Effects of strength or aerobic training on body
composition,
resting metabolic
rate, and peak oxygen
consumption
in obese dieting subjects1
Allan
Geliebter,
Saini
A Hashim
Margaret
ABSTRACT
lated
Given
largely
was
that
would
to the
training,
diet
subjects
(25
received
a formula
5150
were
men
two
exercise
times
per
stimulates
and
plus
group
performed
upper
and
alternate
and
40
with
women)
weight
lost,
9.0
kg,
strength-training
0.05)
than
group
the
also
metrically
Mean
differ
aerobic
and
flexed
declined
Peak
group
oxygen
icantly
reduced
(P
the decline
the loss
Am
WORDS
The
0.05)
groups.
mass
and
in
the
most
dieting
Nutr
reduction,
lean
strength
training,
aerobic
training,
obesity,
low
effect
over
tissue,
fat-
humans
energy
expenditure
Energy
expenditure,
the time
Exercise
I
is considered
reduction
program
alone
without
tissue
or fat-free
an important
in conjunction
exercise
results
mass
in loss
(FFM)
rate (RMR)
is also lowered
tation
to periods
of famine,
component
with
as well
during
but
of a weight-
dieting
(1-3).
of not
only
(4).
Resting
dieting
(5),
an impediment
Dieting
fat
but
lean
metabolic
a useful
for
adapdieters
period
study
loss
of
(7-10).
help
FFM
weight.
The decline
(6), given
that RMR
Incorporating
reduce
the
whether
to
Am
Nuir
J C/in
exercise
decline
emphasize
1997:66:557-63.
into
in RMR
strength
Printed
in RMR
correlates
is due in part to the
highly
with FFM
a weight-loss
and
FFM,
training
in USA.
program
but
or
aerobic
© 1997
may
it is unclear
training.
American
Society
From
at the
(Obesity
Res
1993:1:725).
Address
and
NAASO
requests
Hospital,
sicians
and
E-mail:
AG658@columbia.edu.
Surgeons,
Received
December
Accepted
for
utilization
Center,
St
are
by
increasing
training.
which
weight
the
lacking.
to aerobic
over
during
training
equating
equalized
relative
and
is gen-
in a typical
controversy
April
1994,
Annual
mode
of
reduction.
Luke’s-Roosevelt
Anaheim,
Meeting,
CA
October
DK 4494647).
to A Geliebter,
WH-l0,
18,
Obesity
Columbia
1 1 1 1 Amsterdam
publication
Nutrition
in greater
of training
be
18)
We
Hospital,
(FASEB
1993,
I 1994;
Milwaukee
R-Kane
products
formula.
reprint
Luke’s-Roosevelt
for Clinical
can
by a grant from NIH (ROl
Pro-Cal
17,
training
(1 1). Studies
training
Research
and
the
(3,
Aerobic
conflict-
the decline
College
of Physicians
and Surgeons,
New York.
at Experimental
Biology,
March
1993, New Orleans
I l993:7:A516),
provided
positive
modes
more
training
than the
are
prevent
it results
be
(VO2peak),
There
expenditure
advantageous
8:A159),
Supported
both
two
the
may
can
noted.
however,
(FASEB
3
training
training
for strength
Obesity
on
it often
does
other advan-
(1 1).
because
the
addressed
the
of an effect
to the relatively
overriding
the
training
energy
for
is most
lack
consumption
exercise
anaerobic
Columbia
University
2 Presented
in part
4
to lose
trying
does
found
an increase
in FFM
found
no effect
of
because
aerobic
consumption
with
greater
incorporat-
capacity
oxygen
being
(2)
and
than
exercise
INTRODUCTION
dieting,
(19-22)
session
Our
more
aerobic
recommended
For
men
women
although
may have
oxygen
strength
during
studies
The
Aerobic
peak
on whether
of fat stores
(16).
(13).
as obese
obese
found
study
in
training.
training.
increasing
effects
ofFFM
Two
in
hand,
aerobic
exercise,
increase
muscle
mass,
anaerobic
RMR
erally
the
of strength
an index of cardiorespiratory
by definition
stimulates
results
(14).
dieting
or RMR
decline
of skeletal
same
study
may have been due
2 184 kJ/d
(522
kcal/d),
strength
in
the
study (15)
a second
on 1PM
On the other
not significantly
effective
RMR
the
50%
>
weigh
during
second
intake,
lessen
hypertrophy
comprise
who
higher
training
for
signif-
may
results:
one
not measured);
in the
energy
negative
l997;66:557-63.
weight
FFM
in
but did not prevent
Exercise,
strength
should
by inducing
men
training
strength
among
training
12), which
a significantly
ing
ing
strength.
training
FFM
muscular
relatively
differing
strength
during
The
(P <
anthropo-
grip
(11,
example,
have
and
strength
if it preserves
tages
of
strength-training
(P <
increased
J C/in
performed
amount
FFM
Theoretically,
potential
the
mean
less
without
conclusion,
of FFM
in RMR.
mass,
muscle
for
group
among
groups.
increases
In
the
significantly
consumption
or
three
exercises
significantly
arm
0.03).
=
trained
aerobic
significantly,
They
of RMR
B Heymsfield,
contradictory
(RMR
was
in the strength-training
8 wk,
lost
sub-
diet plus
study.
isoenergetic,
the
diet-only
measured
aerobic
in
After
however,
significant
groups.
free
not
showed
RMR
KEY
did
group,
the
a
Sixty-five
of 70%
weight-resistance
cycling.
obese
only.
Steven
muscle
In
groups:
Gutin,
RMR
8-wk intervention.
They
counseling.
Subjects
in
Those
Those
arm
dieting.
content
to be
supervision.
body.
and
hypertrophy,
during
or diet
during
the
nutritional
progressive
muscle
completed
an energy
is re-
hypothesis
moderately
training,
designed
under
lower
leg
RMR
Bernard
(RMR)
the
to one ofthree
aerobic
diet
rate
(FFM),
trial,
assigned
groups,
week
mass
FFM
± 1070 kJ/d ( ± SD)
seen weekly
for individual
the
metabolic
intervention
y) were
Gerace,
Avenue,
Research
University
New
Center,
College
York,
NY
St
of Phy-
10025.
1996.
April
24,
1997.
557
Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by on August 27, 2010
strength
19-48
Laura
which
both
controlled
(aged
resting
of fat-free
training,
preserve
randomized
that
amount
strength
help
jects
M Maher,
558
GELIEBTER
hypothesized
that combined
strength
training
would
best
with moderate
conserve
FFM
energy
restriction,
and RMR.
ET
AL
sedentary
subjects
who require
stable
body
weight
(19).
A
improve
SUBJECTS
AND
taken
32.5
METHODS
Subjects
Overweight
local
body
men
advertising.
weight
was
stable
not
within
and
The
women
aged
5% for the past
engaged
19-48
y were
recruited
women
had to be premenopausal.
20%
above
the desired
amount
in regular
3 mo.
They
systematic
strength
training
(not
Subjects
were
screened
were
exercise
including
routine
medically
also
sedentary-
such
as aerobic
walking)
with
for
be in good
be
health,
heart,
without
kidney,
a history,
abusing
drugs
hypertension,
or liver
or
diabetes,
disease.
taking
The
medications
physical
were
also
when
they
began
fluctuations
women,
and
ended
and
body
the
in RMR
of 2.7%
Because
the study period
the same
point
of their
RMR
can
only.
by sex
There
The
and
composition
sequence
then
were
of the
study
were
cycle
noted
during
the
because
cycle
13 dropouts
was
subjects
at about
when
(6 in strength
training,
who
groups:
diet, or 3)
first
to stratify
at a time
and 4 in diet only)
due to employment
vacation
dates,
illness,
and noncompliance.
participants
(25).
remeasured.
randomization
three
or
can
test)
menstrual
to one of the following
2) aerobic
training
and
for
to assign
acteristics
of the 65
shown
in Table
1.
nicotine
by urine
was
occur
not
RMR
was 8 wk, most women
were
cycle
as they
were
originally
The subjects
were assigned
1) strength
training
and diet,
diet
the day
could
to a group.
completed
the
oil,
provided
in three
cent;
are
Subjects
Subjects
nutritional
cation
that
(R-Kane,
Pennsauken,
1 175 LI (1286
± 281
NJ)
kcal),
that provided
70%
or ‘=50%
ofdaily
Pro-Cal
of RMR,
5375
±
energy
intake
for
the
study
characteristics
of subjects
in the
three
intervention
asked
more
weight
and sex
Age
Weight
y
training
Males
(n
=
(n
8)
Both (n
Diet only
Males
Both
=
(n
(n
,
I ± SD.
2
Based
=
14)
23)
=
(n
Females
=
8)
=
14)
22)
There
kg
fat2
35
±
3
1 14.2
36
±
8
92.1
35
±
37
on densitometry.
38.1
± 6.0
21.3
43.1
±
6
101.0 ± 21.9
41.1
± 6.7
±
6
1 15.9
±
6.8
Measurement
diet
underwent
and
were
after
were
procedures
metabolic
was
after
blind
measurements
protocol
a
was
Institutional
consent.
before
Re-
starting
Measurements
were
used
39.8
±
33 ± 9
107.5
± 20.9
36.0
± 6.2
37 ± 8
92.0
± 17.7
44.4
±
4.3
blood
samples
97.6
± 19.9
41.3
± 6.4
RMR
was
the
were
session.
and void
performing
assignments.
performed
psychologic
for
for
in the
ratings,
dioxide
and
body
of 3.8%
15 mm;
the
The
produced
of 4%
comfortably
not to move
last
were
CO2
by indirect
this measurement
or fall
10 mm
amount
of the
of oxygen
recorded
with
a metabolic
CA) after calibration
a mixture
calculated
for
rested
trying
analysis.
spirometry
Yorba
Linda,
air,
subject
while
used
carbon
room
± 23.0
tests,
after
was
energy
expended
was
formula).
Reproducibility
a CV
group
h and
the
at the end
exercise
subjects’
=3
position,
mask
and
has
a
rate
using
open-circuit
medics-Horizon,
Serum
to the
determined
A face
nitrogen,
for
to lose
to follow
study
a previous
took
in a supine
96.0
groups.
dieting.
order:
RMR,
blood
and VO2peak.
36 ± 7
the three
h
required
± 6.2
among
encouraged
measurements
still
48
procedures
tory
weeks
needed
were requested
to fast for 1 3 h beforehand
and bladder
in the morning.
The technicians
± 5.1
differences
several
8 wk while
conducted
Subjects
bowels
subjects
procedures
37.9
8
were
weights
period,
who
Hospital’s
informed
40.9
±
transition
weight
were asked to
pattern
dur-
4 more
their
20.6
no significant
for
Subjects
approved
by St Luke’s-Roosevelt
view Board.
All subjects
gave
± 13.4
5.9
food.
Behavior
Body
study
The
83.1
±
this
8-wk
a week
and
long-term
Subjects
activity
diet.
35 ± 8
36
were
± 16.1
once
intake.
the
prescribed.
the
80 mmol.
in VO2peak
food
solid
consumed
%
diet
+
Females (n = 12)
Both (n = 20)
Aerobic training + diet
Males (n = 9)
Females
Percentage
daily
to solid
The
milk
week
for 30 mm of
on behavior
modifi-
to improve
After
return
after
increases
the exercise
daily.
of 1%-fat
exceeded
a formula
diet (27).
their usual sedentary
for
was
efferves-
slightly
more
than the
26) . Subjects
obtained
and
1 g/kg actual
weight,
weight
shown
(1200-kcal/d)
asleep.
Group
potassium
provided
(RDA;
recording
been
g fiber
consumed
individually
each
with an emphasis
transition
50l6-kJ/d
10
amounts
were
caseinate,
10 g fat as
(sugar-free
variable
Daily
weekly.
to
supervised
for 45 mm,
groups’
of powder
additional
to maximize
except
were
RMR
1
Baseline
Strength
has
measured
Resting
TABLE
packets
Cincinnati)
of RMR.
included
were
received
on
An
with
loss associated
with
record
and maintain
following
composition,
based
Gamble,
were
seen
counseling,
modification
ing
Five
of Metamucil
an intake
recommended
muscle
growth
(1 1).
The
diet
g fiber.
combined
70%
diet
a liquid-formula
&
were
to provide
2
packets
Other
minerals
and vitamins
recommended
dietary
allowance
1 .5 g protein/kg
ideal
body
the
Restrictive
and
Proctor
packets
Subjects
study
intake.
daily
that contained
70 g protein
as calcium
g carbohydrate
as fructose
and corn syrup,
soybean
3 in aerobics,
relocation,
change
in
The baseline
char-
of energy
to maintain
provided
to
and
cart
by
(Sensorwith 100%
16%
02.
calorimetry
in our
The
(Weir
labora-
(28).
measurement
Because
and free
munoassay
thyroid
for
measured,
hormones
may
hormone
and
triiodothyronine
kits (Diagnostic
influence
measurements
serum
was
separated
(T3) and thyroxine
Products,
Los
RMR
were
(29,
30),
drawn
after
to measure
total
(T4) by radioimAngeles).
Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by on August 27, 2010
weight.
Smokers
were
excluded
because
RMR
(24).
Pregnant
women
(determined
For
or gastroinaffect
body
raise
excluded.
(general
and
had to
subjects
that
or
3 mo.
exam
including
electrocardiogram,
and blood
analysis
chemistry,
thyroid
profile,
cholesterol,
triacylglycerols,
complete
blood
cell count).
Except
for obesity,
subjects
testinal,
by
Their
(23) and
control
140%
of RMR
formula
diet
was
STRENGTH
Body
AEROBIC
TRAINING
After
measurement
electronic
scale
(Weightronix;
lung
Body
density
(31).
centage
fat and
FFM
in our
assessments
(TOBEC)
was
coil
San
arm
(36).
is <
with
Bioelectrical
skinfold
Lange
Cambridge,
MD),
the
with
a tape
thickness
and
circumference
The biceps
cluded
in the
ments
Grip
were
strength
mometer
Peak
repeated
(mean
oxygen
the
was
skinfold
with the arm
of two trials)
Gay
estimated
in
was
was
a treadmill
miles/h
with
arm
measure-
(Quinton,
(5.3
km/h).
Seattle)
Treadmill
Balke
with
speed
was
by
motion
to a count
on a cycle
Aerobic
upper-body
tion
protocol
by
lyzed
for
from
6 to 20.
oxygen
and
(Sensormedics-Horizon).
value
for oxygen
Expired
carbon
gas
maintained
chosen
exertion
was
at
to dif-
dioxide
(RPE)
continuously
with
a metabolic
VO2peak
was considered
consumption
per minute.
The
electrocardiogram
leads
for
continuous
each
8 more
mm.
The
upper
and
monitoring
work
Inventory
eating
and
(38)
(two
body
weight
component
of
pressed
mood.
the
filled
questions
of
out the Beck
were
that
would
study).
A
excluded
high
score
and
strength
with
heart
the
rate
arm
in the
rpm,
at
on
an
8 mm
cycling
direc-
with
leg cycling
aerobic
range
as
the study,
the rpms were increased
A warm-up
and cool down of 2.5
training
preceded
was
like
the
strength
followed
to
exercise
training,
was
monitored
continuously
Washington,
and
designed
rate
Port
ergometer
of 60
by
weight
supported.
Both upper
set to be 55%
of the subject’s
(Polar,
cycle
concluded
at 0 resistance
body,
leg
and
kept
the
with
the
and lower
body
initial
VO2peak.
with
NY)
the
a heart
just
rate
above
mon70%
of
rate.
analysis
postintervention,
Northridge,
Duncan
changes
in
CA).
combined
ANOVA;
Post
hoc
test.
because
the
sexes
more
scores,
the
change
in scores.
initial
there
for
changes
(PC
multiple-range
tween
de-
to assess
interactions
were
no
score
was
Differences
given
significant
with
for
the
the
sexes
interactions
groups.
entered
with
and
Dynam-
performed
are
between
groups
Systems
were
data
the changes
mood
between
Human
tests
The
of variance
factors,
pre-
For
as a covariate
P < 0.05
be-
the
mood
for the
(two-tailed)
were
significant.
training
of the
aerobic
published
total,
were
=‘30
made
exercise
guidelines,
expenditure
lasted
of 5 mm
the
speed
followed
Subjects
maintain
cycle
by the dieting
indicates
Subjects
assigned
to either
strengthgroups
exercised
under
supervision
three
Monday,
Wednesday,
and Friday.
Missed
=55%
on
A warm-up
first
considered
Exercise
as
repetitions
The data
were
subjected
to two-way
analysis
(ANOVA)
with repeated
measures
on one of the
heart
Depression
on
be influenced
repeti-
repetitions
preceded
were
Heart
ics,
subjects
was
(Monark),
aerobic
lower
Statistical
largest
wore
of mood
state,
direction.
This
minute.
To
on the leg
session.
and
mood
or more
at a starting
progressed
through
raising
the resistance.
determine
To assess
of as many
eight
of rep-
of six
cart
the
subject
rate.
Ratings
sets
consisted
on a stationary
8 mm.
ergometer
reversed
mm
first
for
maximal
scale
lat-
was increased
at the next session.
the weights
slowly
in a continuous
Sweden)
resistance,
ana-
Borg
chest
dorsi),
consecutive
set at 0 resistance,
Varberg,
itor
perceived
muscle
(latissimus
sets
set
of 5 s in each
exercised
(Monark;
on a
rated
large
(hamstring),
training
each
subject
training
stations
training.
person’ s body
the
curl
three
two
performed
ergometer,
ferentiate
from the training
received
by either
exercise
group.
Subjects
first walked
for 2 mm at 0 grade,
then the treadmill
was elevated
by 1#{176}/mmuntil the subject
could not continue.
At
workload,
subjects
weight
Eight
arm flexion
(biceps),
arm exten(buttocks,
hip, and quadriceps).
At
a third
set, the resistance
raised
and lowered
for
walking
sedentary
lower-body
pullover
first
the third
Subjects
low
WI).
a modified
followed
VA).
leg
performed
The
If the
subjects
without
determined
subjects
Subjects
in-
extended
to flex the triceps.
was assessed
with a dyna-
Mills,
shoulder),
leg press
30 s apart.
each,
and
super
possible.
(37).
thickness
these
remained
in triceps
the change
muscle
Additionally,
Tech,
change
arm
consumption
VO2peak
3.3
arm
to the
midupper
circumference,
triceps
calculation.
attached
of the
From
arm
the
Valhalla,
upper(quadriceps),
major),
station,
tions
were measured
at the
(Cambridge
Scientific,
circumference
measure.
as
(Country
using
thicknesses
calipers
of the upper
as well
etitions,
(BIA;
with electrodes
of < 1% (36).
upper
each
mag-
exercise
raise (medial
(triceps),
and
a large
subjects
progressive-resistance
(Independence,
extension
(pectoralis
conductivity
that
sessions.
of 627
mm
and
sessions
up the
were
to be isoenergetic
Id (150
the
kcal)
strength
(39,
sessions
same
or aerobic-training
times
per week
on
exercise
sessions,
RESULTS
week.
differ
designed,
with
40).
The
The
strength
according
a mean
net energy
aerobic
#{176}‘60
mm.
Self
sessions
reports
to
Mean
The
weight
loss
significantly:
combined
in the
9.0
groups
three
intervention
kg or 9.2%
lost
a significant
the strength-training
(Figure
1 and Table
of
the
weight
loss,
FFM
lost
weight
amount
on densitometry,
but
(P < 0.05,
ANOVA)
the
groups
of initial
did
(Table
of FFM,
not
2).
based
group
lost the least
2). As a component
represented
8%
for
the
Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by on August 27, 2010
obtained
and
additional
to
leg
press
eral
sion
laboratory
analysis
used
groups:
per-
in our
confirm
training
were
for hydroden-
inside
the CV
impedance
and biceps
arm
with
CV
To provide
subject
IL) (35);
Triceps
midupper
skinfold
The
the
to
of supervised
Strength
559
DIETERS
Subjects
performed
with
Nautilus
equipment
oxygen
and
electrical
the
Auburn,
by
(32),
1% (34).
Union an
a weight
belt,
while
exhaling
measured
(33).
total-body
determined
Systems,
in air
OBESE
collected
outside
Development,
calculated
derived
Diego)
was also performed
and leg (36), with a CV
was
was
was
FFM,
Scan,
was
Electronics
volume
were
measured
(EM
is < 2%
Scale
laboratory
of
density
Biomedical
first weighed
0.05 kg. Then,
wearing
underwater
10 times
Residual
dilution
sitometry
body
(Precision
subject
was
to the nearest
was weighed
maximally.
netic
of RMR,
weighing
PA). The
New York)
the subject
IN
were
composition
by underwater
versity
Park,
the
AND
560
GELIEBTER
TABLE
ET
AL
2
Before
and after measurements
for the three
intervention
groups’
Interventions
Comparison
of changes:
P
Combined
Strength
Weight (kg)
Before
After
Change
Fat-free mass (kg)2
Before
After
Change
Fat (kg)2
Before
After
Change
Arm
muscle,
58.9 ± 11.5
57.7 ± 11.1
-1.1 ± 2.3
42.1
35.4±
-6.7
relaxed
flexed
± 23.0
97.6
± 19.9
±
88.1
± 19.2
19.8
± 4.5
-9.5
± 3.1
57.5
± 12.8
57.0
± 12.2
55.2
±
54.3
± 11.6
-2.3
14.0
38.4
31.2±
2.8
-7.2
11.7
± 2.4
±
±
-2.7
± 2.1
12.5
40.6
±
11.0
33.8±
I 1.2
11.5
±
2.6
3.0
-6.8
Between
<
0.00005
<
0.00005
<
0.00005
groups
NS
(S
0.04
A,D)
>
NS
(cm)4
27.6
± 4.3
27.5
± 4.1
27.2
± 4.2
26.9
± 3.9
-0.4
±
2.4
-0.6
±
2.7
NS
NS
(cm)5
30.6 ± 5.7
31.7 ± 6.8
29.8
± 4.6
30.2
29.5
± 4.9
28.7
± 5.4
± 4.9
1.1 ± 4.1
-0.3
± 2.3
-1.6
± 3.1
36.6 ± 1 1.9
39.9 ± 12.6
3.3 ± 4.5
34.7
±
1 1.6
34.5
± 12.0
35.3
±
I 1.3
34.2
± 9.9
NS
0.04
(S
>
A,D)
NS
0.03
(5
>
A,D)
(u)
0.6 ± 5.3
7290 ± 1447
6667 ± 1561
-623 ± 857
7679 ± 1679
7147 ± 1618
-532 ± 1054
After
Change
VO2peak (mL/min)
Before
After
Change
Total thyroxine
(g/L)
Before
After
Change
Depression
score6
Before
After
Change
2170 ± 646
2152 ± 730
-18 ± 313
79.7
±
79.1
± 16
-0.6
±
14
7.0
-0.3
± 3.5
7214
± 1496
6845 ± 1420
-369
± 1055
2074
± 702
2231
2280
± 706
1963 ± 502
206 ± 574
-268
77.7
± 16
± 18
70.6
± 15
9.0
-7.1
±
9.0
8.1 ± 4.5
9.7
± 6.8
3.6
7.2
± 5.4
-4.5
± 3.6
-2.5
± 5.1
NS
NS
0.01 (A
>
D)
0.04
>
D)
± 337
82.4 ± 15
±
0.0003
± 616
78.6
-3.9
8.3 ± 6.2
4.7 ± 4.7
-3.6 ± 4.9
0.0007
± 6.3
0.00005
<
0.02
(S
(S,A
D)
<
± SD.
By densitometry.
3 Post
hoc comparison,
for example,
(A) and diet-only
(D) groups.
4 Circumference
of midarm muscle
5 Circumference
of midarm
muscle
6
groups
Assessed
by Beck
strength-training
training
group
significantly
them
(Table
strength-training
(P = 0.007,
The
and
Depression
group
28%
reduced
circumference
smaller
were
differing
of lean
in the relaxed
a nonsignificant
trend
toward
an increase
group,
and in the flexed
state
increased
aerobicfat was
strength
in flexed
between
(r
tissue
confirmed
with
both
(P = 0.04, ANOVA).
of arm muscle
(5) was
significantly
more
positive
than
the changes
for both
the aerobic
flexed.
20%
for the
group.
Body
without
losses
group
state.
triceps
(38).
with
diet-only
in all groups,
and BIA
for the strength-training
in relaxed
with
Inventory
compared
for the
2). Significantly
group
ANOVA)
the change
state
only in the
significantly
in the
TOBEC
0.34,
increased
Mean
FFM
strength
in the
period,
still
(Table
muscle
P
2). The correlation
circumference
and
Grip
strength
(P
0.03,
group.
differing
(Table
2).
Adjusting
eliminated
the
but
difference
not
was
most in the strength-training
RMR declined
significantly
without
<
0.02).
between
FFM
the
groups
showed
group
arm
the
significant.
RMR
significant
decline
between
VO2peak
for
either
over
changes
increased
ANOVA)
between
body
the
among
the
the changes
significant
most
weight
or
intervention
groups
(P
was
= 0.01,
Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by on August 27, 2010
Before
After
Change
Grip strength
Before
After
Change
RMR (kJ/d)
Before
2
±
only
Diet
86.4
12.4
±
diet
+
96.0
-9.6
28.5 ± 5.2
29.1 ± 4.3
0.6 ± 2.6
muscle,
‘1
Aerobic
100.9 ± 21.9
93.2 ± 19.9
-7.8 ± 3.8
Before
After
Change
Arm
diet
+
STRENGTH
AND
AEROBIC
TRAINING
IN
Our
0)
-
:1
I
C/)
U)
E
ci)
OBESE
results
also
RMR.
This
that strength
‘I-
C
with
effect
on RMR
ci)
0)
30),
C
both
and
was
both
the
0
FIGURE
The
1. Mean
(±
strength-training
densitometry,
SEM)
group
than
the
change
lost
other
in fat-free
significantly
groups
mass
less
0.04,
(*
in the three
fat-free
groups.
mass,
based
on
ANOVA).
thyroid
less for
the
tween
loss
Among
not
but
declined
of
for
exercise
not differ
all
groups
groups
than
and
total
less
diet
when
declined
groups.
for the
were
declined
in the
T3
T4 declined
Free
(showing
group
The
results
pared
with
ervation
due
show
diet
aerobic
(Table
2).
strength-training
given
with
the
lean tissue
can be preserved
animals,
muscle
mass
was
loss
when
rats
cises
(41).
The
weight
performed
moderately
(the
loss
aerobic
restrictive
diets
a
(42),
from
exer-
=25%
10%
of the
typical
in
the
with
magnetic
obese
after
resonance
humans,
the
strength
relatively
had
combined
kcal)/d
],
no-exercise
pausal
(46)
the
of
a moderately
loss
of
FFM
group
in both
obese
women.
another
study
of
due
to the
aerobic
also
premenopausal
lessened
(45)
[>
and
unlikely
produced
the
aerobic
and
results
are
to enhance
in both
mood
mood
in our
(48).
study,
mood
exercise
than
groups,
those
in
in mood,
of mode
the
illustrat-
when
combined
training
program
(50).
that
tissue,
which
comprises
Thus,
despite
popular
turers
of weight-resistance
found
for
of
RMR
the amount
muscle
muscle
mass,
another
opinion
of
of
young
nondieting
tissue
preserved
small
to induce
although
is still
less
major
part
claims
RMR
more
active
than
of the
made
no
when
Our
resistance-
is too
equipment,
conservation
(45).
12-wk
mass,
and
RMR
a
of lean
mass,
would
combined
metorgan
FFM
by
evidence
(51).
manufaccould
combining
be
diet
and
training.
our
study
aerobic
training
also
failed
in RMR,
which
is consistent
with
in the literature
(19-22).
However,
capacity
and
increased
VO,peak,
exercise
fitness,
by aerobic
did
significantly
not
may
exercise
only
raise
dieting
protective
strength
relative
to
obese
subjects
effect
training.
either
for
with
combined
VO,peak
lean
energy
with
a very-low-energy
( 1 6,
itself
con-
restriction
diet
52).
significantly
conserving
the
of VO,peak,
moderate
exercise
was
benefit
enhancement
training
tissue
prevent
of cardiorespiratory
is a known
aerobic
without
to
other
negative
findthe aerobic
training
an index
which
( 1 1 ). The
occur
exercise
In conclusion,
tissue
strength
fat
6 mo
to preserve
failure
the
and
diet
a very-low-energy
of
failed
reduce
weight
period
Resting
than
itself
intervention
to increase
active
not
body
is
of exer-
even
the
it is mostly
did
a smaller
the
It
effect
a longer
with
in RMR.
potential
from
all
a constant.
because
training
that
as
diet
from
result
It is possible
when
the
moderate
effect
strength
measurements
acted
obscured
consistent
aerobic
a
be-
weight
which
the
It is also
however,
to
postmeno-
can
because
in
did
differing
improvement
expected
have
ferred
kJ(l000
relative
dieting
the
training
4181
apparently
to improve
postintervention
because
significantly
that
postintersignificantly
pattern
absent
more
dieting,
the
of a
and
a
study,
without
shown
noted
regardless
the
(49).
ings
(16)
use
of
sometimes
decline
in
studies
strength
diet
FFM
(44)
In two
( 1 1 ).
and
restrictive
both
of FFM
losses
of 50 g/d
was
In
preservation
been
greater
intake
sessions
with
have
with
protein
(43).
to find
may
diet
low
conjunction
failure
training
very-low-energy
imaging
declined
this
Subjects
lose
exercise
as
In
training
group
is impressive.
The preservation
of lean tissue
and muscle
mass is consistent
with results
from a recent
study
in dieting,
obese
subjects
doing
strength
exercises
as assessed
In our
T4 declined
been
a greater
FFM,
strength-
T4,
free
was
groups.
that
strength
for
also
not
still
RMR
abolically
Thus,
been
beyond
a change
groups),
<
on
to be
strength.
has
RMR
(1 .6 kg),
weight-resistance
to
that
pres-
in grip
tissue
unlikely
relative
muscle
dieting
has
had
time
were
The
negative
energy
balance.
In
to increase
despite
weight
diet-only
the
groups
men
in arm
(30).
(29,
with
dieting.
com-
the increase
of lean
and
with
did
for
a benefit
of FFM
appeared
increase
during
shown
group,
loss
group
progressive
reduced
change
combined
the
or no exercise.
hypertrophy,
consistent
training
diminished
in the
to muscular
and
strength
training
of FFM
mass
that
significantly
diet-only
cisc
in the
DISCUSSION
moderate
for all three
ing
more
diet
decreased
depression
they
At
enhanced
more
clinical
improved
with
depressed,
itself
although
strength-training
significantly
only
T4
significantly
clinically
significantly
and
similar
between
total
subjects
declined
scores
mood)
free
but
the
were
or FFM.
significantly
2).
none
depression
did
significantly,
group
(Table
Although
Results
weight
hormones,
overall
and
body
thyroid
change
overall
training.
for
the
significantly
did
aerobic
RMR
decline
preserved
or
RMR.
a major
no
exercise
However,
advantage
lean
in
the
of
A
Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by on August 27, 2010
after
adjusted
after
Exercise
Although
was
com-
no differential
groups.
(47).
VO2
which
not
with
exercises
in regulating
total
group,
RMR,
was
46).
for
strength-training
influence
of
finding
(16)
diet also did
studies,
dieting,
role
Although
in the
FFM
aerobic
a moderate
except
in all groups.
the
other
generally
with
hormones,
vention
not
(45,
a major
RMR
than
Weight
ANOVA)
and
and
FFM
a conservation
study
two
moderate
observed
T3
that
the
strength
play
very-low-energy
in
In
during
hormones
of
into
is consistent
with
to a very-low-energy
above.
no exercise
Thyroid
preservation
translate
although
noted
combining
pared
the
not
result
added
RMR,
as
sessions
did
negative
training
influence
561
that
group
preserved,
ci)
show
strength-training
not
‘I-
DIETERS
562
GELIEBTER
We thank Adena Berkman,
Natalie Bertucci,
Susan Blumenthal,
Cathy
Buhl, Kristan
Burkhardt,
Chris Economos,
Dympna
Gallagher,
Susan
Karp, Chris Nunez, Anita Patil, Lorraine Wilbourne,
and Mei-Uih Yang for
their assistance.
We also thank Robert B Kaskey,
President
of R-Kane
Products
(Pennsauken,
NJ), for providing
the Pro-Cal formula.
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