter
I t i s i m po s
L e t t h e re f ore t h e respon s i b i l i t y rest o n o u r op pon en ts
w m u st stan d o n
s rble to sa y w h at a c rd e n t a l co n fli cts ma y ar i se
t h e de f e n s i v e
L e t u s by n o me an s h p ro oke d t o st r i ke t h e fi rs t
b l o w F o r y o u kn o w t h a t a mon g o u r op pon e n ts t h ere a re me n
w h om w e h a v e lon g kn o w n a n d l o v ed a n d w i t h w h ose f am i l i e s w e
are al l i n t i mat el y con n e cte d If w e are d r i v en i n t h e d e f en c e o f
t h e la w s f o u r w S tate d t h e p rocess o f o ur o w n co u rts an d
in s elf d ef e n c e n ot o n l y to sta n d by o u r a r ms bu t to u se t h e m w e
s h al l h a v e d o e ur d u t y b e f ore G od an d o u r co u nt ry
I n e v e r h eard h i m spe ak W i t h a deeper se ns i b i l i t y c o m b i n e d w i t h
a g re a t e r to n e o f fi rmn ess i n a c r i s i s i w h i c h b e d i spl a y ed t h ose
del i g h t f u l reso u rces o f k i n dl i n ess f f e e lin g j o in e d to a h i g h co u rage
w h i c h fi tte d h i m f o r an y ex i ge n c y h o w e v er d a rk an d lo w er i n g
Yo u kn o w w i t h w h at a n an x i o u s an d e arn est b e n e v ol en ce h e co n tr i
b u te d to a fi n al pa c ific a t io n o f part i es i n t h e S tate
H e h as le f t u s m y de a r f r i e nd i n t h e m i ds t o f h i s u n f n i s h e d
la b ors an d created a c h asm w h i c h w e wi ll n o t se e soon fi lle d
And
f o r o u rsel v es w h ere are w e to look to h a v e t h e v o i d s u ppl i e d i n o u r
f ie n d s h ips w h i c h t h i s b erea v emen t h as oc cas i on ed
I re ma i n w i t h s i n c ere an d u n a b ate d este e m
Yo u rs f a i t h f u l l y
J H A MI L TO N
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Gen
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GE O
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here - St Matthew`s Walsall

as guest Some pages are restricted

Guide to French Pronunciation and Practical

Benedict Arnolds Regimental Memorandum Book

as guest Some pages are restricted

I the Shortest Way With the Dissenters, Q76

The Development of Higher Education Systems in Europe and Asia

r Many ~ietnais? `Social Theory `and Peasant

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.25 Miles

Jack in the Box - Forgotten Books

THELATE, and Much Admired Play, Called 1 Perl

Cupid Psyche - Forgotten Books