Università degli Studi di Cagliari Facoltà di Farmacia Corso di

Università degli Studi di Cagliari
Facoltà di Farmacia
Corso di Laurea in Farmacia
Corso di Laurea in Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche
Lingua inglese
Anno accademico 2011/2012, secondo semestre
Ottava lezione
Dott. Rino Bosso
rino.bosso@unica.it
Grammar
Present Perfect Simple
The Simple Present Perfect tense - 1
Affirmative
Question
Negative
I have been to London
twice.
Have you ever been to
London?
She has never been to
London.
Auxiliary verb “to have” + past participle of verb 2
We can use the simple present perfect to say that a finished action or event is
connected with the present in some way. If we say that something has happened, we
are thinking about the past and the present at the same time:
I can’t go on holiday because I’ve broken my leg.
We could often change a simple present perfect tense into a present sentence with a
similar meaning:
I’ve broken my leg → my leg is broken now.
The Simple Present Perfect tense - 2
The simple present perfect is the most normal tense for giving
information about recent events:
Breaking news: The pound has fallen against the dollar. The number of
unemployed in Europe has reached fifty million.
Please note that when we talk about a finished event and we say when
it happened, we need to use the simple past:
I have broken my leg. (we do not know when: the time is not
mentioned)
I broke my leg last night while I was ice skating.
The Simple Present Perfect tense - 3
Note that after using the simple present perfect
to announce a piece of news, we usually change
to simple or progressive past tenses to give the
details:
The prime minister has had talks with President
Obama. During a three-hour meeting, they
discussed the economic situation, and agreed on
the need for…
The Simple Present Perfect tense - 4
We often use the simple present perfect for past events when
we are thinking of a period of time continuing up to the
present – for example when we use indefinite time adverbs
that mean “at some/any time up to now”, like ever, before,
never, yet, already:
Have you ever been to Rome? – No, we haven’t had the
change to go there yet.
I’m sure we’ve met before.
I have never taken any pain relieves.
The Simple Present Perfect tense:
Exercises - 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bob / visit / his grandma
Jimmy / play / the guitar for two hours
Sue and Walter / wash / their car
Andrew / repair / his bike
Phil / help / Anne with her English grammar
homework
6. Brad and Louise / watch / a film
7. Tamara / talk to / her best friend
8. Bridgette / take / a picture
9. Carol / read / a computer magazine
10. Tom and Alice / be / to a restaurant
The Simple Present Perfect tense:
Exercises - 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bob has visited his grandma.
Jimmy has played the guitar for two hours.
Sue and Walter have washed their car.
Andrew has repaired his bike.
Phil has helped Anne with her English grammar
homework.
6. Brad and Louise have watched a film.
7. Tamara has talked to her best friend.
8. Bridgette has taken a picture.
9. Carol has read a computer magazine.
10. Tom and Alice have been to a restaurant.
The Simple Present Perfect tense:
Exercises - 3
1. Sarah / not / wash the dishes
2. Anita / not / clean the kitchen
3. Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants
4. Joey / not / make his bed
5. David / not / buy milk
6. Lisa / not / be to the baker's
7. Paul and Jack / not / do their homework
8. Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms
9. Alex / not / feed the cat
10. Hazel / not / empty the bin
The Simple Present Perfect tense:
Exercises - 4
1. Sarah has not washed the dishes.
2. Anita has not cleaned the kitchen.
3. Maureen and Gavin have not watered the plants.
4. Joey has not made his bed.
5. David has not bought milk.
6. Lisa has not been to the baker's.
7. Paul and Jack have not done their homework.
8. Jane and Ben have not tidied up their rooms.
9. Alex has not fed the cat.
10. Hazel has not emptied the bin.
The Simple Present Perfect tense:
Exercises – 5 (Questions)
1. you / answer / the question
2. Jenny / lock / the door
3. Walter / call / you yet
4. you / see / the picture
5. your parents / get / the letter
6. it / rain / a lot recently
7. how many times / we / sing / this song already
8. Maureen / watch / the film
9. how many books / Bob / read so far
10. you / ever / be / to Paris
The Simple Present Perfect tense:
Exercises – 6 (Questions)
1. Have you answered the question?
2. Has Jenny locked the door?
3. Has Walter called you yet?
4. Have you seen the picture?
5. Have your parents got the letter?
6. Has it rained a lot recently?
7. How many times have we sung this song already?
8. Has Maureen watched the film?
9. How many books has Bob read so far?
10. Have you ever been to Paris?
The Simple Present Perfect tense:
More exercises
If you want to practice the use of the simple
present perfect, have a look at the following
webpage:
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/gramm
ar-exercises/present-perfect
Course book
Unit 2
Unit 2
Open your course book on page 10 and read the
text “Pharmaceutical companies”.
Translate it into Italian.
You are going to see some tips on how to
translate some terminology as well as the first
paragraphs of the text.
Some terminology
English
Italiano
MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)
Inibitori della monoaminossidasi (I-MAO,
IMAO)
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Clorpromazina (torazina)
Haloperiodol (Haldol)
Aloperidolo
Tranquilizers
Sedativi
Morbidity
Morbilità
Valium (diazepam)
Valium (diazepam - benzodiazepina)
Habituation
Assuefazione
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Agenzia di controllo (americana) per gli
alimenti e i farmaci
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Fluoxetina cloridato (Prozac)
Antidepressants
Antidepressivi
Pharmaceutical companies –
paragraph 1
La maggioranza delle case farmaceutiche di
oggi furono fondate tra la fine del 19° e gli inizi
del 20° secolo. Scoperte chiave degli anni ‘20 e
‘30, come l’insulina e la penicillina, vennero
prodotte industrialmente e distribuite.
Pharmaceutical companies –
paragraph 2
Furono varate delle leggi sulle sperimentazioni,
sull’approvazione di farmaci e per la richiesta di
un’appropriata denominazione (nella scheda
tecnica e del foglietto illustrativo). I farmaci con e
senza obbligo di prescrizione divennero
legalmente distinti gli uni dagli altri, nel corso
dello sviluppo dell’industria farmaceutica. Questa
industria ha preso veramente il via solo a partire
dagli anni ‘50, grazie allo sviluppo di approcci
scientifici sistematici, alla comprensione della
biologia umana (incluso il DNA) e allo sviluppo di
sofisticate tecniche produttive.

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