労働法の基礎 その1-雇用と解雇 - Squire Patton Boggs

DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIA
Labor – Part 1
Hiring and Terminating
労働法の基礎
その1-雇用と解雇
下田 範幸 (日本およびカリフォルニア州弁護士)
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP (San Francisco Office) パートナー
Phone: (415) 393-9894
Email: noriyuki.shimoda@squirepb.com
May 21, 2014 at San Francisco Office
June 18, 2014 at Palo Alto Office
44 Offices in 21 Countries
Major Issues (重要問題)
Hiring (雇用)
•
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Job Interviews (採用面接)
Discrimination (差別)
Background Check (経歴調査)
Drug Testing (ドラッグテスト)
Offer Letter/Employment Agreement (雇用契約書)
Independent Contractors (独立請負人)
Termination (解雇)
•
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Review and Feedback (勤務評定)
Discipline (懲戒処分)
Discrimination at Termination/Lay-off(解雇時の差別問題)
Termination and Age Discrimination (解雇と年齢差別)
Typical Documentation for Termination(解雇時の典型的な必要書類)
Terminations Interview (解雇の際の面接)
1
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring – Discrimination Issue
(雇用時の差別問題)
•
•
Be careful of Discrimination Issues at hiring stage(雇用時の差別
問題に注意)
Employers are forbidden to discriminate on the basis of:
race (人種)
color (肌の色)
age (年齢)
Genetic information (遺伝子情報)
sex (which includes pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding and
medical conditions related to pregnancy, childbirth or
breastfeeding)(性別- 妊娠、出産、母乳、それらに関わる健康状態
も含む)
 sexual orientation (性的傾向)
 transgenderism/transexualism (性不一致)
 familial status (家族構成)
 religious creed (宗教的信条)
 national origin and ancestry (民族・家系)
 medical condition (健康状態)
 marital status (結婚しているかどうか)
 physical and mental disability (身体または精神障害)
 Military and veteran status (軍人または退役軍人であること)
The anti-discrimination laws protect applicants as well as employees (
差別禁止法は、求職者も保護している)
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•
2
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring – Advertisement
(求人広告)
•
Advertisements (求人広告)

Avoid using any terms that would express any
discriminatory intent regarding gender, age,
ethnicity, marital status or any other protected
categories (性、年齢、人種、結婚しているか否かその
ほか、保護されているカテゴリーに関し差別の意図を表
明するようなあらゆる表現を避ける)

For instance, avoid using “salesman,” “waitress,”
“young energetic persons,” “young attractive
woman,” and “Japanese male” (例えば、“セールスマ
ン”、“ウェイトレス”、“若く活力あふれる人”、“若く魅力
的な女性”、“日本人男性”といった表現を避ける)
3
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring – Job Applications
(求職申し込み書)
•
Job Applications (求職申し込み書)

Application form should not solicit information
concerning protected categories previously
mentioned (求職申し込み書で、保護されているカテゴ
リーに関する情報を引き出すような質問をしてはならな
い)

For example, don’t ask for photograph on
application or resume (たとえば求職申し込み書や履
歴書に写真を要求してはならない)
4
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring – Interviews (面接)
•
Questions NOT to Ask During Interview (面接
時に尋ねてはならない事項)

Do not ask questions regarding any ptotected
categories such as race, age, sexual orientation,
familial status, religion, national origin and ancestry,
medical condition, marital status or physical and
mental disability (人種、年齢、結婚しているか否か、性
的傾向、家族構成、宗教、出自・祖先、健康状態および
心身障害など、どの保護されたカテゴリーに関しても、
質問をしてはならない)
5
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Discrimination Issues in Interviews
(面接における差別問題)
•
Examples of Questions Not to Ask During
Interview (面接で質問すべきでない事の例)
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Do you have green card or citizenship?(グリーンカードを持
っているのですか、それとも市民権?)
How did you get green card? (どうやってグリーンカードを取
りましたか?)
“Lee” – that’s a Chinese name, right? ( リーって、中国系の
名前ですよね)
“Utah? Are you Mormon?” (ユタ州ですか。モルモン教徒で
すか?)
“UC Berkley? Me too. What year?” (UCバークレーですか
。私もです。卒業はいつですか?)
“How did you get involved with the Gay and Lesbian
student group?” (同性愛の学生グループとはどう付き合いま
したか?)
Do you have kids? (子供はいますか?)
“What do you intend to do about child care?” (子供の世話
はどうするつもりですか?)
“Do you intend to have kids?” (子供を持つ予定ですか?)
6
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring – Interviews (面接)
•
But,

It is unlawful for an employer to hire unauthorized
aliens for employment (ただし、不法滞在の外国人を
雇用することは違法)

The only permissible question is
–
“Can you, after employment, submit verification
of your legal right to work in the United States? (
雇用が始まった後に、アメリカで働く権利を証明す
る書類は提出できますか?と聞くことは許される)
7
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring – Interviews (面接)
•
Questions to Ask During Interview (面接で質
問すべきことがら)

Why did the applicant leave each prior job? (以前の職場を
辞めた理由)

What part of the prior job did he or she dislike? (以前の仕
事のどんなところがいやだったのか)

What are the applicant’s specific qualifications for the job?
(具体的に仕事に対する志望者の特別な適性)

How will the applicant handle the job? (志望者は仕事をど
のようにこなすか)

Ask about the applicant’s best and worst manager for
whom he or she worked in the past (志望者がこれまでに働
いた中で最高と最悪の上司について尋ねる)
8
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Background Checks
(雇用前の経歴調査)
•
Background Checks
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Credit check and criminal record investigation may be useful in
selecting qualified employees (クレジット調査、犯罪照会は有用)
Be careful in complying with strict legal requirements (厳密な遵守
要件に注意)
–
Criminal record check is not allowed before offer of
employment is made(犯罪照会は雇用のオファー前には許され
ない。)
–
Credit check is not available for all candidates(see the
following slides)(すべての候補者についてクレジット調査が可
能というわけではない。次のスライドを参照)
–
Need to disclose (開示)
–
Need to obtain prior authorization (事前の同意)
–
Need to give an employee a chance to obtain a copy of the
report (調査結果のコピーを受け取る機会を与える必要性)
–
Need to provide written notice of adverse action (結果に基づ
いて不利な判断をする場合には通知が必要)
Need to use appropriate forms (適切な書式)
Need to consult with attorney (弁護士との相談が必要)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Background Checks
(雇用前の経歴調査)
• Credit Checks - Credit checks limited to persons in following
jobs – cannot be run on every prospective employee(クレジッ
トチェックは以下のポジションの候補者のみ可能)
 a managerial position (the term elsewhere is defined by California law)
(CA法の定義による“マネージャー”ポジション);
 a position in the State Department of Justice(州の法務省の雇用);
 a sworn peace officer or law enforcement position(法の執行を担当す
る職);
 a position for which the employer is required by law to consider credit
history information(法律上、雇用者がクレジットヒストリーを考慮す
ることが義務付けられている職);
 a position that affords regular access to bank or credit card account
information, Social Security numbers, and dates of birth, provided,
however, that the access to this information does not merely involve
routine solicitation and processing of credit card applications in a retail
establishment(他の人の銀行口座、クレジットカードアカウント、
SSN, 誕生日などの情報に日常アクセスする立場の職);
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Background Checks
(雇用前の経歴調査)
• Credit Checks - Credit checks limited to persons in following
jobs – cannot be run on every prospective employee (クレジッ
トチェックは以下のポジションの候補者のみ可能)
 a position where the individual is or will be a named signatory on the
bank or credit card account of the employer and/or authorized to
transfer money or authorized to enter into financial contracts on the
employer‘s behalf(銀行口座やクレジットカードの署名権限者、また
は、会社のためにお金を送金したり、契約を締結する権限を与えられ
ている職);
 a position that affords access to confidential or proprietary information
(会社の秘密情報や知的財産・その他資産情報にアクセスする立場の
職); or
 a position that affords regular access during the workday to the
employer‘s, a customer’s or a client‘s cash totaling at least $10,000(
勤務中に、会社や顧客の$10,000以上の現金にアクセスする立場の職
).
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Background Checks
(雇用前の経歴調査)
• Criminal Background Check:
• CA law prohibits an investigative consumer reporting
agency from making or furnishing any investigative
consumer report that contains the following with respect to
criminal records(調査会社は以下のことを報告することは
禁止される):
 records of arrest, indictment, misdemeanor complaint, or
conviction of a crime that, from date of disposition, release, or
parole, are more than seven years old(7年以上前の逮捕、起訴
、赦免された前科などの犯歴).
 records of a conviction that has been fully pardoned or an
arrest, indictment, or misdemeanor complaint did not result in
conviction. (現在判決待ちの場合を除いて、完全に免責され
た前科、有罪にならなかった逮捕や起訴、または軽罪)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Background Checks
(雇用前の経歴調査)
• Criminal Background Check:
• In addition, in most cases employers may not make employment
decisions based on the following(雇用者は以下のことをインタ
ビューなどで質問してはならず、その記録に基づいて雇用判断
をすることも禁止される):
 arrests or detentions not resulting in convictions(有罪にならなかった
逮捕や拘束);
 arrests involving successful completion of pretrial or post-trial
diversion programs, such as drug treatment programs(成功したダイ
バージョンプログラムで終わった逮捕);
 convictions that have been judicially dismissed, legally sealed,
expunged, or statutorily eradicated(免責された前科);
 misdemeanor convictions for which probation has been successfully
completed or discharged(執行猶予が完成した軽罪); or
 certain marijuana-related convictions that are more than two years old
(2年以上前の一定のマリファナ犯罪).
13
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Background Checks
(雇用前の経歴調査)
•
Very limited in San Francisco (employers with 20 or
more employees) effective 8/13/14 –Fair Chance
Ordinance(犯罪照会は2014年8月13日から有効となる
条例によってSFでは制限される)

An employer man never ask about the following (“off-limit matters”)
(以下のことについては本人への質問も禁止される):
–
–
–
–
Arrest not leading to a conviction(有罪になっていない逮捕)
A conviction more than 7 years old(7年以上前の有罪)
Any determination in the juvenile justice system(少年事件手続きでの
決定)
Others(その他)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Background Checks
(雇用前の経歴調査)
•
Criminal background check very limited in San
Francisco (employers with 20 or more employees)
effective 8/13/14 –Fair Chance Ordinance(犯罪照会は2014
年8月13日から有効となる条例によって20人以上の従業員の会社につ
いてはSFでは制限される)

An employer cannot ask about an individual’s conviction history or
unresolved arrest at the start of hiring process. Only after a live
interview has been concluded or a conditional offer of employment
was made, is the employer allowed to ask about an individual ‘s
conviction history other than Off-limit Matters.(前科については面
接が終了する前に質問することは禁止される)

Before the employer may take an adverse action based on
conviction history or unresolved arrest, the employer is required to
provide the candidate or employee an opportunity for 7 days to
present evidence that the information is in accurate the individual
has been rehabilitated and other mitigating factors. (前科情報に基
づいて従業員・候補者に不利な雇用決定を行う場合には、決定前
に7日間の反証の機会を与えなければならない。)
15
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Drug Testing(ドラッグテスト)
•
Pre-Employment Testing (雇用前のドラッグテ
スト)

Limited to the testing of illegal drugs only. Alcohol and other legal
drugs cannot be tested.(違法薬物についてのテストだけ、アルコー
ル中毒のテストは許されない。)

Need to offer contingent employment position before drug test.(
条件付の採用が前提)

Need to require all the candidates who receives contingent
employment position(条件付採用決定の全申込者への調査が必要)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Drug Testing for Existing Employees (既存
従業員へのドラッグテスト)
•
Post-Employment Testing (雇用後のテスト)

Basic rule is that post-employment testing is allowed only
when reasonable suspicion exists.(合理的な疑いがあるとき
だけに許されるのが原則)
–
In addition, In SF, severely limited to where the employee cound pose
an immediate safety threat to employee or others (さらにSFでは、その
従業員が他の従業員などにすぐにでも危険を及ぼすと考えられる場合に
限定される)

Routine testing on a voluntary basis or for only those
employees in safety sensitive position may be allowed.(定
期的なテストは任意の場合、またはとくに安全に関わる職につ
いているものについてだけ許される。)

Random testing is strictly limited and allowed only with
those employees in a safety sensitive position.(無作為抽
出テストは原則禁止)

Adopt and provide to employees written policy.(書面でポリ
シーを採用する必要がある。)
17
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring – Other Issues
(雇用時のその他の問題)
•
Do not make promises concerning length, terms or
conditions of employment at interview(面接のときに守れ
ない約束をしない。)
•
Employers should assume they will have a higher
obligation to an applicant who is hired away from
another employer or moves to accept a job (他の会社か
らの引き抜きや、転居を要する従業員の採用の場合は、会
社はより高度な義務を負担する。)
•
Notice Requirement under Wage Theft Protection Act of
2011 (2011年給与泥棒防止法という法律に基づく通知義務)
•
I-9 Form (移民法上の必要なForm)
18
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Offer Letter/
Employment Agreement (雇用契約書)
•
Differences in Offer Letter/
Employment Agreement (雇用契約書とオファーレター)
 Offer Letter — for regular employees (一般従業員用
)

•
Employment Agreement — for executive level
employees (エグゼクティブ用)
Importance of “At Will” provision or clear provisions
regarding term and termination (アットウイル条項、また
は、契約期間と解除条項の重要性)
19
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Offer Letter/
Employment Agreement (雇用契約書)
•
Clear understanding and agreement on other terms and
conditions for employment such as
 Appropriate job title and job description (職名と仕事
内容)

Benefits and incentive compensation (福利とインセン
ティブボーナス)

Proprietary rights and confidentiality provisions (知
的財産権と秘密保持条項)

Appropriate classification of position as exempt or
on-exempt(エグゼンティブ・ノンエグゼンプトの適切な
区別)
20
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Offer Letter/
Employment Agreement (雇用契約書)
•
Covenant not to compete after termination is not
enforceable in California (競業禁止義務はCAでは無効)
•
Alternatively, the employer can prohibit an employee
from soliciting other employees for certain limited period
or using the employer’s trade secret. (一定期間の他の
従業員の引き抜きや、トレードシークレットの使用禁止義務
を課すことは出来る。)
•
Non-solicitation provision or confidentiality agreement
must be supported by consideration (引き抜き禁止契約や
秘密保持契約には対価が必要)
21
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Hiring - Offer Letter/
Employment Agreement (雇用契約書)
•
Arbitration provision for all disputes (仲裁条項)
 Need to satisfy the case law requirements (判例によ
る要件遵守が重要)
–
–
–
–
Availability of appropriate discovery (証拠開示手
続き)
Availability of damages including punitive
damages (制裁的損害賠償を含めて損害賠償が
認められること)
Company needs to pay cost of arbitration.(仲裁
の実費は会社負担)
Selection of neutral arbitrators (中立的な仲裁員
の選定)
22
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Independent Contractor vs. Employees (独
立請負人と従業員)
•
What is the difference between an employee and an
independent contractor? (従業員と独立請負人の違い)

Independent Contractor
–
–
–
–
–
–
No withholding obligations (源泉徴収不要)
No health insurance (健康保険不要)
No paid vacation (有給休暇不要)
No labor law protection such as overtime
payment or minimum wage obligations (残業代
や最低賃金の保証などの労働法上の保護不要)
No workers’ compensation (労災保険不要)
No duty under OSHA to provide a safe and
healthy work environment (職場における安全衛
生基準の遵守不要)
23
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Independent Contractor vs. Employees (独
立請負人と従業員)
•
What are Risks in Misclassification? (何がリスクか)
 Violation of withholding obligation (源泉徴収義務違
反)

Workers’ compensation (労災保険)

Litigation from independent contractors alleging
“employee status” (従業員の地位を主張する裁判のリ
スク)
–
Vizcaino v. Microsoft (9th Cir.1996) (マイクロソフ
ト裁判)
» Saving Plus Plans (年金プラン)
» Employee Stock Purchase Plans (自社株購
入制度)
24
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Independent Contractor vs. Employees (独
立請負人と従業員)
•
•
Tests (判断基準)

“Right to Control” (支配従属関係)

“Economic Realities” (経済的実態)
Major Factors (主な判断要素)


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




Instructions (指示)
Training (トレーニング)
Integration (一体性)
Personal performance required (本人のサービスが不可欠
か)
Continuing relationship (継続的関係)
Full-time required (フルタイムか)
Doing work on company’s premises (会社の事務所で働く
必要性)
Furnishing tools and materials (道具と材料)
Significant investment and realization of profit and loss (投
資と損益の帰属)
Making service available to public in other business (一般
へのサービスの提供)
25
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Issues relating Termination
(解雇に関する問題点)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Review and Feedback (勤務評定)
Discipline (懲戒処分)
Basics of Termination(解雇の基本)
Discrimination at Termination/Lay-off Stage
(解雇時の差別問題)
Termination and Age Discrimination
(解雇と年齢差別)
Typical Documentation for Termination(解雇時
の典型的な必要書類)
Terminations Interview
(解雇の際の面接)
26
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Review and Feedback
(勤務評定とフィードバック)
•
•
Annual Review and Feedback (年次勤務評定とフ
ィードバック)

Difficulty of honest review (正直な評定の困難さ)

Importance of honest review (正直な評定の重要性)

Importance of feedback (フィードバックの重要性)

Importance of documentation (書面化の重要性)
Everyday Working Relationship
(日常の関係)

Importance of communications with subordinate
employees (部下とのコミュニケーションの重要性)

Importance of clear expression of expectation and
feedback (何を期待し、結果についてどう評価していることを
言葉にすることの重要性)
27
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Discipline (懲戒処分)
• Determine that there is sufficient evidence (十分な証拠が
あることを確認)
 Keep the evidence (証拠を保管)
 Determine whether there is a reasonable excuse (合理
的な正当化事情があるか)
• Compare how other employees have been treated (他の従
業員の例と比較)
• Make sure the penalty is reasonable, appropriate and
consistent (ペナルティが合理的、適切、一貫性があることを
確認)
• Put the discipline in writing (懲戒処分は書面で通知)
• Obtain the employee’s signature on the notice (通知に従
業員のサインをもらう。)
• Keep the discipline in the personnel file (懲戒処分の通知
を従業員記録として保管)
28
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Basics of Termination (解雇の基本)
•
“At Will” Employment (アットウイルーいつでも解雇でき
る雇用契約)
•
Exceptions to At Will (アットウイルの例外)
 Breach of contract (契約違反)

Discrimination claim (差別)
especially, age, sex and race (ことに年齢、性別、
人種)
 Whistle Blower (内部通告者)
–

Public Policy (公序良俗)

Refusing to participate in illegality (違法行為に従事
することを拒否を理由とする解雇)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Discrimination at Termination/Lay-off Stage
(解雇時の差別問題)
•
What are Issues? (何が問題か)
 An employee can sue his/her employer simply by
alleging that he/she was terminated because of any
one of the protected categories (従業員は、差別によ
って解雇されたと主張するだけで裁判を起こせる)

The employer has burden of proving that the
employer did not terminate the employee because of
discrimination (雇用者が差別ではないことを証明する
義務を負う)

All and every incident or episode of discriminatory
nature which occurred at workplace may be
disclosed at a court (裁判では、職場で起こったすべて
の差別的な要素のある出来事が開示される)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Discrimination at Termination/Lay-off
Stage (解雇時の差別問題)
•
Importance of care in every day activities to avoid any
discriminatory conduct(日常的な、差別問題を避ける注意
が重要)
•
Importance of honest performance review (正直な査定
の重要性)
•
Importance of Warning letters(警告書の重要性)
•
Importance of documentation (書面化の重要性)
•
Careful selection of employees for lay-off to avoid
discrimination claim (差別問題を避けるためのレイオフ対
象者の慎重な選別)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Termination and Age Discrimination
(解雇と年齢差別)
• Age Discrimination in Employment Act (雇用における年齢差別禁
止法)
 Applicable to an employer with 20 or more employees (20人
以上の従業員を持つ会社に適用)
 Protect individuals at least 40 years (40歳以上の従業員を保護
)
 Special requirements for a valid release (訴訟の放棄をさせる
場合の特別要件)
– Employee has 21 days to consider the agreement (21日
の考慮期間を与えなければならない)
– Employee may revoke the agreement within 7 days after
execution (訴訟の放棄書にサインした後7日間は一方的に
解除できる。)
– In case of group layoff (複数の従業員を解雇する場合)
» 21-day period is extended up to 45 days (45日の考
慮期間)
» Employer must inform the affected employees of
certain facts regarding layoff (他に解雇される従業員
の一覧表を開示しなければならない。)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Typical Documentation for Termination (解雇時の
典型的な必要書類)
• Termination Letter(解雇通知書)
• Separation and Release Agreement(権利放棄契約書)
• Notice to Employee as to Change in Relationship(雇用関
係の変化に関する通知)
• Final Check for Wage and Unused Vacation(給与と未使
用有給休暇買取分のチェック)
• EDD Information pamphlet on an Unemployment
Insurance Claim(失業保険に関するEDD発行のパンフレット)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
Terminations Interview
(解雇の際の面接)
• Have two people present, one who is a designated
note taker (二人で対応)
• Keep it short (手短に)
• Pay attention to timing (end of the day? Friday?)(解
雇実施のタイミングに注意)
• Secure trade secrets and important documents (トレ
ードシークレットの保護、重要書類の確保)
• Secure company assets such as computer, cell
phone and key(コンピューター、携帯電話、カギなどの会社
資産の返還)
• Have paperwork such as a termination letter and a
release ready (解雇通知書、および訴訟放棄書などの書面
)
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
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Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP
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